On the immediate consequences of intergroup categorization: Activation of approach and avoidance motor behavior toward ingroup and outgroup members

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 34, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 755-768

  Paladino, Maria Paola ^a   Castelli, Luigi ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TRENTO   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Embodiment; Intergroup categorization; Motor behavior

Indexed keywords

AGE; ARTICLE; COGNITION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ETHNIC GROUP; GESTURE; GROUP PROCESS; HUMAN; LINGUISTICS; MOTOR ACTIVITY; PERCEPTION; PERCEPTIVE DISCRIMINATION; POLITICS; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; QUESTIONNAIRE; REACTION TIME; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY; SOCIAL DISTANCE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; STATISTICS; VISION;

AGE FACTORS; COGNITION; DISCRIMINATION (PSYCHOLOGY); ETHNIC GROUPS; GROUP PROCESSES; HUMANS; KINESICS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; MOTOR ACTIVITY; POLITICS; PSYCHOLINGUISTICS; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; QUESTIONNAIRES; REACTION TIME; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY; SOCIAL DISTANCE; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; STEREOTYPING; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 43449083197     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: 15527433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167208315155     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Allport, G.W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Perseus Books.
2. Bargh, J.A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construal and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244.
3. Barsalou, L.W. (1999). Perceptual symbol system. Behavioral and Brain Science, 22, 577-660.
4. Brewer, M. (1997). On the social origins of human nature. In C. McGarty & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The message of social psychology (pp. 54-62). Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
5. Brewer, M. (1999). The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love or outgroup hate ? Journal of Social Issues, 55, 429-444.
6. Brewer, M., & Brown, R. (1998). Intergroup relations. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & Lindzey, G. (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4 th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 554-594). New York: McGraw-Hill.
7. Campbell, D.T., Kruskal, W.H., & Wallace, W. (1966). Seating aggregation as an index of attitude. Sociometry, 29, 1-15.
8. Carlston, D.E. (1992). Impression formation and the modular mind: The associated systems theory. In L. L Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), The construction of social judgments (pp. 301-341). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
9. Carlston, D.E. (1994). Associated system theory: A systematic approach to the cognitive representation of persons and events. In R. S. Wyer (Ed.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 7, pp. 1-78). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
10. Castelli, L., De Amicis, L., & Sherman, S.J. (2007). The loyal member effect: On the preference for ingroup members who engage in exclusive relations with the ingroup. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1347-1359.
11. Castelli, L., Paladino, P., & De Rinaldis, M. (2002, June). Spontaneous behavioral tendencies in intergroup perception. Poster presented at the meeting of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychology, San Sebastian, Spain.
12. Castelli, L., Zogmaister, C., Smith, E., & Arcuri, L. (2004). On the automatic evaluation of social exemplars. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 373-387.
13. Cesario, J., Plaks, J.E., & Higgins, E.T. (2006). Automatic social behavior as motivated preparation to interact. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 893-910.
14. Chen, M., & Bargh, J. (1999). Consequences of automatic evaluation: Immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 215-224.
15. Damasio, A.R. (1989). Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: A systems-level proposal for the neural substrates of recall and recognition. Cognition, 33, 25-62.
16. De Houwer, J., Crombez, G., Baeyens, F., & Hermans, D. (2001). On the generality of the affective Simon effect. Cognition & Emotion, 15, 189-206.
17. Dijksterhuis, A., & Bargh, J.A. (2001). The perception-behavior expressway: Automatic effects of social perception on social behavior. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 1-40). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
18. Dovidio, J., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner, S.L. (2002). Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 62-68.
19. Effron, D.A., Niedenthal, P.M., Gil, S., & Droit-Volet, S. (2006). Embodied temporal perception of emotion. Emotion, 6, 1-9.
20. Fazio, R., Jackson, J.R., Dunton, B.C., & Williams, J.C. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobstrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline ? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013-1027.
21. Frster, J., & Stepper, S. (2000). Compatibility between approach/avoidance stimulation and valenced information determines residual attention during the process of encoding. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 853-871.
