Princes and parliaments in the Arab world

Middle East Journal

Volumn 58, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 367-384

  Herb, Michael ^a  

^a GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARAB WORLD; AUTHORITARIANISM; ELECTORAL SYSTEM; POLITICAL SYSTEM;

EID: 4344705572     PISSN: 00263141     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3751/58.3.12     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Daniel Brumberg, "The Trap of Liberalized Autocracy," Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 4 (October 2002), pp. 66-67.
2. Daniel Brumberg Liberalism Versus Democracy: Understanding Arab Political Reform, Carnegie Endowment Working Paper 37 (Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2003).
3. Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm," Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 1 (January 2002).
4. Marsha Pripstein Posusney, "Enduring Authoritarianism: Middle East Lessons for Comparative Theory," Comparative Politics, Vol. 36, No. 2 (January 2004).
5. Jason M. Brownlee, "Low Tide after the Third Wave: Exploring Politics under Authoritarianism," Comparative Politics, Vol. 34, No. 4 (July 2002), p. 478.
6. Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way, "The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism," Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 2 (April 2002 ).
7. Mary Ann Tétreault, "A State of Two Minds: State Cultures, Women, and Politics in Kuwait," International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 33, No. 2 (May 2001);
8. Haya al-Mughni, Women in Kuwait: The Politics of Gender, 2nd ed. (London: Saqi, 2001), pp. 172-183.
9. Robert Alan Dahl, Polyarchy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971).
10. Nathan J. Brown, Constitutions in a Nonconstitutional World: Arab Basic Laws and the Prospects for Accountable Government (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002).
11. Michael Herb, All in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution, and Democracy in the Middle Eastern Monarchies (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999), pp. 262-263;
12. Rex Brynen, Bahgat Korany, and Paul Noble, "Conclusion," in Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World: Comparative Experiences, eds. Rex Brynen, Bahgat Korany, and Paul Noble, Vol. 2 (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998), pp. 275-276.
13. Marsha Pripstein Posusney, "Multi-Party Elections in the Arab World: Institutional Engineering and Oppositional Strategies," Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 36, No. 4 (Winter 2002), p. 36.
14. Lisa Anderson, "Arab Democracy: Dismal Prospects," World Policy Journal, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Fall 2001), p. 59;
15. Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968), pp. 166-191.
16. www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/index.html
17. www.gsu.edu/~polmfh/constitutions.htm
18. Geoffrey S. Holmes and D. Szechi, The Age of Oligarchy: Pre-Industrial Britain, 1722-1783, Foundations of Modern Britain (London: Longman, 1993), p. 37;
19. Norman McCord, British History, 1815-1906, The Short Oxford History of the Modern World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991).
20. 'Abd al-Razzaq al-Hasani, Tarikh Al-Iraq Al-Siyasi Al-Hadith [The Modern Political History of Iraq], 2ed., Vol. 3 (Sidon, Lebanon: Matba'a al-'Irfan, 1957);
21. H. V. Livermore, A New History of Portugal, 2ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 288, 297, 314;
22. Raymond Carr, Spain, 1808-1975, Oxford History of Modern Europe, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), pp. 213-214, 357;
23. Richard Herr, Spain (Englewood Cliffs, NJ,: Prentice-Hall, 1971), p. 115;
24. Keith Hitchins, Rumania, 1866-1947, Oxford History of Modern Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 21, 379;
25. Christopher Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870-1925 (London: Methuen, 1967), pp. 17, 45, 91, 151-154, 246-157;
26. John Kennedy Campbell and Philip Sherrard, Modern Greece, Nations of the Modern World (New York: Praeger, 1968), p. 100;
27. Robert A. Scalapino, Democracy and the Party Movement in Prewar Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1953).
28. Roderick J. Barman, Citizen Emperor: Pedro li and the Making of Brazil, 1825-91 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999), p. 169.
29. R. J. Crampton, A Concise History of Bulgaria (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 124.
30. Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy: A Political History (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997), p. 180.
31. Tariq al-Bishri, Dirasat fi Al-Dimuqratiya Al-Misriyya [Studies in Egyptian Democracy] (Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 1987).
32. Mark Hewitson, "The Kaiserreich in Question: Constitutional Crisis in Germany before the First World War," The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 73, No. 4 (December 2001);
33. Stanley Suval, Electoral Politics in Wilhelmine Germany (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985).
34. William A. Jenks, The Austrian Electoral Reform of 1907 (New York: Octagon Books, 1974).
35. James A. Storing, Norwegian Democracy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1963), pp. 51-52, 150-152;
