Physicists in the "krieg der geister": Wilhelm wien's "Proclamation"

Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 337-368

  Wolff, Stefan L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 4344682047     PISSN: 08909997     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/hsps.2003.33.2.337     Document Type: Review

References (253)

1. Hermann Kellermann, Der Krieg der Geister (Dresden, 1915).
2. Circular from Max Born, 23 Nov 1914, reiteration 2 Feb 1915, Wien Papers DMM. First respective presentation in Physikalische Zeitschrift, 16 (1915), 142-145. Other professional societies include Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, 36 (1915); Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematikervereinigung, 25 (1915); Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 47 (1914), 3236-3237; 48 (1915), 103.
3. Circular from Max Born, 23 Nov 1914, reiteration 2 Feb 1915, Wien Papers DMM. First respective presentation in Physikalische Zeitschrift, 16 (1915), 142-145. Other professional societies include Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, 36 (1915); Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematikervereinigung, 25 (1915); Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 47 (1914), 3236-3237; 48 (1915), 103.
4. Circular from Max Born, 23 Nov 1914, reiteration 2 Feb 1915, Wien Papers DMM. First respective presentation in Physikalische Zeitschrift, 16 (1915), 142-145. Other professional societies include Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, 36 (1915); Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematikervereinigung, 25 (1915); Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 47 (1914), 3236-3237; 48 (1915), 103.
5. Circular from Max Born, 23 Nov 1914, reiteration 2 Feb 1915, Wien Papers DMM. First respective presentation in Physikalische Zeitschrift, 16 (1915), 142-145. Other professional societies include Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, 36 (1915); Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematikervereinigung, 25 (1915); Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 47 (1914), 3236-3237; 48 (1915), 103.
6. Circular from Max Born, 23 Nov 1914, reiteration 2 Feb 1915, Wien Papers DMM. First respective presentation in Physikalische Zeitschrift, 16 (1915), 142-145. Other professional societies include Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, 36 (1915); Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematikervereinigung, 25 (1915); Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 47 (1914), 3236-3237; 48 (1915), 103.
7. Lecture by Felix Auerbach in Jena, "Ausgewählte Kapitel der Kriegstechnik, allgemeinverständlich," winter term 1915/6; Felix Auerbach, Die Physik im Kriege (Jena, 1915).
8. Lecture by Felix Auerbach in Jena, "Ausgewählte Kapitel der Kriegstechnik, allgemeinverständlich," winter term 1915/6; Felix Auerbach, Die Physik im Kriege (Jena, 1915).
9. See Brigitte Schroeder-Gudehus, Deutsche Wissenschaft und internationale Zusammenarbeit 1914-1928 (Genf, 1966); Paul Forman, "Scientific internationalism and the Weimar physicists: The ideology and its manipulation in Germany after World War I," Isis, 64 (1973), 151-180; Gabriele Metzler, Internationale Wissenschaft und nationale Kultur (Göttingen, 2000). For chemistry see Christoph Meinel, "Nationalismus und Internationalismus in der Chemie des 19. Jahrhunderts" in Peter Dilg, ed., Perspektiven der Pharmaziegeschichte (Graz, 1983), 225-242.
10. See Brigitte Schroeder-Gudehus, Deutsche Wissenschaft und internationale Zusammenarbeit 1914-1928 (Genf, 1966); Paul Forman, "Scientific internationalism and the Weimar physicists: The ideology and its manipulation in Germany after World War I," Isis, 64 (1973), 151-180; Gabriele Metzler, Internationale Wissenschaft und nationale Kultur (Göttingen, 2000). For chemistry see Christoph Meinel, "Nationalismus und Internationalismus in der Chemie des 19. Jahrhunderts" in Peter Dilg, ed., Perspektiven der Pharmaziegeschichte (Graz, 1983), 225-242.
11. See Brigitte Schroeder-Gudehus, Deutsche Wissenschaft und internationale Zusammenarbeit 1914-1928 (Genf, 1966); Paul Forman, "Scientific internationalism and the Weimar physicists: The ideology and its manipulation in Germany after World War I," Isis, 64 (1973), 151-180; Gabriele Metzler, Internationale Wissenschaft und nationale Kultur (Göttingen, 2000). For chemistry see Christoph Meinel, "Nationalismus und Internationalismus in der Chemie des 19. Jahrhunderts" in Peter Dilg, ed., Perspektiven der Pharmaziegeschichte (Graz, 1983), 225-242.
12. See Brigitte Schroeder-Gudehus, Deutsche Wissenschaft und internationale Zusammenarbeit 1914-1928 (Genf, 1966); Paul Forman, "Scientific internationalism and the Weimar physicists: The ideology and its manipulation in Germany after World War I," Isis, 64 (1973), 151-180; Gabriele Metzler, Internationale Wissenschaft und nationale Kultur (Göttingen, 2000). For chemistry see Christoph Meinel, "Nationalismus und Internationalismus in der Chemie des 19. Jahrhunderts" in Peter Dilg, ed., Perspektiven der Pharmaziegeschichte (Graz, 1983), 225-242.
13. For example, Wilhelm Wien, received such support shortly before the outbreak of the war: Wien to Knudsen, 30 Jun 1914, Wien Papers DMM.
14. Einstein to Lorentz, 2 Aug 1915, in Otto Nathan und Heinz Norden, eds., Albert Einstein über den Frieden (Bern, 1975), 28-30; also in Robert Schulmann et al., The collected papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 8, The Berlin years: Correspondence 1914-1918, Part B: 1914-1917 (Princeton, 1998), 155-156. Critically, Cordula Tollmien, "Der Krieg der Geister in der Provinz - das Beispiel - der Universität Göttingen 1914-1919," Göttinger Jahrbuch, 40 (1992), 137-210, on 202.
15. Einstein to Lorentz, 2 Aug 1915, in Otto Nathan und Heinz Norden, eds., Albert Einstein über den Frieden (Bern, 1975), 28-30; also in Robert Schulmann et al., The collected papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 8, The Berlin years: Correspondence 1914-1918, Part B: 1914-1917 (Princeton, 1998), 155-156. Critically, Cordula Tollmien, "Der Krieg der Geister in der Provinz - das Beispiel - der Universität Göttingen 1914-1919," Göttinger Jahrbuch, 40 (1992), 137-210, on 202.
16. Einstein to Lorentz, 2 Aug 1915, in Otto Nathan und Heinz Norden, eds., Albert Einstein über den Frieden (Bern, 1975), 28-30; also in Robert Schulmann et al., The collected papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 8, The Berlin years: Correspondence 1914-1918, Part B: 1914-1917 (Princeton, 1998), 155-156. Critically, Cordula Tollmien, "Der Krieg der Geister in der Provinz - das Beispiel - der Universität Göttingen 1914-1919," Göttinger Jahrbuch, 40 (1992), 137-210, on 202.
17. Robert William Lawson, "Nachruf," Nature, 165 (1950), 549; Herbert Meyer, "Fortschritt und Krisis 1914-1964," Physikalische Blätter, 21 (1965), 101-105. On Epstein, Michael Eckert, Die Atomphysiker (Braunschweig, 1993), 54-55 and Sommerfeld to Epstein, 12 Feb 1922, Pasadena Archives, CalTech Epstein 8.3, Internet: www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Sommerfeld/.
18. Robert William Lawson, "Nachruf," Nature, 165 (1950), 549; Herbert Meyer, "Fortschritt und Krisis 1914-1964," Physikalische Blätter, 21 (1965), 101-105. On Epstein, Michael Eckert, Die Atomphysiker (Braunschweig, 1993), 54-55 and Sommerfeld to Epstein, 12 Feb 1922, Pasadena Archives, CalTech Epstein 8.3, Internet: www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Sommerfeld/.
19. Robert William Lawson, "Nachruf," Nature, 165 (1950), 549; Herbert Meyer, "Fortschritt und Krisis 1914-1964," Physikalische Blätter, 21 (1965), 101-105. On Epstein, Michael Eckert, Die Atomphysiker (Braunschweig, 1993), 54-55 and Sommerfeld to Epstein, 12 Feb 1922, Pasadena Archives, CalTech Epstein 8.3, Internet: www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Sommerfeld/.
20. Robert William Lawson, "Nachruf," Nature, 165 (1950), 549; Herbert Meyer, "Fortschritt und Krisis 1914-1964," Physikalische Blätter, 21 (1965), 101-105. On Epstein, Michael Eckert, Die Atomphysiker (Braunschweig, 1993), 54-55 and Sommerfeld to Epstein, 12 Feb 1922, Pasadena Archives, CalTech Epstein 8.3, Internet: www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Sommerfeld/.
21. Notice in Physikalische Zeitschrift, 16 (1915), 16, which originated from Sommerfeld: Sommerfeld to Wien, 25 Dec 1914, Autograph 1253, SPKB; printed in Michael Eckert and Karl Märker, eds., Arnold Sommerfeld Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel, Band 1, (Berlin, 2000), 489-491. On research contacts see Pringsheim to Rutherford, 15 Nov 1915, Chadwick to Rutherford, 14 Sep 1915, Rutherford Papers, Cambridge University Library. Also mentioned in Russel McCormmach, Nachtgedanken eines klassischen Physikers (Frankfurt, 1984), 217-218. H. Struve et al., "Sonnenfinsternis vom 21 August 1914," Astronomische Nachrichten, 199 (1914), 363-265.
22. Notice in Physikalische Zeitschrift, 16 (1915), 16, which originated from Sommerfeld: Sommerfeld to Wien, 25 Dec 1914, Autograph 1253, SPKB; printed in Michael Eckert and Karl Märker, eds., Arnold Sommerfeld Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel, Band 1, (Berlin, 2000), 489-491. On research contacts see Pringsheim to Rutherford, 15 Nov 1915, Chadwick to Rutherford, 14 Sep 1915, Rutherford Papers, Cambridge University Library. Also mentioned in Russel McCormmach, Nachtgedanken eines klassischen Physikers (Frankfurt, 1984), 217-218. H. Struve et al., "Sonnenfinsternis vom 21 August 1914," Astronomische Nachrichten, 199 (1914), 363-265.
