Self-conscious emotions as dynamic cultural processes

Psychological Inquiry

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 161-166

  Mesquita, Batja ^a   Karasawa, Mayumi ^b  

^a WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TOKYO WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 4344695047     PISSN: 1047840X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (38)

1. Abu-Lughod, L. (1986). Veiled sentiments. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2. Benedict, R. (1946). The chrysanthemum and the sword. Patterns of Japanese culture. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
3. Blok, A. (1981). Rams and billy-goats: A key to the Mediterranean code of honour. Man, 16, 427-440.
4. Chang, H. C., & Holt, G. R. (1994). A Chinese perspective on face as well as inter-relational concern. In S. T. Toomey (Ed.), The challenge of facework (pp. 95-132). Albany: State University of New York Press.
5. Cohen, D., & Gunz, A. (2002). As seen by the other...: Perspectives on the Self in the memories and emotional perceptions of Easterners and Westerners. Psychological Science, 13(1), 55-59.
6. Crystal, D. S., Parrott, W. G., Okazaki, Y., & Watanabe, H. (2001). Examining relations between shame and personality among university students in the United States and Japan: A developmental perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25(2), 113-123.
7. Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2001). Norms for experiencing emotions in different cultures: Inter- and intranational differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 869-885.
8. Elliott, A., Chirkov, V., Kim, Y., & Sheldon, K. (2001). A cross-cultural analysis of avoidance (relative to approach) personal goals. Psychological Science, 12, 505-510.
9. Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard. Psychological Review, 106(4), 766-794.
10. Karasawa, M. (2001). Nihonnjinnni okeru jitano ninnshiki: Jikohihan baiasuto tasyakouyou baiasu [A Japanese mode of self-making: Self criticism and other enhancement]. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 72(4), 198-209.
11. Kitayama, S., & Markus, H. R. (2000). The pursuit of happiness and the realization of sympathy : Cultural patterns of self, social relations, and well-being. In E. Diener & E. Suh (Eds.), Subjective well-being across cultures (pp. 113-161). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
12. Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion, and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition and Emotion, 74(1), 93-124.
13. Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Matsumoto, H. (1995). Culture, self, and emotion: A cultural perspective on "self-conscious" emotions. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions. The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 439-464). New York: Guilford.
14. Kitayama, S., Matsumoto, D., Markus, H. R., & Norasakkunkit, V. (1997). Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: Self-enhancement in the US and self-criticism in Japan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(6), 1245-1267.
15. Lewis, C. C. (1995). Educating hearts and minds. New York: Cambridge University Press.
16. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253.
17. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1994). The cultural construction of self and emotion: Implications for social behavior. In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (pp. 89-130). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
18. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (in press). Models of agency: Sociocultural diversity in the construction of action. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.
19. Markus, H. R., Mullally, P. R., & Kitayama, S. (1997). Selfways: Diversity in modes of cultural participation. In U. Neisser & D. A. Jopling (Eds.), The conceptual self in context: Culture, experience, self-understanding (pp. 13-61). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
20. Mascolo, M. F., & Fischer, K. W. (1995). Developmental transformations in appraisals for pride, shame, and guilt. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions. The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 64-113). New York: Guilford.
21. Mascolo, M. F., Fischer, K. W., & Li, J. (2003). Dynamic development of component systems in emotions: Pride, shame and guilt in China and the United States. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Schere, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 375-408). New York: Oxford University Press.
22. Mesquita, B. (2003). Emotions as dynamic cultural phenomena. In R. Davidson, H. Goldsmith, & K. R. Scherer (Eds.), The handbook of the affective sciences (pp. 871-890). New York: Oxford University Press.
23. Mesquita, B., Karasawa, M., Haire, A., Izumi, K., Hayashi, A., Idzelis, M., et al. (2003). Emotions as culture-specific ways of relating. A comparison between Japanese and American groups. Unpublished manuscript, Winston-Salem, NC.
24. Miake, K., & Yamazaki, K. (1995). Self-conscious emotions, child rearing, and psychopathology in Japanese culture. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions (pp. 488-504). New York: Guilford.
25. Miller, J. G., Fung, H., & Mintz, J. (1996). Self-construction through narrative practices: A Chinese and American comparison of early socialization. Ethos, 24, 237-280.
26. Miller, R. S., & Tangney, J. P. (1994). Differentiating embarrassment and shame. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 13(3), 273-287.
27. Peristiany, J. G. (1966). Honour and shame in a Cypriot highland. In J. G. Peristiany (Ed.), Honour and shame: The values of Mediterranean society (pp. 171-190). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
28. Scheff, T. J. (1988). Shame and conformity: The deference-emotion system. American Sociological Review, 53, 395-406.
29. Scherer, K. R. (1997a). Profiles of emotion-antecedent appraisal: Testing theoretical predictions across cultures. Cognition and Emotion, 11, 113-150.
30. Scherer, K. R. (1997b). The role of culture in emotion-antecedent appraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 902-922.
31. Sera, K. (2003). A cultural comparison between American shame and embarrassment and Japanese haji. Unpublished masters' thesis, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
32. Shaver, P. R., Wu, S., & Schwartz, J. C. (1992). Cross-cultural similarities and differences in emotion and its representation: A prototype approach. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (pp. 175-212). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
33. Shweder, R. A. (1991). Cultural psychology: What is it? In R. A. Shweder (Ed.), Thinking through cultures (pp. 73-110). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
34. Stipek, D. (1998). Differences between American and Chinese in the circumstances evoking pride, shame, and guilt. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 616-629.
35. Tangney, J. P., Miller, R. S., Flicker, L., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Are shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1256-1269.
36. Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and social behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
37. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview.
38. Wallbott, H. G., & Scherer, K. R. (1995). Cultural determinants in experiencing shame and guilt. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions. The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 465-487). New York: Guilford.