36. Gerald Newton, The Netherlands: An Historical and Cultural Survey, 1795-1977 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1978), pp. 66, 71.
37. E. H. Kossmann, The Low Countries, 1780-1940, Oxford History of Modern Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978), pp. 201, 368-208;
38. René Hislaire, "Political Parties," in Belgium, ed. Jan Albert Goris (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1945), p. 97;
39. W. Glyn Jones, Denmark, Nations of the Modern World (New York: Praeger, 1970), pp. 75-87;
40. Douglas V. Verney, Parliamentary Reform in Sweden, 1866-1921 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957), pp. 103, 132-133;
41. T. K. Derry, A Short History of Norway (London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1957), pp. 179-180.
42. Al-Hayat, April 3, 2003.
43. Mary Ann Tétreault, Stories of Democracy: Politics and Society in Contemporary Kuwait (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000).
44. Ghanim Al-Najjar, Madkhal Lil-Tatawwur al-Siyassi fi al-Kuwayt [Introduction to Political Development in Kuwait], 3rd ed. (Kuwait: Dar Qurtas, 2000), pp. 86-92.
45. Dabbi al-Haylim al-Harbi, Al-Nizam Al-Intikhabi fi Al-Kuwayt [The electoral system in Kuwait] (Kuwait: al-Siyassi li'l-Nashr wa al-Tawzi', 2003), pp. 28-33.
46. Al-Watan (Kuwait), April 14 & 15, 1994;
47. Mideast Mirror, April 14, 1994.
48. Al Quds al-Arabi, May 5, 1995.
49. Falah Abdallah al-Mudayris, Jama'at al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin fi al-Kuwayt [The Muslim Brotherhood in Kuwait] (Kuwait: Dar Qurtas, 1999), pp. 41-42.
50. Falah Abdallah al-Mudayris, al-Haraka Al-Dusturiyya fi al-Kuwayt [The Constitutional Movement in Kuwait] (Kuwait: Dar Qurtas, 2002).
51. www.gsu.edu/-polmfh/database/database.htm.
52. J.E. Peterson, "The Arab Gulf States: Steps toward Political Participation," The Washington Papers (New York: Praeger and The Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1988), p. 74.
53. Husayn Musa, Al-Bahrayn: Al-Nidal al-Watani wa Al-Dimuqrati 1920-1981 [Bahrain: the Nationalist and Democratic Struggle 1920-1981] (n.p.: Al-Haqiqa, 1987), pp. 116-132;
54. Emile A. Nakhleh, "Political Participation and the Constitutional Experiments in the Gulf: Bahrain and Qatar," in Social and Economic Development in the Arab Gulf, ed. Tim Niblock (London: Croom Helm, 1980), pp. 169-170;
55. Fuad I. Khuri, Tribe and State in Bahrain: The Transformation of Social and Political Authority in an Arab State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 230-232.
56. Laurence Louër, "Bahrain's Fragile Political Reforms," Arab Reform Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 1 (January 2004).
57. Al-Wasat, January 21, 2004;
58. Akhbar al-Khaleej, March 9, 2004.
59. Al-Ayyam (Bahrain), May 26, 2004;
60. Akhbar al-Khalij, March 9, April 21 and 22, 2004.
61. Al-Sharq al-Awsat, October 4, 2003.
62. Hani Hourani, Tarikh al-Hayat al-Niyabiyya fi al-Urdun 1929-1957 [History of Parliamentary Life in Jordan 1929-1957] (Nicosia, Cyprus: Sharq Press, 1989);
63. Munib Madi and Sulayman Musa, Tarikh al-Urdun fi al-Qarn al-'Ishrin [History of Jordan in the 20th Century], 2nd ed. (Amman: Maktabat al-Muhtasib, 1988 [1959]), pp. 603, 636-607;
64. Naseer Hasan Aruri, Jordan: A Study in Political Development (1921-1965) (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1972), pp. 179-180.
65. Quintan Wiktorowicz, "The Limits of Democracy in the Middle East: The Case of Jordan," The Middle East Journal, Vol. 53, No. 4 (Autumn 1999), p. 607;
66. International Crisis Group, The Challenge of Political Reform: Jordanian Democratisation and Regional Instability, Middle East Briefing (Amman/Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2003), p. 16.
67. www.electionsjo.com (accessed April 20, 2004).
68. http://www.moi.gov.jo/electiontails.php?id8, (accessed April 22, 2004).
69. Laurie A. Brand, Women, the State, and Political Liberalization: Middle Eastern and North African Experiences (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), p. 108.
70. Guilain Denoeux and Abdeslam Maghraoui, "King Hassan's Strategy of Political Dualism," Middle East Policy, Vol. 5, No. 4 (January 1998 , pp. 108-114.
71. Ellen Lust-Okar and Amaney Ahmad Jamal, "Rulers and Rules: Reassessing the Influence of Regime Type on Electoral Law Formation," Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 35, No. 3 (April 2002).
72. Abdeslam Maghraoui, "Monarchy and Political Reform in Morocco," Journal of Democracy, Vol. 12, No. 1 (January 2001), p. 80;
73. Dale F. Eickelman, "Royal Authority and Religious Legitimacy: Morocco's Elections, 1960-1984," in The Frailty of Authority, ed. Myron J. Aronoff (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1986).
74. Abdeslam Maghraoui, "Political Authority in Crisis: Muhammad VI's Morocco," Middle East Report, Vol. 218 (Spring 2001);
75. Abdellah Ben Mlih, "Le Champ Politique Marocain entre Tentatives de Réformes et Conservatisme [The Moroccan Political Battle Between Reform Attempts and Conservativism]," Monde Arabe: Maghreb Machrek, Vol. 173 (July-September 2001), p. 7.
76. www.mincom.gov.ma/french/generalites/orga≙a/elections2002/ resultatglobal.htm (accessed August 13, 2003).
77. www.islamonline.net/Arabic/doc/2004/02/article02.SHTML (accessed April 20, 2003).
78. Shu'n Sa'udiya, Vol., No. 13 (February 2004);
79. Michael Scott Doran, "The Saudi Paradox," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 83, No. 1 (January/February 2004).