23. Notice in Physikalische Zeitschrift, 16 (1915), 16, which originated from Sommerfeld: Sommerfeld to Wien, 25 Dec 1914, Autograph 1253, SPKB; printed in Michael Eckert and Karl Märker, eds., Arnold Sommerfeld Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel, Band 1, (Berlin, 2000), 489-491. On research contacts see Pringsheim to Rutherford, 15 Nov 1915, Chadwick to Rutherford, 14 Sep 1915, Rutherford Papers, Cambridge University Library. Also mentioned in Russel McCormmach, Nachtgedanken eines klassischen Physikers (Frankfurt, 1984), 217-218. H. Struve et al., "Sonnenfinsternis vom 21 August 1914," Astronomische Nachrichten, 199 (1914), 363-265.
24. Notice in Physikalische Zeitschrift, 16 (1915), 16, which originated from Sommerfeld: Sommerfeld to Wien, 25 Dec 1914, Autograph 1253, SPKB; printed in Michael Eckert and Karl Märker, eds., Arnold Sommerfeld Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel, Band 1, (Berlin, 2000), 489-491. On research contacts see Pringsheim to Rutherford, 15 Nov 1915, Chadwick to Rutherford, 14 Sep 1915, Rutherford Papers, Cambridge University Library. Also mentioned in Russel McCormmach, Nachtgedanken eines klassischen Physikers (Frankfurt, 1984), 217-218. H. Struve et al., "Sonnenfinsternis vom 21 August 1914," Astronomische Nachrichten, 199 (1914), 363-265.
25. Wien to Sommerfeld, 4 May 1915, Wien Papers DMM; printed in Eckert and Märker, eds. (ref. 8), 494-495.
26. Kellermann (ref. 1), 366; Bernhard vom Brocke, "Wissenschaft und Militarismus," in William M. Calder, Hellmut Flashar, and Theodore Lindken, eds., Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt, 1985), 648-717, on 670.
27. Kellermann (ref. 1), 366; Bernhard vom Brocke, "Wissenschaft und Militarismus," in William M. Calder, Hellmut Flashar, and Theodore Lindken, eds., Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren (Darmstadt, 1985), 648-717, on 670.
28. Wien to Oseen, 13 Sep 1914, Universitetsbibliotek Stockholm; Voigt to Lorentz, 17 Nov 1914, Lorentz Papers, Rijksarchief Den Haag; Voigt to Zeeman, 17 Sep 1914, Zeeman Papers, Rijksarchief Noord-Holland, Haarlem.
29. Wien to Oseen, 13 Sep 1914, Universitetsbibliotek Stockholm; Voigt to Lorentz, 17 Nov 1914, Lorentz Papers, Rijksarchief Den Haag; Voigt to Zeeman, 17 Sep 1914, Zeeman Papers, Rijksarchief Noord-Holland, Haarlem.
30. See also, Barbara Beßlich, Wege in den Kulturkrieg (Darmstadt, 2000), 10 and 15.
31. Kellermann (ref. 1), 28-29.
32. Excerpt Heidelberger Tageblatt from Aug 1914, Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg.
33. Kellermann (ref. 1), 30-31.
34. Tollmien (ref. 6), 181; Voigt to Zeeman, 24 Sep 1914, Zeeman Papers, Rijksarchief Noord-Holland, Haarlem; Zeeman to Voigt, 15 Oct 1914, DMM. See also Stefan L. Wolff, "Woldemar Voigt (1850-1919) and Pieter Zeeman (1865-1943) - eine wissenschaftliche Freundschaft," in Dieter Hoffmann, Fabio Bevilacqua, and Roger Stuewer, eds., The emergence of modern physics (Pavia, 1997), 169-177.
35. Tollmien (ref. 6), 181; Voigt to Zeeman, 24 Sep 1914, Zeeman Papers, Rijksarchief Noord-Holland, Haarlem; Zeeman to Voigt, 15 Oct 1914, DMM. See also Stefan L. Wolff, "Woldemar Voigt (1850-1919) and Pieter Zeeman (1865-1943) - eine wissenschaftliche Freundschaft," in Dieter Hoffmann, Fabio Bevilacqua, and Roger Stuewer, eds., The emergence of modern physics (Pavia, 1997), 169-177.
36. Tollmien (ref. 6), 181; Voigt to Zeeman, 24 Sep 1914, Zeeman Papers, Rijksarchief Noord-Holland, Haarlem; Zeeman to Voigt, 15 Oct 1914, DMM. See also Stefan L. Wolff, "Woldemar Voigt (1850-1919) and Pieter Zeeman (1865-1943) - eine wissenschaftliche Freundschaft," in Dieter Hoffmann, Fabio Bevilacqua, and Roger Stuewer, eds., The emergence of modern physics (Pavia, 1997), 169-177.
37. Tollmien (ref. 6), 181; Voigt to Zeeman, 24 Sep 1914, Zeeman Papers, Rijksarchief Noord-Holland, Haarlem; Zeeman to Voigt, 15 Oct 1914, DMM. See also Stefan L. Wolff, "Woldemar Voigt (1850-1919) and Pieter Zeeman (1865-1943) - eine wissenschaftliche Freundschaft," in Dieter Hoffmann, Fabio Bevilacqua, and Roger Stuewer, eds., The emergence of modern physics (Pavia, 1997), 169-177.
38. Wien to Stefan Meyer, 23 Aug 1914; Stefan Meyer to Wien, 3 Sep 1914; Wien to Exner, 8 Sep 1914, and Exner to Wien, undated, all in Wien Papers DMM.
39. Ludwig Fulda, Georg Reicke, and Hermann Sudermann, Circular on 12 Nov 1914, Wien Papers DMM. Manifesto with signature-list printed in Kellermann (ref. 1), 64-68. A comprehensive representation is offered by vom Brocke (ref. 10); on authorship see pp. 662-663, as well as Jürgen and Wolfgang Ungern-Sternberg, Der Aufruf "An die Kulturwelt!" das Manifest der 93 und die Anfänge der Kriegspropaganda im Ersten Weltkrieg (Stuttgart, 1996).
40. Ludwig Fulda, Georg Reicke, and Hermann Sudermann, Circular on 12 Nov 1914, Wien Papers DMM. Manifesto with signature-list printed in Kellermann (ref. 1), 64-68. A comprehensive representation is offered by vom Brocke (ref. 10); on authorship see pp. 662-663, as well as Jürgen and Wolfgang Ungern-Sternberg, Der Aufruf "An die Kulturwelt!" das Manifest der 93 und die Anfänge der Kriegspropaganda im Ersten Weltkrieg (Stuttgart, 1996).
41. Constance Reid, Hilbert (Berlin Heidelberg, 1970), 137-138 and Albrecht Fölsing, Albert Einstein (Frankfurt, 1993), 239.
42. Constance Reid, Hilbert (Berlin Heidelberg, 1970), 137-138 and Albrecht Fölsing, Albert Einstein (Frankfurt, 1993), 239.
43. Hans Wehberg, Wider den Aufruf der 93! Das Ergebnis einer Rundfrage an die 93 Intellektuellen über die Kriegsschuld (Charlottenburg, 1920), 8 and 38.
44. Einstein to Lorentz, 2 Aug 1915, quoted from Nathan u. Norden (ref. 6), 29-30. Planck to Klein, 13 Sep 1919 in Tollmien (ref. 6), 187-188.
45. Wehberg (ref. 20), 8.
46. "Kulturbund deutscher Gelehrter und Künstler" to Wien with enclosures, 6 Nov 1914; Fulda, Reicke and Sudermann called for further efforts of the signatories: to Wien, 12 Nov 1914; both in Wien Papers DMM; on the "Kulturbund" see Ungern-Sternberg (ref. 18), 136-143.
47. "Kulturbund deutscher Gelehrter und Künstler" to Wien with enclosures, 6 Nov 1914; Fulda, Reicke and Sudermann called for further efforts of the signatories: to Wien, 12 Nov 1914; both in Wien Papers DMM; on the "Kulturbund" see Ungern-Sternberg (ref. 18), 136-143.
48. Ungern-Sternberg (ref. 18), 139.
49. Two undated drafts of a letter by Wien in English as response to John Burroughs,"On the war. An old admirer of the Germans. He finds their warfare collective murder, pillage and arson," New York Tribune (3 Nov 1914), 8; Draft of a reply in German from 26 Nov, all in Wien Papers DMM; printed on 28 Nov 1914: "A reply to John Burroughs: Professor Wilhelm Wien, distinguished German physicist, defends his country's part in the war," New York Tribune (30 Dec 1914), 8; Reply from John Burroughs to Wien, 21 Dec 1914, Wien Papers DMM; printed on 1 Jan 1915: "John Burroughs on Kultur, his reply to Professor Wien with some comment by a reader on German appeals to America," New York Tribune, (1 Jan 1915), 8. See also Wien's reaction to the letter from Garrett Newkirk to Adolf von Baeyer "and ninety-two others" on 10 Nov 1914, undated, Wien Papers DMM, A copy of the latter was apparently forwarded to Wien; likewise in Wien Papers DMM; Ungern-Sternberg (ref. 18), 89-93.
50. Two undated drafts of a letter by Wien in English as response to John Burroughs,"On the war. An old admirer of the Germans. He finds their warfare collective murder, pillage and arson," New York Tribune (3 Nov 1914), 8; Draft of a reply in German from 26 Nov, all in Wien Papers DMM; printed on 28 Nov 1914: "A reply to John Burroughs: Professor Wilhelm Wien, distinguished German physicist, defends his country's part in the war," New York Tribune (30 Dec 1914), 8; Reply from John Burroughs to Wien, 21 Dec 1914, Wien Papers DMM; printed on 1 Jan 1915: "John Burroughs on Kultur, his reply to Professor Wien with some comment by a reader on German appeals to America," New York Tribune, (1 Jan 1915), 8. See also Wien's reaction to the letter from Garrett Newkirk to Adolf von Baeyer "and ninety-two others" on 10 Nov 1914, undated, Wien Papers DMM, A copy of the latter was apparently forwarded to Wien; likewise in Wien Papers DMM; Ungern-Sternberg (ref. 18), 89-93.
