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T. N. Headland, "Introduction", in T. N. Headland, K. L. Pike and M. Harris, (eds), Emics and etics: The insider/outsider debate (Newbury Park, CA, 1990), 13-26. It should be noted that these are variously polemical accounts written by active participants in the etic/emic debates.
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Convention, Translation and Understanding: Philosophical Problems in the Comparative Study of Culture
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W. H. Goodenough, "Toward a working theory of culture", in R. Borofsky (ed.), Assessing cultural anthropology (New York, 1994), 262-73, p. 264; see also his Description and comparison in cultural anthropology (Cambridge, 1970), chap. 4.
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R. Rappaport, Pigs for the ancestors: Ritual in the ecology of a New Guinea people (New Haven, 1968), chap. 6, and Harris, Cultural materialism (ref. 16), chap. 2.
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I owe this suggestion to Nick Hopwood.
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See, for example, D. Gooding, Experiment and the making of meaning: Human agency in scientific observation and experiment (Dordrecht, 1990); H. O. Sibum, "Reworking the mechanical value of heat: Instruments of precision and gestures of accuracy in early Victorian England", Studies in history and philosophy of science, xxvi (1995), 75-106; A. Voskuhl, "Recreating Herschel's actinometry: An essay in the historiography of experimental practice", The British journal for the history of science, xxx (1997), 337-55; and K. Staubermann, "The trouble with the instrument: Zöllner's photometer", Journal for the history of astronomy, xxi (2000), 323-38.
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See, for example, D. Gooding, Experiment and the making of meaning: Human agency in scientific observation and experiment (Dordrecht, 1990); H. O. Sibum, "Reworking the mechanical value of heat: Instruments of precision and gestures of accuracy in early Victorian England", Studies in history and philosophy of science, xxvi (1995), 75-106; A. Voskuhl, "Recreating Herschel's actinometry: An essay in the historiography of experimental practice", The British journal for the history of science, xxx (1997), 337-55; and K. Staubermann, "The trouble with the instrument: Zöllner's photometer", Journal for the history of astronomy, xxi (2000), 323-38.
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See, for example, D. Gooding, Experiment and the making of meaning: Human agency in scientific observation and experiment (Dordrecht, 1990); H. O. Sibum, "Reworking the mechanical value of heat: Instruments of precision and gestures of accuracy in early Victorian England", Studies in history and philosophy of science, xxvi (1995), 75-106; A. Voskuhl, "Recreating Herschel's actinometry: An essay in the historiography of experimental practice", The British journal for the history of science, xxx (1997), 337-55; and K. Staubermann, "The trouble with the instrument: Zöllner's photometer", Journal for the history of astronomy, xxi (2000), 323-38.
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See, for example, the contributions to P. Galison and E. Thompson (eds), The architecture of science (Cambridge, MA, 1999), and to C. Smith and J. Agar (eds), Making space for science: Territorial, themes in the shaping of knowledge (Basingstoke, 1998).
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The Architecture of Science
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Thompson, E.2
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See, for example, the contributions to P. Galison and E. Thompson (eds), The architecture of science (Cambridge, MA, 1999), and to C. Smith and J. Agar (eds), Making space for science: Territorial, themes in the shaping of knowledge (Basingstoke, 1998).
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Making Space for Science: Territorial, Themes in the Shaping of Knowledge
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Agar, J.2
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W. Detel and C. Zittel (eds) (Berlin)
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See, for example, from a vast literature, M. J. Rudwick's classic "The emergence of a visual language for geological science, 1760-1840", History of science, xiv (1976), 149-95, and M. Biagioli, "Picturing objects in the making: Scheiner. Galileo, and the discovery of sunspots", in W. Detel and C. Zittel (eds), Ideals and cultures of knowledge in early modern Europe (Berlin, 2002), 39-96.
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(forthcoming), chap. 9
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B. Latour, "On the partial existence of existing and nonexisting objects", in L. Daston (ed.), Biographies of scientific objects (Chicago, 2000), 247-69. For a compelling critique of Latour's position see N. Tosh, Science, truth, and history (forthcoming), chap. 9: "Bruno Latour: How to make metaphysics matter".
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These are, however, contentious claims, not to be defended here; for many philosophers, following Wittgenstein, have claimed that reasons cannot constitute explanatory causes. For cogent arguments for attributing causal efficacy to agents' reasons, see W. Child, Causality, interpretation and the mind (Oxford, 1994).
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See, for example, D. L. Hull, Science as a process (Chicago, 1988), and J. Mokyr, The lever of riches: Technological creativity and economic progress (Oxford, 1990).
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P. Bourdieu and J. C. Passeron, Reproduction in education, society and culture [1970], transl. by R. Nice, 2nd edn (London, 1990); P. Bourdieu, Homo academicus [1984], transl. by P. Collier (Cambridge, 1988); idem, The rules of art: Genesis and structure of the literary field [1992], transl. by. S. Emanuel (Cambridge, 1996).
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See W. v. O. Quine's memorable response to such "misdirected modesty": "The phoneme's long shadow", in Headland, Pike and Harris (eds), op. cit. (ref. 8), 164-7.
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I. Kant, "Thoughts without content are empty, intuitions without concepts are blind" (Critique of pure reason, A51/B75), and I. Lakatos, "Philosophy of science without history of science is empty; history of science without philosophy of science is blind" ("History of science and its rational reconstructions", PSA 1970, ed. by R. C. Buck and R. S. Cohen (Dordrecht, 1971), 91-135, p. 91).
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PSA 1970
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Lakatos, I.1
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