Large-scale characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer in the Eastern Pacific cold tongue-ITCZ region

Journal of Climate

Volumn 17, Issue 20, 2004, Pages 3907-3920

  McGauley, Michael ^a   Zhang, Chidong ^a   Bond, Nicholas A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATOLOGY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; HEATING; OCEANOGRAPHY; SURFACE WAVES; SURFACES; TEMPERATURE CONTROL; VELOCITY MEASUREMENT; WIND;

ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER (ABL); INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE (ITCZ); SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (SST);

TROPOSPHERE;

BOUNDARY LAYER; INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE; MARINE ATMOSPHERE; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; WIND SHEAR;

OCEANIC REGIONS; PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN (EAST); WORLD;

EID: 4344714761     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3907:LCOTAB>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Adler, R. F., G. J. Huffman, D. T. Bolvin, S. Curtis, and E. J. Nelkin, 2000: Tropical rainfall distributions determined using TRMM combined with other satellite and rain gauge information. J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 2007-2023.
2. Bentamy, A., Y. Quifen, F. Gohin, N. Grima, M. Lenaour, and J. Servain, 1996: Determination and validation of averaged wind field from ERS-1 scatterometer measurements. Global Atmos. Ocean Syst., 4, 1-29.
3. Bond, N. A., 1992: Observations of planetary boundary-layer structure in the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. Climate, 5, 699-706.
4. Bond, N. A., and R. G. Fleagle, 1988: Prefrontal and postfrontal boundary layer processes over the ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev. 116, 1257-1273.
5. Chiang, J. C., and S. E. Zebiak, 2000: Surface wind over tropical oceans: Diagnosis of the momentum balance, and modeling the linear friction coefficient. J. Climate, 13, 1733-1747.
6. Chiang, J. C., S. E. Zebiak, and M. A. Cane, 2001: Relative roles of elevated heating and surface temperature gradients in driving anomalous surface winds over tropical oceans. J. Atmos. Sci., 58 1371-1394.
7. Deser, C., 1993: Diagnosis of the surface momentum balance over the tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 6, 64-74.
8. Gage, K. S., J. R. McAfee, D. A. Carter, A. C. Riddle, G. C. Reid, and B. B. Balsley, 1991: Long-term mean vertical motion over the tropical Pacific: Wind-profiling Doppler radar measurements. Science 254, 1771-1773.
9. Garratt, J. R., 1992: The Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Cambridge University Press, 334 pp.
10. Gill, A., 1980: Some simple solutions for heat induced tropical circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 447-462.
11. Grabowski, W. W, J. I. Yano, and M. W. Moncrieff, 2000: Cloud resolving modeling of tropical circulations driven by large-scale SST gradients. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2022-2040.
12. Gu, G., and C. Zhang, 2001: A spectrum analysis of synoptic-scale disturbances in the ITCZ. J. Climate, 14, 2725-2739.
13. Hartten, L. M., and K. S. Gage, 2000: ENSO's impact on the annual cycle: The view from Galápagos. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 385-388.
14. Huaman, M., and B. B. Balsley, 1996: Long-term average vertical motions observed by VHF wind profilers: The effect of slight antenna-pointing inaccuracies. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 13 560-569.
15. Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-471.
16. Kummerow, C., and Coauthors, 2000: The status of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) after two years in orbit. J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 1965-1982.
17. Lindzen, R. S., 1967: Thermally driven diurnal tide in the atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 93, 18-42.
18. Lindzen, R. S., and S. Nigam, 1987: On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the Tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2418-2436.
19. McPhaden, M. J., and Coauthors, 1998: The Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (TOGA) observing system: A decade of progress. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14 169-14 240.
20. Mitchell, T., and J. M. Wallace, 1992: The annual cycle in equatorial convection and sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 5 1140-1156.
21. Neelin, J. D., 1989: On the interpretation of the Gill model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2466-2468.
22. Reynolds, R. W., and T. M. Smith, 1994: Improved global sea surface temperature analyses using optimum interpolation. J. Climate 7, 929-948.
23. Stevens, B., J. Duan, J. C. McWilliams, M. Münnich, and J. D. Neelin, 2002: Entrainment, Rayleigh friction, and boundary layer winds over the tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 15, 30-44.
24. Stull, R. B., 1976a: The energetics of entrainment across a density interface. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1260-1267.
25. Stull, R. B., 1976b: Mixed-layer depth model based on turbulent energetics. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1268-1278.
26. Tomas, R. A., and P. J. Webster, 1997: The role of intertial instability in determining the location and strength of near-equatorial convection. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 1445-1482.
27. Trenberth, K. E., D. P. Stepnaniak, and J. M. Caron, 2000: The global monsoon as seen through the divergent atmospheric circulation. J. Climate, 13, 3969-3993.
28. Wallace, J. M., T. P. Mitchell, and C. Deser, 1989: The influence of sea surface temperature on surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific: Seasonal and interannual variability. J. Climate 2, 1492-1499.
29. Wang, B., and T. Li, 1993: A simple tropical atmosphere model of relevance to short-term climate variations. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 260-284.
30. Webster, P. J., 1972: Response of the tropical atmosphere to local, steady forcing. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 518-541.
31. Weller, B., and Coauthors, cited 1999: A science and implementation plan for EPIC: An eastern Pacific investigation of climate processes in the coupled ocean-atmosphere system. [Available online at http://www.atmos.washington.edu/gcg/EPIC/.]
32. Wu, X., W. W. Grabowski, and M. W. Moncrieff, 1998: Long-term behavior of cloud systems in TOGA COARE and their interactions with radiative and surface processes. Part I: Two-dimensional modeling study. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2693-2714.
33. Xie, P., and P. A. Arkin, 1996: Analyses of global monthly precipitation using gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model predictions. J. Climate, 9, 840-858.
34. Yano, J. I., W. W. Graboski, and M. W. Moncrieff, 2002: Mean-state convective circulations over large-scale tropical SST gradients. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1578-1592.
35. Zhang, C., 2001: Double ITCZs. J. Geophys. Res., 106 (D11), 11 785-11 792.
36. Zhang, C., M. McGauley, and N. A. Bond, 2004: Shallow meridional circulation in the tropical eastern Pacific. J. Climate, 17, 133-139.