51. Two undated drafts of a letter by Wien in English as response to John Burroughs,"On the war. An old admirer of the Germans. He finds their warfare collective murder, pillage and arson," New York Tribune (3 Nov 1914), 8; Draft of a reply in German from 26 Nov, all in Wien Papers DMM; printed on 28 Nov 1914: "A reply to John Burroughs: Professor Wilhelm Wien, distinguished German physicist, defends his country's part in the war," New York Tribune (30 Dec 1914), 8; Reply from John Burroughs to Wien, 21 Dec 1914, Wien Papers DMM; printed on 1 Jan 1915: "John Burroughs on Kultur, his reply to Professor Wien with some comment by a reader on German appeals to America," New York Tribune, (1 Jan 1915), 8. See also Wien's reaction to the letter from Garrett Newkirk to Adolf von Baeyer "and ninety-two others" on 10 Nov 1914, undated, Wien Papers DMM, A copy of the latter was apparently forwarded to Wien; likewise in Wien Papers DMM; Ungern-Sternberg (ref. 18), 89-93.
52. Two undated drafts of a letter by Wien in English as response to John Burroughs,"On the war. An old admirer of the Germans. He finds their warfare collective murder, pillage and arson," New York Tribune (3 Nov 1914), 8; Draft of a reply in German from 26 Nov, all in Wien Papers DMM; printed on 28 Nov 1914: "A reply to John Burroughs: Professor Wilhelm Wien, distinguished German physicist, defends his country's part in the war," New York Tribune (30 Dec 1914), 8; Reply from John Burroughs to Wien, 21 Dec 1914, Wien Papers DMM; printed on 1 Jan 1915: "John Burroughs on Kultur, his reply to Professor Wien with some comment by a reader on German appeals to America," New York Tribune, (1 Jan 1915), 8. See also Wien's reaction to the letter from Garrett Newkirk to Adolf von Baeyer "and ninety-two others" on 10 Nov 1914, undated, Wien Papers DMM, A copy of the latter was apparently forwarded to Wien; likewise in Wien Papers DMM; Ungern-Sternberg (ref. 18), 89-93.
53. Two undated drafts of a letter by Wien in English as response to John Burroughs,"On the war. An old admirer of the Germans. He finds their warfare collective murder, pillage and arson," New York Tribune (3 Nov 1914), 8; Draft of a reply in German from 26 Nov, all in Wien Papers DMM; printed on 28 Nov 1914: "A reply to John Burroughs: Professor Wilhelm Wien, distinguished German physicist, defends his country's part in the war," New York Tribune (30 Dec 1914), 8; Reply from John Burroughs to Wien, 21 Dec 1914, Wien Papers DMM; printed on 1 Jan 1915: "John Burroughs on Kultur, his reply to Professor Wien with some comment by a reader on German appeals to America," New York Tribune, (1 Jan 1915), 8. See also Wien's reaction to the letter from Garrett Newkirk to Adolf von Baeyer "and ninety-two others" on 10 Nov 1914, undated, Wien Papers DMM, A copy of the latter was apparently forwarded to Wien; likewise in Wien Papers DMM; Ungern-Sternberg (ref. 18), 89-93.
54. Draft of a letter to an addressee in Greece, 17 Nov 1914, fragment in Wien Papers DMM.
55. Wien to the "Kulturbund deutscher Gelehrter und Künstler," 10 Mar 1916, Wien Papers DMM.
56. Lorentz to Wien, 3 May 1915, DMM Nr. 2482.
57. Lorentz to Wien, 22 Mar 1915, DMM Nr. 2481. Thereupon, Wien turned to the Prussian Ministry of War for information and assistance in taking an argumentative position: Wien to the Prussian Ministry of War, 12 May 1915; Prussian Ministry of War to Wien, 15 May 1915; both in Wien Papers DMM. Additionally, Wien to Planck, 1 May 1915, Wien Papers Nr. 151, SPKB.
58. Planck to Wien, 4 May 1915, Wien Papers Nr. 81, SPKB.
59. Lorentz to Rutherford, 18 Aug 1915, L 134, Cambridge University Library. Rutherford to Lorentz, 7 Jun 1915, Lorentz Papers, Algemeen Rijksarchief Den Haag.
60. Ref. 28.
61. Planck to Lorentz in Handelsblad (Rotterdam), 12 Apr 1916, cited after a wire from the "Vossische Zeitung," printed by Wehberg (ref. 20), 19-20. Planck wrote this letter on 27 Feb 1916 also in the name of four other intellectuals. See J.L. Heilbron, The dilemmas of an upright man (Berkeley, 1986), 76-78.
62. Planck to Lorentz in Handelsblad (Rotterdam), 12 Apr 1916, cited after a wire from the "Vossische Zeitung," printed by Wehberg (ref. 20), 19-20. Planck wrote this letter on 27 Feb 1916 also in the name of four other intellectuals. See J.L. Heilbron, The dilemmas of an upright man (Berkeley, 1986), 76-78.
63. Planck to Lorentz in Handelsblad (Rotterdam), 12 Apr 1916, cited after a wire from the "Vossische Zeitung," printed by Wehberg (ref. 20), 19-20. Planck wrote this letter on 27 Feb 1916 also in the name of four other intellectuals. See J.L. Heilbron, The dilemmas of an upright man (Berkeley, 1986), 76-78.
64. Vom Brocke (ref. 10), 683. On Nicolai see Bernhard vom Brocke, "An die Europäer. Der Fall Nicolai und der Biologie des Krieges: Zur Entstehung und Wirkungsgeschichte eines unzeitgemäßen Buches," Historische Zeitschrift, 240 (1985), 363-375. Ibid., "Wissenschaft versus Militarismus: Nicolai, Einstein und die Biologie des Krieges. Mit einer 'Dokumentation' von Rektor und Senat der Universität Berlin," Annali dell' Istituto Storico Italo-Germanico in Trento, 10 (1984), 405-508. Hilbert Goenner and Guiseppe Castagnetti, "Albert Einstein as a pacifist and Democrat during World War I," Science in context, 9 (1996), 325-386, on 332-333.
65. Vom Brocke (ref. 10), 683. On Nicolai see Bernhard vom Brocke, "An die Europäer. Der Fall Nicolai und der Biologie des Krieges: Zur Entstehung und Wirkungsgeschichte eines unzeitgemäßen Buches," Historische Zeitschrift, 240 (1985), 363-375. Ibid., "Wissenschaft versus Militarismus: Nicolai, Einstein und die Biologie des Krieges. Mit einer 'Dokumentation' von Rektor und Senat der Universität Berlin," Annali dell' Istituto Storico Italo-Germanico in Trento, 10 (1984), 405-508. Hilbert Goenner and Guiseppe Castagnetti, "Albert Einstein as a pacifist and Democrat during World War I," Science in context, 9 (1996), 325-386, on 332-333.
66. Vom Brocke (ref. 10), 683. On Nicolai see Bernhard vom Brocke, "An die Europäer. Der Fall Nicolai und der Biologie des Krieges: Zur Entstehung und Wirkungsgeschichte eines unzeitgemäßen Buches," Historische Zeitschrift, 240 (1985), 363-375. Ibid., "Wissenschaft versus Militarismus: Nicolai, Einstein und die Biologie des Krieges. Mit einer 'Dokumentation' von Rektor und Senat der Universität Berlin," Annali dell' Istituto Storico Italo-Germanico in Trento, 10 (1984), 405-508. Hilbert Goenner and Guiseppe Castagnetti, "Albert Einstein as a pacifist and Democrat during World War I," Science in context, 9 (1996), 325-386, on 332-333.
67. Vom Brocke (ref. 10), 683. On Nicolai see Bernhard vom Brocke, "An die Europäer. Der Fall Nicolai und der Biologie des Krieges: Zur Entstehung und Wirkungsgeschichte eines unzeitgemäßen Buches," Historische Zeitschrift, 240 (1985), 363-375. Ibid., "Wissenschaft versus Militarismus: Nicolai, Einstein und die Biologie des Krieges. Mit einer 'Dokumentation' von Rektor und Senat der Universität Berlin," Annali dell' Istituto Storico Italo-Germanico in Trento, 10 (1984), 405-508. Hilbert Goenner and Guiseppe Castagnetti, "Albert Einstein as a pacifist and Democrat during World War I," Science in context, 9 (1996), 325-386, on 332-333.
68. Vom Brocke (ref. 10), 650-652. A chronological list of the different proclamations can be found in ibid., "La guerra degli intellettuali tedeschi" in Vincenzo Cali et al., eds., Gli intellettuali e la grande guerra (Bologna, 2000), 373-409, on 392-394.
69. Vom Brocke (ref. 10), 650-652. A chronological list of the different proclamations can be found in ibid., "La guerra degli intellettuali tedeschi" in Vincenzo Cali et al., eds., Gli intellettuali e la grande guerra (Bologna, 2000), 373-409, on 392-394.
70. Vom Brocke (ref. 10), 656.
71. "Erklärung der Professoren Großbritanniens an die deutschen akademischen Kreise," copy of four pages in Wien Papers DMM. See, in addition, with further source references vom Brocke (ref. 10), 670-671. A not quite identical translation "Antwort an die deutschen Professoren" with signature-list in Kellermann (ref. 1), 36-44. Ungern-Sternberg (ref. 18), 95. Lenard to Wien, 25 Dec 1914, Heid. Hs. 3853, 1 Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg.
72. "Erklärung der Professoren Großbritanniens an die deutschen akademischen Kreise," copy of four pages in Wien Papers DMM. See, in addition, with further source references vom Brocke (ref. 10), 670-671. A not quite identical translation "Antwort an die deutschen Professoren" with signature-list in Kellermann (ref. 1), 36-44. Ungern-Sternberg (ref. 18), 95. Lenard to Wien, 25 Dec 1914, Heid. Hs. 3853, 1 Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg.
73. "Erklärung der Professoren Großbritanniens an die deutschen akademischen Kreise," copy of four pages in Wien Papers DMM. See, in addition, with further source references vom Brocke (ref. 10), 670-671. A not quite identical translation "Antwort an die deutschen Professoren" with signature-list in Kellermann (ref. 1), 36-44. Ungern-Sternberg (ref. 18), 95. Lenard to Wien, 25 Dec 1914, Heid. Hs. 3853, 1 Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg.