22. Friston, K.J., & Price, C.J. (2003). Degeneracy and redundancy in cognitive anatomy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 151-152.
23. Gallese, V., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., & Rizzolatti, G. (1996). Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain, 119, 593-609.
24. Gallese, V., & Lakoff, G. (2005). The brain's concepts: The role of the sensory-motor system in conceptual knowledge. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22, 455-479.
25. Glenberg, A., & Kaschak, M. (2002). Grounding language in action. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 9, 558-565.
26. Greenwald, A.G., & Banaji, M.R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
27. Greenwald, A.G., McGhee, D.E., & Schwartz, J.L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
28. Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H. (2002). Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 575-604.
29. Hogg, M. (2001). A social identity theory of leadership. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 184-200.
30. Jonas, K., & Sassenberg, K. (2006). Knowing how to react: Automatic response priming from social categories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 709-721.
31. Krebs, D., & Denton, K. (1997). Social illusions and self-deception: The evolution of biases in person perception. In J. A. Simpson & D. T. Kenrick (Eds.), Evolutionary social psychology (pp. 21-48). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
32. Lickel, B., Hamilton, D.L., Wieczorkowska, G., Lewis, A., Sherman, S., & Uhles, A.N. (2000). Varieties of groups and the perception of group entitativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 223-246.
33. Markman, A.B., & Brendl, M. (2005). Constraining theories of embodied cognition. Psychological Science, 16, 6-10.
34. Martin, A. (2007). The representation of objects concepts in the brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 25-45.
35. Martin, A., Wiggs, C., Ungerleider, L., & Haxby, J. (1996). Neural correlates of category-specific knowledge. Nature, 379, 649-652.
36. McConnell, A.R., & Leibold, J.M. (2001). Relations among the implicit association test, discriminatory behavior, and explicit measures of racial attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 435-442.
37. Morsella, E., & Krauss, R. (2005). Muscular activity in the arm during lexical retrieval: Implications for gesture-speech theories. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 34, 415-427.
38. Neumann, R., Hulsenback, K., & Seibt, B. (2004). Attitudes towards people with AIDS and avoidance behavior: Automatic and reflective bases of behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 543-550.
39. Neumann, R., & Strack, F. (2000). Approach and avoidance: The influence of proprioceptive and exteroceptive cues on encoding of affective information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 39-48.
40. Niedenthal, P.M., Barsalou, L.W., Winkielman, P., Krauth-Gruber, S., & Ric, F. (2005). Embodiment in attitudes, social perception and emotions. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9, 184-211.
41. Phelps, E.A., Cannistraci, C.J., & Cunningham, W.A. (2003). Intact performance on an indirect measure of face bias following amygdala damage. Neuropsychologia, 41, 203-208.
42. Phelps, E.A., O'Connor, K.J., Cunningham, W.A., Funayama, E.S., Gatenby, J.C., Gore, J.C., et al. (2000). Performance on indirect measures of race evaluation predicts amygdala activation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 729-738.
43. Schubert, T.W. (2005). Your highness: Vertical positions as perceptual symbols of power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 1-21.
44. Seibt, B., Neumann, R., Nussinson, R., & Strack, F. (in press). Movement direction or change in distance? Self- and object-related approach-avoidance motions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
45. Shah, J.Y., Brazy, P.C., & Higgins, E.T. (2004). Promoting us or preventing them: Regulatory focus and manifestations of intergroup bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 433-446.
46. Stephan, W.G., Stephan, C.W., & Wenzel, B. (1991). Intergroup interaction and self-disclosure. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2, 1370-1378.
47. Tajfel, H., Billig, M.G., Bundy, R.P., & Flament, C. (1971). Social categorisation and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149-178.
48. Tiedens, C., & Fragale, A.R. (2003). Power moves: Complementarity in dominant and submissive nonverbal behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 558-568.
49. Vaes, J., Paladino, M.P., Castelli, L., Leyens, J.P., & Giovanazzi, A. (2003). On the behavioral consequences of infrahumanization: The implicit role of uniquely human emotions in intergroup relations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 1016-1034.
50. Wentura, D., Rothermund, K., & Bak, P. (2000). Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of approach- and avoidance-related social information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1024-1037.
51. Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C.M., & Park, B. (1997). Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 262-274.
52. Word, C.O., Zanna, M.P., & Cooper, J. (1974). The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 109-120.