74. "Erklärung der Professoren Großbritanniens an die deutschen akademischen Kreise," copy of four pages in Wien Papers DMM. See, in addition, with further source references vom Brocke (ref. 10), 670-671. A not quite identical translation "Antwort an die deutschen Professoren" with signature-list in Kellermann (ref. 1), 36-44. Ungern-Sternberg (ref. 18), 95. Lenard to Wien, 25 Dec 1914, Heid. Hs. 3853, 1 Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg.
75. "Erklärung der Professoren Großbritanniens an die deutschen akademischen Kreise," copy of four pages in Wien Papers DMM. See, in addition, with further source references vom Brocke (ref. 10), 670-671. A not quite identical translation "Antwort an die deutschen Professoren" with signature-list in Kellermann (ref. 1), 36-44. Ungern-Sternberg (ref. 18), 95. Lenard to Wien, 25 Dec 1914, Heid. Hs. 3853, 1 Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg.
76. See also Ungern-Sternberg (ref. 18), 90-92.
77. "Erklärung" (ref. 37).
78. Wien to "Sehr geehrter Herr," 5 Jan 1915, German version; an incomplete page to "Dear Sir" in English translation. Wien to Prof. Schlötensack, 21 Dec 1914; Wien to the Prüfungsauschuß des II. Armeekorps in Würzburg, 22 Dec 1914 and its reply 23 Dec 1914; American Consular Service to Wien, 11 Feb 1915, all in Wien Papers DMM.
79. W.H. Bragg to Wien, 24 Jan 1915, Wien Papers DMM.
80. Wien to W.H. Bragg, in Feb 1915, in the unpublished typed manuscript of Wien's biography from his daughter Waltraud Wien, 89-90, Wien Papers DMM. Also Familienchronik 1914-1928, private papers Waltraud Wien, München, 30-33. Wien to Vegard, 1 Mar 1915, Wien Papers DMM.
81. Stark to Wien, 19 Dec 1914, a short reference to this letter in Stargardt auction catalogue Nr. 609, Marburg 1976, 145.
82. From Lorentz and Ehrenfest in Nov 1914 certified copy of a report from a Dr. van der Goot on 25 Oct 1914; Stark to Ehrenfest and Lorentz, 12 Dec 1914; Lorentz to Stark, 16 Dec 1914, all in Stark Papers, Lorentz 32-34, SPKB; Ehrenfest to Stark, 18 Dec 1914, Stark Papers, Ehrenfest, SPKB. Additionally, Armin Hermann, "Albert Einstein und Johannes Stark. Briefwechsel und Verhältnis der beiden Nobelpreisträger," Sudhoffs Archiv, 50 (1966), 267-285; on 280; ibid., "H.A. Lorentz-Praeceptor Physicae, Sein Briefwechsel mit dem deutschen Nobelpreisträger Johannes Stark," Janus, 53 (1966), 99-114.
83. From Lorentz and Ehrenfest in Nov 1914 certified copy of a report from a Dr. van der Goot on 25 Oct 1914; Stark to Ehrenfest and Lorentz, 12 Dec 1914; Lorentz to Stark, 16 Dec 1914, all in Stark Papers, Lorentz 32-34, SPKB; Ehrenfest to Stark, 18 Dec 1914, Stark Papers, Ehrenfest, SPKB. Additionally, Armin Hermann, "Albert Einstein und Johannes Stark. Briefwechsel und Verhältnis der beiden Nobelpreisträger," Sudhoffs Archiv, 50 (1966), 267-285; on 280; ibid., "H.A. Lorentz-Praeceptor Physicae, Sein Briefwechsel mit dem deutschen Nobelpreisträger Johannes Stark," Janus, 53 (1966), 99-114.
84. From Lorentz and Ehrenfest in Nov 1914 certified copy of a report from a Dr. van der Goot on 25 Oct 1914; Stark to Ehrenfest and Lorentz, 12 Dec 1914; Lorentz to Stark, 16 Dec 1914, all in Stark Papers, Lorentz 32-34, SPKB; Ehrenfest to Stark, 18 Dec 1914, Stark Papers, Ehrenfest, SPKB. Additionally, Armin Hermann, "Albert Einstein und Johannes Stark. Briefwechsel und Verhältnis der beiden Nobelpreisträger," Sudhoffs Archiv, 50 (1966), 267-285; on 280; ibid., "H.A. Lorentz-Praeceptor Physicae, Sein Briefwechsel mit dem deutschen Nobelpreisträger Johannes Stark," Janus, 53 (1966), 99-114.
85. From Lorentz and Ehrenfest in Nov 1914 certified copy of a report from a Dr. van der Goot on 25 Oct 1914; Stark to Ehrenfest and Lorentz, 12 Dec 1914; Lorentz to Stark, 16 Dec 1914, all in Stark Papers, Lorentz 32-34, SPKB; Ehrenfest to Stark, 18 Dec 1914, Stark Papers, Ehrenfest, SPKB. Additionally, Armin Hermann, "Albert Einstein und Johannes Stark. Briefwechsel und Verhältnis der beiden Nobelpreisträger," Sudhoffs Archiv, 50 (1966), 267-285; on 280; ibid., "H.A. Lorentz-Praeceptor Physicae, Sein Briefwechsel mit dem deutschen Nobelpreisträger Johannes Stark," Janus, 53 (1966), 99-114.
86. Ref. 43.
87. Walter Schottky, "Über den Einfluß von Strukturwirkungen, besonders der Thomsonschen Bildkraft, auf die Elektronenemission der Metalle," Physikalische Zeitschrift, 15 (1914), 872-878. Stark to Schottky, 12 Nov 1914, Schottky Papers, DMM. I thank Reinhard Serchinger who is working on a dissertation on Schottky for this reference. Stark's rejection of an article from another author which stressed the international aspects of science is mentioned by Alan Beyerchen, Wissenschaftler unter Hitler (Frankfurt, 1982), 148. Walter Schottky, "Bericht über thermische Elektronenemission, " Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik (Leipzig, 1915), 147-205, on 200.
88. Walter Schottky, "Über den Einfluß von Strukturwirkungen, besonders der Thomsonschen Bildkraft, auf die Elektronenemission der Metalle," Physikalische Zeitschrift, 15 (1914), 872-878. Stark to Schottky, 12 Nov 1914, Schottky Papers, DMM. I thank Reinhard Serchinger who is working on a dissertation on Schottky for this reference. Stark's rejection of an article from another author which stressed the international aspects of science is mentioned by Alan Beyerchen, Wissenschaftler unter Hitler (Frankfurt, 1982), 148. Walter Schottky, "Bericht über thermische Elektronenemission, " Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik (Leipzig, 1915), 147-205, on 200.
89. Walter Schottky, "Über den Einfluß von Strukturwirkungen, besonders der Thomsonschen Bildkraft, auf die Elektronenemission der Metalle," Physikalische Zeitschrift, 15 (1914), 872-878. Stark to Schottky, 12 Nov 1914, Schottky Papers, DMM. I thank Reinhard Serchinger who is working on a dissertation on Schottky for this reference. Stark's rejection of an article from another author which stressed the international aspects of science is mentioned by Alan Beyerchen, Wissenschaftler unter Hitler (Frankfurt, 1982), 148. Walter Schottky, "Bericht über thermische Elektronenemission, " Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik (Leipzig, 1915), 147-205, on 200.
90. Walter Schottky, "Über den Einfluß von Strukturwirkungen, besonders der Thomsonschen Bildkraft, auf die Elektronenemission der Metalle," Physikalische Zeitschrift, 15 (1914), 872-878. Stark to Schottky, 12 Nov 1914, Schottky Papers, DMM. I thank Reinhard Serchinger who is working on a dissertation on Schottky for this reference. Stark's rejection of an article from another author which stressed the international aspects of science is mentioned by Alan Beyerchen, Wissenschaftler unter Hitler (Frankfurt, 1982), 148. Walter Schottky, "Bericht über thermische Elektronenemission, " Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik (Leipzig, 1915), 147-205, on 200.
91. Fulda on 3 Sep 1914 in "Berliner Tageblatt," from Ungern-Sternberg (ref. 18), 19. Lenard to Wien, 1 Jul 1911, Wien Papers DMM.
92. Fulda on 3 Sep 1914 in "Berliner Tageblatt," from Ungern-Sternberg (ref. 18), 19. Lenard to Wien, 1 Jul 1911, Wien Papers DMM.
93. Hirzel to Stark, 3 Oct 1914 and 29 Jan 1915, Stark Papers, Sondermappe I 15 Nr. 12 and 14, SPKB.
94. Stark to Wien, 19 Dec 1914 (as in ref. 43).
95. Wien to Stark, 21 Dec 1914, Stark Papers SPKB.
96. This originates from a page with a list of names in Wien Papers DMM.
97. Wien to Fraas, 10 Jan 1914; Wien to Hallwachs, 10 Jan, 3 Feb and 27 May 1914; Hallwachs to Wien, 15 Jan and 6 Feb 1914; in view of the threat of establishing another society: Hallwachs to Wien, 14 May 1914; Hallwachs to Haber, the director of the "Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft," 22 May 1914; all in Wien Papers DMM. Because he did not know Haber personally, Wien turned to Planck for mediation: Wien to Planck, 12 Jun 1914, Wien Papers SPKB Berlin. Wien's critique had not been removed, but he did not want to found a new society at this time: Wien to Hallwachs, 11 Jul 1914; Wien to Haber, 13 Jul 1914; both in Wien Papers DMM. See also Armin Hermann, "Die Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft 1899-1945," Physikalische Blätter, 51 (1995), F61-F105, on F78. The name "Helmholtz-Gesellschaft" was used after the war, for an organization of German industry which supported physics and technology financially. See more below in the text.
98. Wien to Fraas, 10 Jan 1914; Wien to Hallwachs, 10 Jan, 3 Feb and 27 May 1914; Hallwachs to Wien, 15 Jan and 6 Feb 1914; in view of the threat of establishing another society: Hallwachs to Wien, 14 May 1914; Hallwachs to Haber, the director of the "Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft," 22 May 1914; all in Wien Papers DMM. Because he did not know Haber personally, Wien turned to Planck for mediation: Wien to Planck, 12 Jun 1914, Wien Papers SPKB Berlin. Wien's critique had not been removed, but he did not want to found a new society at this time: Wien to Hallwachs, 11 Jul 1914; Wien to Haber, 13 Jul 1914; both in Wien Papers DMM. See also Armin Hermann, "Die Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft 1899-1945," Physikalische Blätter, 51 (1995), F61-F105, on F78. The name "Helmholtz-Gesellschaft" was used after the war, for an organization of German industry which supported physics and technology financially. See more below in the text.
99. Wien to Fraas, 10 Jan 1914; Wien to Hallwachs, 10 Jan, 3 Feb and 27 May 1914; Hallwachs to Wien, 15 Jan and 6 Feb 1914; in view of the threat of establishing another society: Hallwachs to Wien, 14 May 1914; Hallwachs to Haber, the director of the "Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft," 22 May 1914; all in Wien Papers DMM. Because he did not know Haber personally, Wien turned to Planck for mediation: Wien to Planck, 12 Jun 1914, Wien Papers SPKB Berlin. Wien's critique had not been removed, but he did not want to found a new society at this time: Wien to Hallwachs, 11 Jul 1914; Wien to Haber, 13 Jul 1914; both in Wien Papers DMM. See also Armin Hermann, "Die Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft 1899-1945," Physikalische Blätter, 51 (1995), F61-F105, on F78. The name "Helmholtz-Gesellschaft" was used after the war, for an organization of German industry which supported physics and technology financially. See more below in the text.
100. Wien to Hallwachs, 21 Apr 1915, Wien Papers DMM. See also the circular from Wien to Braun (Straßburg), König (Gießen), Lecher (Vienna), Lenard (Heidelberg), Paschen (Tübingen), Schweidler (Innsbruck), Voigt (Göttingen) and Wiener (Leipzig), 21 Jan 1914; Himstedt (Freiburg) to Wien, 14 Jul 1914; all in Wien Papers DMM. The correspondence with Hallwachs (TH Dresden) has already been mentioned (ref. 52).
101. Wien to Emy and Hans Obergethmann, 20 Feb 1915, Familienchronik 1914-1928, private papers Waltraud Wien, Munich, 33-36.
102. Wien to Seeberg, 2 Jul 1915; Wien to Mie, 6 Nov 1915; Wilhelm Wien, Gedanken eines Nichtpolitikers über die beim Friedensschluss anzustrebenden Ziele, typed manuscript, 13 Nov 1914, eight pages; Wien, Ueber die Friedensziele, handwritten manuscript, undated, three pages.
103. Wien to Seeberg, 2 Jul 1915; Wien to Mie, 6 Nov 1915; Wilhelm Wien, Gedanken eines Nichtpolitikers über die beim Friedensschluss anzustrebenden Ziele, typed manuscript, 13 Nov 1914, eight pages; Wien, Ueber die Friedensziele, handwritten manuscript, undated, three pages.
104. Wien to Seeberg, 2 Jul 1915; Wien to Mie, 6 Nov 1915; Wilhelm Wien, Gedanken eines Nichtpolitikers über die beim Friedensschluss anzustrebenden Ziele, typed manuscript, 13 Nov 1914, eight pages; Wien, Ueber die Friedensziele, handwritten manuscript, undated, three pages.
105. Wien to Seeberg, 2 Jul 1915; Wien to Mie, 6 Nov 1915; Wilhelm Wien, Gedanken eines Nichtpolitikers über die beim Friedensschluss anzustrebenden Ziele, typed manuscript, 13 Nov 1914, eight pages; Wien, Ueber die Friedensziele, handwritten manuscript, undated, three pages.
106. Circular from Wien, undated, approximately Mar 1916; various reactions on it, among others, Felix Klein, 25 Mar 1916, Walther Rathenau, 31 Mar 1916, Wilhelm Kohlrausch, 3 Apr 1916, all in Wien Papers DMM. To this extent, Boveri had erred when she reported about Wien's approval of annexations and an unlimited U-boat war: Margret Boveri, Verzweigungen (Munich, 1982), 94. See also Wien, Der Krieg und die wissenschaftliche Denkweise, typed manuscript, undated, probably 1916, 21 pp., Wien Papers DMM.
107. Circular from Wien, undated, approximately Mar 1916; various reactions on it, among others, Felix Klein, 25 Mar 1916, Walther Rathenau, 31 Mar 1916, Wilhelm Kohlrausch, 3 Apr 1916, all in Wien Papers DMM. To this extent, Boveri had erred when she reported about Wien's approval of annexations and an unlimited U-boat war: Margret Boveri, Verzweigungen (Munich, 1982), 94. See also Wien, Der Krieg und die wissenschaftliche Denkweise, typed manuscript, undated, probably 1916, 21 pp., Wien Papers DMM.
108. Circular from Wien, undated, approximately Mar 1916; various reactions on it, among others, Felix Klein, 25 Mar 1916, Walther Rathenau, 31 Mar 1916, Wilhelm Kohlrausch, 3 Apr 1916, all in Wien Papers DMM. To this extent, Boveri had erred when she reported about Wien's approval of annexations and an unlimited U-boat war: Margret Boveri, Verzweigungen (Munich, 1982), 94. See also Wien, Der Krieg und die wissenschaftliche Denkweise, typed manuscript, undated, probably 1916, 21 pp., Wien Papers DMM.
109. Wien to the "Tägliche Rundschau," 14 Feb 1916, Wien Papers DMM.
110. Wien to Miss Laird, 24 Oct 1914, to Dempster, 6 Mar and 31 May 1915, to Holborn, 22 Oct 1915; Wien wished that Dempster's research would be continued: Wien to Stark, 6 Dec 1915, all in Wien Papers DMM. On the participation of the members of his institute in the war: Wien to Born (editorial staff of "Physikalische Zeitschrift"), 6 Feb 1915, Wien Papers DMM.
111. Wien to Miss Laird, 24 Oct 1914, to Dempster, 6 Mar and 31 May 1915, to Holborn, 22 Oct 1915; Wien wished that Dempster's research would be continued: Wien to Stark, 6 Dec 1915, all in Wien Papers DMM. On the participation of the members of his institute in the war: Wien to Born (editorial staff of "Physikalische Zeitschrift"), 6 Feb 1915, Wien Papers DMM.
112. Wien to "Sehr geehrter Herr Kollege," 22 Dec 1914, Sommerfeld Papers DMM NL 89, 059; printed in Eckert and Märker, eds. (ref. 8), 487-488.
113. Wien to "Sehr geehrter Herr Kollege," 22 Dec 1914, Sommerfeld Papers DMM NL 89, 059; printed in Eckert and Märker, eds. (ref. 8), 487-488.
114. Paschen to Wien, 27 Dec 1914, 2 Jan and 24 Jan 1915, Stargardt auction catalogue Nr. 627, Marburg 1982, 60. Also Paschen to Sommerfeld on 7 Feb 1915, Sommerfeld Papers DMM, HS1977-28/A,253, Internet: www.lrz-muenchen.de/ ~Sommerfeld/.
115. Paschen to Wien, 27 Dec 1914, 2 Jan and 24 Jan 1915, Stargardt auction catalogue Nr. 627, Marburg 1982, 60. Also Paschen to Sommerfeld on 7 Feb 1915, Sommerfeld Papers DMM, HS1977-28/A,253, Internet: www.lrz-muenchen.de/ ~Sommerfeld/.
116. Paschen to Wien, 24 Jan 1915 (ref. 60).
117. Wien to Paschen, 27 Jan 1915, Wien Papers DMM.
118. Paschen to Runge, 7 Jul 1903, Slg. Darmstaedter Paschen F1c1893(4), Bl. 59-60, SPKB. Gehrcke to Stark, 8 Oct 1925, Stark Papers SPKB.
119. Warburg to Wien, 28 Dec 1914, Wien Papers DMM; Warburg an Wien, 21 Dec 1915, Autograph I/1454, SPKB.
120. Philipp Lenard, England und Deutschland zur Zeit des großen Krieges (Heidelberg, 1914), footnotes on. 6-7.
121. Emil Warburg: "Berichtigung, zur Abwehr," Deutsche Mechaniker-Zeitung, 35.3 (1915), 17. Lenard did not feel reproved at all: Lenard to Wien, 23 Mar 1915, Wien Papers DMM.
122. Franz Richarz, "Entwicklung der Elektrizitätslehre bis zum Siege der Faradayschen Anschauungen," in Emil Warburg, ed., Physik, Kultur der Gegenwart Reihe 3, Band 3.1 (Berlin, 1915), 267-296, on 273. Felix Klein, "Ist Oersted oder Schweigger der Entdecker des Elektromagnetismus?," Annalen der Physik, 157 (1876), 647-648.
123. Franz Richarz, "Entwicklung der Elektrizitätslehre bis zum Siege der Faradayschen Anschauungen," in Emil Warburg, ed., Physik, Kultur der Gegenwart Reihe 3, Band 3.1 (Berlin, 1915), 267-296, on 273. Felix Klein, "Ist Oersted oder Schweigger der Entdecker des Elektromagnetismus?," Annalen der Physik, 157 (1876), 647-648.
124. Klein to Warburg, 31 Dec 1914 and Warburg to Klein, 2 Feb 1915, University Archive Göttingen, Klein 12, 195.
125. Rubens to Wien, 8 Jan 1915, Autogr I/1257 SPKB, 22 Jan 1915, Wien Papers DMM.
126. Planck to Wien, 1 Jan 1915, Wien Papers Nr. 78, SPKB.
127. Planck to Wien, 22 Jan 1915, Stargardt auction catalogue Nr. 609, Marburg 1976, 136.
128. Heilbron (ref. 33), 79-80. Konrad Grau, Die Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften in der Zeit des Imperialismus, Teil 1 (Berlin, 1975), 185. Planck's attitude was similar at the award of the Steiner-Prize in May 1915, see Armin Hermann, Planck (Hamburg, 1973), 52.
129. Heilbron (ref. 33), 79-80. Konrad Grau, Die Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften in der Zeit des Imperialismus, Teil 1 (Berlin, 1975), 185. Planck's attitude was similar at the award of the Steiner-Prize in May 1915, see Armin Hermann, Planck (Hamburg, 1973), 52.
130. Heilbron (ref. 33), 79-80. Konrad Grau, Die Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften in der Zeit des Imperialismus, Teil 1 (Berlin, 1975), 185. Planck's attitude was similar at the award of the Steiner-Prize in May 1915, see Armin Hermann, Planck (Hamburg, 1973), 52.
131. Goenner and Castagnetti (ref. 34), 338-340; vom Brocke (ref. 10), 689; Heilbron (ref. 33), 80; Grau (ref. 72), 177; Salomon Grumbach, Das annexionistische Deutschland (Lausanne, 1917), 132-140.
132. Goenner and Castagnetti (ref. 34), 338-340; vom Brocke (ref. 10), 689; Heilbron (ref. 33), 80; Grau (ref. 72), 177; Salomon Grumbach, Das annexionistische Deutschland (Lausanne, 1917), 132-140.
133. Goenner and Castagnetti (ref. 34), 338-340; vom Brocke (ref. 10), 689; Heilbron (ref. 33), 80; Grau (ref. 72), 177; Salomon Grumbach, Das annexionistische Deutschland (Lausanne, 1917), 132-140.
134. Goenner and Castagnetti (ref. 34), 338-340; vom Brocke (ref. 10), 689; Heilbron (ref. 33), 80; Grau (ref. 72), 177; Salomon Grumbach, Das annexionistische Deutschland (Lausanne, 1917), 132-140.
135. Goenner and Castagnetti (ref. 34), 338-340; vom Brocke (ref. 10), 689; Heilbron (ref. 33), 80; Grau (ref. 72), 177; Salomon Grumbach, Das annexionistische Deutschland (Lausanne, 1917), 132-140.
136. Voigt to Zeeman, 5 Sep and 24 Sep 1914, Zeeman Papers Rijksarchief Haarlem.
137. Speech on the occasion of the meeting of the teachers of the Georgia-Augusta on 31 Oct 1914, Wien Papers DMM. On Voigt's internationalism, see Gisela Torkar, "Die Ehrendoktorate des Woldemar Voigt: Auszüge aus den Aufzeichnungen seiner Ehefrau Marie," in Wissenschaftliches Jahrbuch des Deutschen Museums 1989 (Munich, 1989), 159-174.
138. Zeeman to Voigt, 18 Nov 1914, DMM Nr. 5659. Zeeman to Voigt, 6 Feb 1915, DMM Nr. 5662.
139. Woldemar Voigt, Erinnerungsblätter aus dem deutsch- französischen Kriege 1870/71 (Göttingen, 1914), 10 and 211.
140. Voigt to Zeeman, 29 Nov 1914 and 30 Dec 1914, Zeeman Papers Rijksarchief Haarlem; Zeeman to Voigt, 23 Dec 1914, DMM Nr. 5650; Lorentz to Voigt, 27 Dec 1914, DMM Nr. 5563.
141. Lorentz to Voigt, 27 Dec 1914, DMM Nr. 5563.
142. Voigt to Wien, 29 Dec 1914, 1 Jan 1915, 3 Jan 1915 and 5 Feb 1915, all in Wien Papers DMM.
143. Wien to Gädecke, 28 Jan 1915; Gädecke to Wien, 22 Jan; Sommerfeld suggested a general return of the donations: Sommerfeld to Wien, 16 Feb 1915, all in Wien Papers DMM.
144. Röntgen to Lorentz, 12Apr 1915, according to Albrecht Fölsing, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (Munich, 1995), 311.
145. Röntgen to Wien, 25 Dec 1914 and 21 Jan 1915, Stargardt auction catalogue Nr. 609, Marburg 1976, 140; Röntgen to Wien, 10 Feb 1915, Wien Papers DMM.
146. Röntgen to Wien, 25 Dec 1914 and 21 Jan 1915, Stargardt auction catalogue Nr. 609, Marburg 1976, 140; Röntgen to Wien, 10 Feb 1915, Wien Papers DMM.
147. Lenard to Wien, 25 Dec 1914, Heidelberger Hs. 3853,1, University Library Heidelberg.
148. Lenard to Wien, 25 Dec 1914, 3 Jan and 21 Jan 1915; Heidelberger Hs. 3853,1-3, University Library Heidelberg.
149. Lenard to Wien, 23 Mar 1915, Wien Papers DMM.
150. Lenard (ref. 65), 16.
151. Wien to Lenard, 24 Oct 1914, Wien Papers DMM. Berliner to Stark with handwritten notes from Stark, 8 Dec and 16 Dec 1914, Stark Papers SPKB.
152. Philipp Lenard, Ideelle Kontinentalsperre (Heidelberg, 1940). Reprint of the preface in Klaus Hentschel, Physics and National Socialism (Basel, 1996), 234-235. On Lenard's confession to Hitler, Beyerchen (ref. 46), 136.
153. Philipp Lenard, Ideelle Kontinentalsperre (Heidelberg, 1940). Reprint of the preface in Klaus Hentschel, Physics and National Socialism (Basel, 1996), 234-235. On Lenard's confession to Hitler, Beyerchen (ref. 46), 136.
154. Philipp Lenard, Ideelle Kontinentalsperre (Heidelberg, 1940). Reprint of the preface in Klaus Hentschel, Physics and National Socialism (Basel, 1996),
155. Himstedt to Wien, 5 Jan and 21 Jan 1915; Lummer to Wien, undated page, probably end of January 1915; Wien to Mie, 1 Feb 1915, all in Wien Papers DMM. Mie to Wien on 6 Jan and 2 Feb 1915, Stargardt auction catalogue Nr. 609, Marburg 1976, 129. Richarz to Wien, 2 Jan and 23 Jan 1915, both in Wien Papers DMM; Max Wien to Wien, 24 Jan 1915, Stargardt auction catalogue Nr. 609, Marburg 1976, 152.
156. Himstedt to Wien, 5 Jan and 21 Jan 1915; Lummer to Wien, undated page, probably end of January 1915; Wien to Mie, 1 Feb 1915, all in Wien Papers DMM. Mie to Wien on 6 Jan and 2 Feb 1915, Stargardt auction catalogue Nr. 609, Marburg 1976, 129. Richarz to Wien, 2 Jan and 23 Jan 1915, both in Wien Papers DMM; Max Wien to Wien, 24 Jan 1915, Stargardt auction catalogue Nr. 609, Marburg 1976, 152.
157. Himstedt to Wien, 5 Jan and 21 Jan 1915; Lummer to Wien, undated page, probably end of January 1915; Wien to Mie, 1 Feb 1915, all in Wien Papers DMM. Mie to Wien on 6 Jan and 2 Feb 1915, Stargardt auction catalogue Nr. 609, Marburg 1976, 129. Richarz to Wien, 2 Jan and 23 Jan 1915, both in Wien Papers DMM; Max Wien to Wien, 24 Jan 1915, Stargardt auction catalogue Nr. 609, Marburg 1976, 152.
158. Himstedt to Wien, 5 Jan and 21 Jan 1915; Lummer to Wien, undated page, probably end of January 1915; Wien to Mie, 1 Feb 1915, all in Wien Papers DMM. Mie to Wien on 6 Jan and 2 Feb 1915, Stargardt auction catalogue Nr. 609, Marburg 1976, 129. Richarz to Wien, 2 Jan and 23 Jan 1915, both in Wien Papers DMM; Max Wien to Wien, 24 Jan 1915, Stargardt auction catalogue Nr. 609, Marburg 1976, 152.
159. König to Wien, 2 Jan and 2 Feb 1915 as well as Wien to König, 1 Feb 1915 and 1 Mar 1915; Wien to Harms, 27 Feb 1915, all in Wien Papers DMM.
160. Wiener to Wien, 21 Jan 1915, Wien Papers DMM; Wiener, "Krieg und naturwissenschaftliche Weltauffassung," Deutsche Revue, 41.3 (1916), 68-71.
161. Wiener to Wien, 21 Jan 1915, Wien Papers DMM; Wiener, "Krieg und naturwissenschaftliche Weltauffassung," Deutsche Revue, 41.3 (1916), 68-71.
162. Hallwachs to Wien, 21 Jan 1915; undated copy of the first draft of the Proclamation with notes, both in Wien Papers DMM.
163. Exner to Wien, 22 Jan 1915, Autograph Nr. 1431, SPKB Berlin.
164. Lecher to Wien, 29 Dec 1914 with a note of acceptance from Exner and 22 Jan 1915, Wien Papers DMM.
165. Von Schweidler to Wien, 31 Dec 1914 and 23 Jan 1915, Wien Papers DMM.
166. Sommerfeld to Wien, 25 Dec 1914 (ref. 8); Lorentz, "Ernest Solvay," Die Naturwissenschaften, 2 (1914), 997-998.
167. Sommerfeld to Wien, 25 Dec 1914 (ref. 8); Lorentz, "Ernest Solvay," Die Naturwissenschaften, 2 (1914), 997-998.
168. Sommerfeld to Wien, 22 Jan 1915, Stargardt auction catalogue Nr. 627, Marburg 1982, 60.
169. Sommerfeld to Wien, 22 Feb 1915, Wien Papers DMM; printed in Eckert and Märker, eds. (ref. 8), 491-493. Paschen to Sommerfeld, 7 Feb 1915 (ref. 60).
170. Sommerfeld to Wien, 22 Feb 1915, Wien Papers DMM; printed in Eckert and Märker, eds. (ref. 8), 491-493. Paschen to Sommerfeld, 7 Feb 1915 (ref. 60).
171. Sommerfeld to Wien, 22 Feb 1915, Wien Papers DMM; printed in Eckert and Märker, eds. (ref. 8), 491-493. Paschen to Sommerfeld, 7 Feb 1915 (ref. 60).
172. Sommerfeld to Wien, 3 May 1915; Wien to Sommerfeld, 4 May 1915; printed in Eckert and Märker, eds. (ref. 8), 493-495, both in Wien Papers DMM.
173. Dorn to Wien, 10 Jan and 23 Jan 1915; Wien to Dorn, 8 Jan 1915, all in Wien Papers DMM.
174. Riecke to Wien, 2 Jan, 22 Jan and 5 Feb 1915, all in Wien Papers DMM.
175. Second circular from Wien from 31 Dec 1914 along with the new formulation of the "Proclamation"; third circular from Wien from 19 Jan 1915, both in the folder with copies of Wien's correspondence with Mie in Wien Papers DMM.
176. Wien to Stark, 26 Jan 1915, Stark Papers SPKB.
177. Wien to Stark, 26 Feb 1915, Stark Papers SPKB, third circular (ref. 103).
178. Felix Auerbach, "Der Anteil der Nationen an der Elektrizitätswissenschaft," Die Naturwissenschaften, 3 (1915), 153-157.
179. Ibid., 154.
180. "Die deutschen Physiker und England," Frankfurter Zeitung from 28 Apr 1915, Nr. 117, First morning edition. See also Jahrbuch der Telegraphie und Telephonie, 10 (1915), 181-185, which reproduced the text of the "Frankfurter Zeitung" and contained further notes.
181. "Die deutschen Physiker und England," Frankfurter Zeitung from 28 Apr 1915, Nr. 117, First morning edition. See also Jahrbuch der Telegraphie und Telephonie, 10 (1915), 181-185, which reproduced the text of the "Frankfurter Zeitung" and contained further notes.
182. Marx to Wien, 12 Nov 1915, Wien Papers DMM.
183. "Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft" to Wien, 12 Dec 1915, Wien Papers DMM. Hirzel to Stark, 28 Jan 1915, Stark Papers, I 15,13, SPKB. See also the economic problems at Springer in Frank Holl, Produktion und Distribution wissenschaftlicher Literatur. Der Physiker Max Born und sein Verleger Ferdinand Springer 1913-1970 (Frankfurt, 1996), 56-57.
184. "Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft" to Wien, 12 Dec 1915, Wien Papers DMM. Hirzel to Stark, 28 Jan 1915, Stark Papers, I 15,13, SPKB. See also the economic problems at Springer in Frank Holl, Produktion und Distribution wissenschaftlicher Literatur. Der Physiker Max Born und sein Verleger Ferdinand Springer 1913-1970 (Frankfurt, 1996), 56-57.
185. "Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft" to Wien, 12 Dec 1915, Wien Papers DMM.
186. Marx to Wien, 12 Nov and 16 Nov 1915, both in Wien Papers DMM.
187. Inquiry from Elmer Key ("Svenska Dagblad") to Wien, 3 Apr 1915, thanks for the reply from Key to Wien, 2 Jun 1915, typed manuscript of the reply, undated, 7 pages, all in Wien Papers DMM.
188. Partial print of the statements in "Svenska Dagblad" in Süddeutsche Monatshefte (August 1915), Rutherford 825, Ramsay 829 (Oct 1915), Ostwald, 128. See also Schröder-Gudehus (ref. 4), 82.
189. Partial print of the statements in "Svenska Dagblad" in Süddeutsche Monatshefte (August 1915), Rutherford 825, Ramsay 829 (Oct 1915), Ostwald, 128. See also Schröder-Gudehus (ref. 4), 82.
190. Eugenio Rignano, "A plea for a scientific quadruple entente," Nature, 98 (25 Jan 1917), 408-409. Reactions in a further letter to the editor, A. Meek, ibid. (15 Feb 1917), 469-470.
191. Eugenio Rignano, "A plea for a scientific quadruple entente," Nature, 98 (25 Jan 1917), 408-409. Reactions in a further letter to the editor, A. Meek, ibid. (15 Feb 1917), 469-470.
192. Review from Arnold Berliner, "Scientia militans," Die Naturwissescaften, 5 (1917), 442-443. See also Berliner, "Die Deutschen und die Wissenschaft," ibid., 652-654.
193. Review from Arnold Berliner, "Scientia militans," Die Naturwissescaften, 5 (1917), 442-443. See also Berliner, "Die Deutschen und die Wissenschaft," ibid., 652-654.
194. Incomplete copy of the letter from Stark to Berliner, 13 Aug 1918, Wien Papers DMM. Berliner to Stark, 15 and 29 Aug 1918, Stark Papers SPKB. Stark to Wien, 8 Sep 1918, Wien Papers DMM.
195. Wien to Lenard, 10 Jan 1920, copy in Wien Papers DMM; On the planned fusion of the journals, Sommerfeld to Lenard, 7 May 1920, Sommerfeld Papers DMM, NL 89, 015, website: www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Sommerfeld/. See also Hermann (ref. 52), F79-F80.
196. Wien to Lenard, 10 Jan 1920, copy in Wien Papers DMM; On the planned fusion of the journals, Sommerfeld to Lenard, 7 May 1920, Sommerfeld Papers DMM, NL 89, 015, website: www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Sommerfeld/. See also Hermann (ref. 52), F79-F80.
197. Wien to Lenard, 12 Feb 1920, copy in Wien Papers DMM.
198. Wien to Lenard, 25 Feb, 1 Mar and 9 Apr 1920, copy in Wien Papers DMM.
199. Mey et al. to Sommerfeld, 28 Apr 1920 is a report on a joint meeting of representatives of the "Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft" and the "Deutsche Gesellschaft für technische Physik," 28 Apr 1920, Sommerfeld Papers DMM, NL 89, 018, Mappe 3, 8, website: www.lrz-muenchen.de/ ~Sommerfeld/.
200. Fragment of the circular with signature from Mie, 18 Apr 1920, Wien Papers DMM.
201. Lenard to Sommerfeld, 2 Sep 1920, Sommerfeld Papers DMM, NL 89, 018, Folder 3, 8, website: www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Sommerfeld/.
202. Wien to Lenard, 19 Jun 1920, copy in Wien Papers DMM.
203. Wien to Lenard, 18 Aug 1920, copy in Wien Papers DMM; On Schäfer's political position see his correspondence with Stark, Stark Papers SPKB Berlin, reference to this in the fundamental article of Paul Forman, "The financial support and political alignment of physicists in Weimar Germany," Minerva, 12 (1974), 39-66, on 56-57 and 60; Glaser, next to Gehrcke and Weyland, was one of the three authors of the series Schriften aus dem Verlage der deutschen Naturforscher zur Erhaltung reiner Wissenschaft, which existed in 1920 only. Klaus Hentschel, Interpretationen (Basel, 1990), 140; on Glaser see Beyerchen (ref. 46), 243.
204. Wien to Lenard, 18 Aug 1920, copy in Wien Papers DMM; On Schäfer's political position see his correspondence with Stark, Stark Papers SPKB Berlin, reference to this in the fundamental article of Paul Forman, "The financial support and political alignment of physicists in Weimar Germany," Minerva, 12 (1974), 39-66, on 56-57 and 60; Glaser, next to Gehrcke and Weyland, was one of the three authors of the series Schriften aus dem Verlage der deutschen Naturforscher zur Erhaltung reiner Wissenschaft, which existed in 1920 only. Klaus Hentschel, Interpretationen (Basel, 1990), 140; on Glaser see Beyerchen (ref. 46), 243.
205. Wien to Lenard, 18 Aug 1920, copy in Wien Papers DMM; On Schäfer's political position see his correspondence with Stark, Stark Papers SPKB Berlin, reference to this in the fundamental article of Paul Forman, "The financial support and political alignment of physicists in Weimar Germany," Minerva, 12 (1974), 39-66, on 56-57 and 60; Glaser, next to Gehrcke and Weyland, was one of the three authors of the series Schriften aus dem Verlage der deutschen Naturforscher zur Erhaltung reiner Wissenschaft, which existed in 1920 only. Klaus Hentschel, Interpretationen (Basel, 1990), 140; on Glaser see Beyerchen (ref. 46), 243.
206. Wien to Lenard, 18 Aug 1920, copy in Wien Papers DMM; On Schäfer's political position see his correspondence with Stark, Stark Papers SPKB Berlin, reference to this in the fundamental article of Paul Forman, "The financial support and political alignment of physicists in Weimar Germany," Minerva, 12 (1974), 39-66, on 56-57 and 60; Glaser, next to Gehrcke and Weyland, was one of the three authors of the series Schriften aus dem Verlage der deutschen Naturforscher zur Erhaltung reiner Wissenschaft, which existed in 1920 only. Klaus Hentschel, Interpretationen (Basel, 1990), 140; on Glaser see Beyerchen (ref. 46), 243.
207. Lenard to Wien, last Sunday in Aug 1920, copy in Wien Papers DMM. On Paul Weyland, see Andreas Kleinert, "Paul Weyland, der Berliner Einstein-Töter," in Helmuth Albrecht, ed., Naturwissenschaft und Technik in der Geschichte (Stuttgart, 1993), 199-232.
208. Familienchronik 1914-1928, private papers Waltraud Wien, München, entry from 23 Sep 1920, 183; Wien to Lenard, 25 Nov 1920, copy in Wien Papers DMM. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, 3.1 (1920), 84.
209. Familienchronik 1914-1928, private papers Waltraud Wien, München, entry from 23 Sep 1920, 183; Wien to Lenard, 25 Nov 1920, copy in Wien Papers DMM. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, 3.1 (1920), 84.
210. Handwritten notes from Lenard on a letter from Wien to him, 20 Dec 1920, copy in Wien Papers DMM. See also Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft 3.1 (1920), 86.
211. Westphal didn't see any problem, Max Wien wanted to "brush [them] off." Westphal to Wien, 26 Apr 1921; Max Wien to Wien, 30 Apr 1921, both in Wien Papers DMM.
212. Westphal didn't see any problem, Max Wien wanted to "brush [them] off." Westphal to Wien, 26 Apr 1921; Max Wien to Wien, 30 Apr 1921, both in Wien Papers DMM.
213. Beyerchen (ref. 46), 151-155; Stark to Sommerfeld, 23 Jul 1920, Sommerfeld Papers DMM, NL89, 018, Folder 3, 8, website: www.lrz-muenchen.de/ ~Sommerfeld/. See also Steffen Richter, "Die Kämpfe innerhalb der Physik in Deutschland nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg," Sudhoffs Archiv, 57 (1973), 195-207.
214. Beyerchen (ref. 46), 151-155; Stark to Sommerfeld, 23 Jul 1920, Sommerfeld Papers DMM, NL89, 018, Folder 3, 8, website: www.lrz-muenchen.de/ ~Sommerfeld/. See also Steffen Richter, "Die Kämpfe innerhalb der Physik in Deutschland nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg," Sudhoffs Archiv, 57 (1973), 195-207.
215. Beyerchen (ref. 46), 151-155; Stark to Sommerfeld, 23 Jul 1920, Sommerfeld Papers DMM, NL89, 018, Folder 3, 8, website: www.lrz-muenchen.de/ ~Sommerfeld/. See also Steffen Richter, "Die Kämpfe innerhalb der Physik in Deutschland nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg," Sudhoffs Archiv, 57 (1973), 195-207.
216. Paul Forman, The Helmholtz-Gesellschaft. Support of academic physical research by German industry after the First World War, unpublished manuscript, 38.
217. Duisberg to Wien, 24 Nov 1920, Wien Papers DMM.
218. Record of the meeting of the board of directors of the "Helmholtz-Gesellschaft" in Berlin, 17 Mar 1921, Wien Papers DMM.
219. For details see Forman (ref. 131), 60-64.
220. Wien to Lenard, 12 Feb 1920, copy in Wien Papers DMM.
221. Wien to Lenard, 6 Aug 1920, copy in Wien Papers DMM; Hermann (ref. 52), F81. Hentschel claims that the publications and speeches of the anti-relativists had not been openly anti-Semitic in the beginning, whereas Einstein and his supporters introduced this phrase in the conflict, Hentschel (ref. 125), 134-135.
222. Wien to Lenard, 6 Aug 1920, copy in Wien Papers DMM; Hermann (ref. 52), F81. Hentschel claims that the publications and speeches of the anti-relativists had not been openly anti-Semitic in the beginning, whereas Einstein and his supporters introduced this phrase in the conflict, Hentschel (ref. 125), 134-135.
223. Wien to Lenard, 6 Aug 1920, copy in Wien Papers DMM; Hermann (ref. 52), F81. Hentschel claims that the publications and speeches of the anti-relativists had not been openly anti-Semitic in the beginning, whereas Einstein and his supporters introduced this phrase in the conflict, Hentschel (ref. 125), 134-135.
224. Wien to the Nobel Prize Committee for physics, 16 Jan 1918, Wien Papers DMM. He had nominated both in 1913, and re-nominated them in 1919.
225. Wilhelm Wien, Die Relativitätstheorie (Leipzig, 1921).
226. See Wehberg (ref. 20).
227. Himstedt to Wien, 23 Feb, 2 Mar and 4 Mar 1924, all in Wien Papers DMM.
228. F. Heilbron (Foreign Ministry) to the "Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft," 31 Mar 1924, Wien Papers DMM. Not mentioned in the short description of Peter Alter, "Bewunderung und Ablehnung. Deutsch-britische Wissenschaftsbeziehungen von Liebig bis Rutherford" in Lothar Jordan and Bernd Kortländer, eds., Nationale Grenzen und internationaler Austausch (Tübingen, 1995), 296-311.
229. F. Heilbron (Foreign Ministry) to the "Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft," 31 Mar 1924, Wien Papers DMM. Not mentioned in the short description of Peter Alter, "Bewunderung und Ablehnung. Deutsch-britische Wissenschaftsbeziehungen von Liebig bis Rutherford" in Lothar Jordan and Bernd Kortländer, eds., Nationale Grenzen und internationaler Austausch (Tübingen, 1995), 296-311.
230. "Bericht über eine Reise nach London zur Teilnahme an der Feier des fünfzigjährigen Bestehens der Physical Society of London," by Wien and Zenneck (Wien was sole author), undated, probably April 1924, Wien Papers DMM; a copy dated 20 May 1924 for the "deutschen Universitäten, Technischen Hochschulen und Akademien" is found in Wien's file in the University Archive Munich; letters from Wien to his wife, 21 Mar and 23 Mar 1924, in Familienchronik 1914-1928, private papers Waltraud Wien, Munich, 251-256.
231. "Bericht über eine Reise...," ibid.
232. Forman (ref. 4), 166.
233. Max Wien to the members of the Journal Committee of the "Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft," 12 Jun 1925, Wien Papers DMM; Max Wien to Sommerfeld, 11 May 1925, Sommerfeld Papers DMM, NL 89, 018, Folder 3,7, website: www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Sommerfeld/; Max Wien to Wien, 30 May 1925, Wien Papers DMM; Wien to Planck, Jul 1925 and Planck to Wien, 25 Jul 1925, Wien Papers SPKB Berlin; R.N. Ghosh, "On the electrical conductivity of heated gas," Zeitschrift für Physik, 32 (1925), 113-118. See also Hermann (ref. 52), F89-F90.
234. Max Wien to the members of the Journal Committee of the "Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft," 12 Jun 1925, Wien Papers DMM; Max Wien to Sommerfeld, 11 May 1925, Sommerfeld Papers DMM, NL 89, 018, Folder 3,7, website: www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Sommerfeld/; Max Wien to Wien, 30 May 1925, Wien Papers DMM; Wien to Planck, Jul 1925 and Planck to Wien, 25 Jul 1925, Wien Papers SPKB Berlin; R.N. Ghosh, "On the electrical conductivity of heated gas," Zeitschrift für Physik, 32 (1925), 113-118. See also Hermann (ref. 52), F89-F90.
235. Max Wien to the members of the Journal Committee of the "Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft," 12 Jun 1925, Wien Papers DMM; Max Wien to Sommerfeld, 11 May 1925, Sommerfeld Papers DMM, NL 89, 018, Folder 3,7, website: www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Sommerfeld/; Max Wien to Wien, 30 May 1925, Wien Papers DMM; Wien to Planck, Jul 1925 and Planck to Wien, 25 Jul 1925, Wien Papers SPKB Berlin; R.N. Ghosh, "On the electrical conductivity of heated gas," Zeitschrift für Physik, 32 (1925), 113-118. See also Hermann (ref. 52), F89-F90.
236. Max Wien to the members of the Journal Committee of the "Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft," 12 Jun 1925, Wien Papers DMM; Max Wien to Sommerfeld, 11 May 1925, Sommerfeld Papers DMM, NL 89, 018, Folder 3,7, website: www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Sommerfeld/; Max Wien to Wien, 30 May 1925, Wien Papers DMM; Wien to Planck, Jul 1925 and Planck to Wien, 25 Jul 1925, Wien Papers SPKB Berlin; R.N. Ghosh, "On the electrical conductivity of heated gas," Zeitschrift für Physik, 32 (1925), 113-118. See also Hermann (ref. 52), F89-F90.
237. Max Wien to the members of the Journal Committee of the "Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft," 12 Jun 1925, Wien Papers DMM; Max Wien to Sommerfeld, 11 May 1925, Sommerfeld Papers DMM, NL 89, 018, Folder 3,7, website: www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Sommerfeld/; Max Wien to Wien, 30 May 1925, Wien Papers DMM; Wien to Planck, Jul 1925 and Planck to Wien, 25 Jul 1925, Wien Papers SPKB Berlin; R.N. Ghosh, "On the electrical conductivity of heated gas," Zeitschrift für Physik, 32 (1925), 113-118. See also Hermann (ref. 52), F89-F90.
238. Max Wien to the members of the Journal Committee of the "Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft," 12 Jun 1925, Wien Papers DMM; Max Wien to Sommerfeld, 11 May 1925, Sommerfeld Papers DMM, NL 89, 018, Folder 3,7, website: www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Sommerfeld/; Max Wien to Wien, 30 May 1925, Wien Papers DMM; Wien to Planck, Jul 1925 and Planck to Wien, 25 Jul 1925, Wien Papers SPKB Berlin; R.N. Ghosh, "On the electrical conductivity of heated gas," Zeitschrift für Physik, 32 (1925), 113-118. See also Hermann (ref. 52), F89-F90.
239. Himstedt to Nernst, 15 Jul 1925; Himstedt to the members of the board of directors of the "Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft" and to the directors of the regional societies, 8 Aug 1925, both in Wien Papers DMM.
240. Himstedt to Nernst, 15 Jul 1925; Himstedt to the members of the board of directors of the "Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft" and to the directors of the regional societies, 8 Aug 1925, both in Wien Papers DMM.
241. Lenard to Max Wien, 20 May 1925, copy in Wien Papers DMM; see also Beyerchen (ref. 46), 139.
242. Lenard to Max Wien, 20 May 1925, copy in Wien Papers DMM; see also Beyerchen (ref. 46), 139.
243. Max Wien to Wien, 23 Sep 1925, Wien Papers DMM.
244. Laue to Sommerfeld, 20 Jul 1925, DMM HS 1977-28/A, 197, website: www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Sommerfeld/.
245. Wien to Lenard, 19 Jun 1916, Wien Papers DMM.
246. According to Wien, such a "damaging influence" was not perceived from other nations, Wien to Sommerfeld, 4 May 1915 (ref. 9).
247. Wien, Die künftigen Kulturbeziehungen der Völker, typed manuscript, undated, 19 pages, 4, Wien Papers DMM.
248. Wien to Oseen, 19 Nov 1914, in Aus dem Leben und Wirken eines Physikers (Leipzig, 1930), 60. Later, he established a connection between the autarchy concerning raw materials and the defence against the "ridiculous Ausländerei" in science. Wien, Wissenschaftliche Arbeit in und nach dem Kriege, typed manuscript, Oct 1916, 16 pages, Wien Papers DMM.
249. Wien to Oseen, 19 Nov 1914, in Aus dem Leben und Wirken eines Physikers (Leipzig, 1930), 60. Later, he established a connection between the autarchy concerning raw materials and the defence against the "ridiculous Ausländerei" in science. Wien, Wissenschaftliche Arbeit in und nach dem Kriege, typed manuscript, Oct 1916, 16 pages, Wien Papers DMM.
250. Andreas Kleinert, "Von der Science Allemande zur deutschen Physik," Francia, 6 (1978), 509-525, on 519; see also the review by Berliner, "Die Deutschen und die Wissenschaft" (ref. 116).
251. Andreas Kleinert, "Von der Science Allemande zur deutschen Physik," Francia, 6 (1978), 509-525, on 519; see also the review by Berliner, "Die Deutschen und die Wissenschaft" (ref. 116).
252. Wien to Sommerfeld, 4 May 1915 (ref. 9).
253. On the Weimar period see Paul Forman, "Weimar culture, causality and quantum theory, 1918-1927: Adaption by German physicists and mathematicians an a hostile intellectual environment," HSPS, 3 (1971), 1-114.