Alternative agriculture: Goats in medieval England

Agricultural History Review

Volumn , Issue SUPPL. 3, 2004, Pages 20-38

  Dyer, Christopher ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b British Agricultural History Society   (United Kingdom)

^c Centre for English Local History   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAPRA HIRCUS;

EID: 4344672988     PISSN: 00021490     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (154)

1. Joan Thirsk, Alternative agriculture. A history from the Black Death to the present day (1997).
2. e.g. Angus Winchester, The harvest of the hills. Rural life in northern England and the Scottish Borders, 1400-1700 (2000), p. 104; Umberto Albarella, 'Tanners, tawyers, horn working and the mystery of the missing goat', in P. Murphy and P. Wiltshire (eds), The environmental archaeology of industry (2003).
3. e.g. Angus Winchester, The harvest of the hills. Rural life in northern England and the Scottish Borders, 1400-1700 (2000), p. 104; Umberto Albarella, 'Tanners, tawyers, horn working and the mystery of the missing goat', in P. Murphy and P. Wiltshire (eds), The environmental archaeology of industry (2003).
4. J. R. Benton, The medieval menagerie (1992), pp. 153-4; L. A. J. Houwen (ed.), Animals and the symbolic in mediaeval art and literature (1997), pp. 211-19; N. C. Flores (ed.), Animals in the middle ages (1996), pp. 55, 151, 187; Joyce E. Salisbury, The beast within. Animals in the middle ages (1994), pp. 15, 82, 85, 150.
5. J. R. Benton, The medieval menagerie (1992), pp. 153-4; L. A. J. Houwen (ed.), Animals and the symbolic in mediaeval art and literature (1997), pp. 211-19; N. C. Flores (ed.), Animals in the middle ages (1996), pp. 55, 151, 187; Joyce E. Salisbury, The beast within. Animals in the middle ages (1994), pp. 15, 82, 85, 150.
6. J. R. Benton, The medieval menagerie (1992), pp. 153-4; L. A. J. Houwen (ed.), Animals and the symbolic in mediaeval art and literature (1997), pp. 211-19; N. C. Flores (ed.), Animals in the middle ages (1996), pp. 55, 151, 187; Joyce E. Salisbury, The beast within. Animals in the middle ages (1994), pp. 15, 82, 85, 150.
7. J. R. Benton, The medieval menagerie (1992), pp. 153-4; L. A. J. Houwen (ed.), Animals and the symbolic in mediaeval art and literature (1997), pp. 211-19; N. C. Flores (ed.), Animals in the middle ages (1996), pp. 55, 151, 187; Joyce E. Salisbury, The beast within. Animals in the middle ages (1994), pp. 15, 82, 85, 150.
8. Staffordshire RO, D.593/A/2/23/4 (I owe this reference to Jean Birrell).
9. P. J. Crabtree, 'Animal exploitation in East Anglian villages', in J. Rackham (ed.), Environment and economy in Anglo-Saxon England (Council for British Archaeology, research report 89, 1994), p. 43; J. Bourdillon and J. Coy, 'The animal bones', in P. Holdsworth (ed.), Excavations at Melbourne Street, Southampton, 1971-76 (Council for British Archaeology, research report 33, 1980), p. 111; John H. Williams, Michael Shaw and Varian Denham, Middle Saxon Palaces at Northampton (1985), p. 77; C. Dallas, Excavations in Thetford by B. K. Davison between 1964 and 1970 (East Anglian Archaeology 62, 1993), pp. 183-4; T. P. O'Connor, Bones from Anglo-Scandinavian levels at 16-22 Coppergate (Archaeology of York, 15/3, 1989), pp. 184-5; J. M. Bond and T. P. O'Connor, Bones from medieval deposits at 16-22 Coppergate (Archaeology of York, 15/5, 1999), pp. 352-3.
10. P. J. Crabtree, 'Animal exploitation in East Anglian villages', in J. Rackham (ed.), Environment and economy in Anglo-Saxon England (Council for British Archaeology, research report 89, 1994), p. 43; J. Bourdillon and J. Coy, 'The animal bones', in P. Holdsworth (ed.), Excavations at Melbourne Street, Southampton, 1971-76 (Council for British Archaeology, research report 33, 1980), p. 111; John H. Williams, Michael Shaw and Varian Denham, Middle Saxon Palaces at Northampton (1985), p. 77; C. Dallas, Excavations in Thetford by B. K. Davison between 1964 and 1970 (East Anglian Archaeology 62, 1993), pp. 183-4; T. P. O'Connor, Bones from Anglo-Scandinavian levels at 16-22 Coppergate (Archaeology of York, 15/3, 1989), pp. 184-5; J. M. Bond and T. P. O'Connor, Bones from medieval deposits at 16-22 Coppergate (Archaeology of York, 15/5, 1999), pp. 352-3.
11. P. J. Crabtree, 'Animal exploitation in East Anglian villages', in J. Rackham (ed.), Environment and economy in Anglo-Saxon England (Council for British Archaeology, research report 89, 1994), p. 43; J. Bourdillon and J. Coy, 'The animal bones', in P. Holdsworth (ed.), Excavations at Melbourne Street, Southampton, 1971-76 (Council for British Archaeology, research report 33, 1980), p. 111; John H. Williams, Michael Shaw and Varian Denham, Middle Saxon Palaces at Northampton (1985), p. 77; C. Dallas, Excavations in Thetford by B. K. Davison between 1964 and 1970 (East Anglian Archaeology 62, 1993), pp. 183-4; T. P. O'Connor, Bones from Anglo-Scandinavian levels at 16-22 Coppergate (Archaeology of York, 15/3, 1989), pp. 184-5; J. M. Bond and T. P. O'Connor, Bones from medieval deposits at 16-22 Coppergate (Archaeology of York, 15/5, 1999), pp. 352-3.
12. P. J. Crabtree, 'Animal exploitation in East Anglian villages', in J. Rackham (ed.), Environment and economy in Anglo-Saxon England (Council for British Archaeology, research report 89, 1994), p. 43; J. Bourdillon and J. Coy, 'The animal bones', in P. Holdsworth (ed.), Excavations at Melbourne Street, Southampton, 1971-76 (Council for British Archaeology, research report 33, 1980), p. 111; John H. Williams, Michael Shaw and Varian Denham, Middle Saxon Palaces at Northampton (1985), p. 77; C. Dallas, Excavations in Thetford by B. K. Davison between 1964 and 1970 (East Anglian Archaeology 62, 1993), pp. 183-4; T. P. O'Connor, Bones from Anglo-Scandinavian levels at 16-22 Coppergate (Archaeology of York, 15/3, 1989), pp. 184-5; J. M. Bond and T. P. O'Connor, Bones from medieval deposits at 16-22 Coppergate (Archaeology of York, 15/5, 1999), pp. 352-3.
13. P. J. Crabtree, 'Animal exploitation in East Anglian villages', in J. Rackham (ed.), Environment and economy in Anglo-Saxon England (Council for British Archaeology, research report 89, 1994), p. 43; J. Bourdillon and J. Coy, 'The animal bones', in P. Holdsworth (ed.), Excavations at Melbourne Street, Southampton, 1971-76 (Council for British Archaeology, research report 33, 1980), p. 111; John H. Williams, Michael Shaw and Varian Denham, Middle Saxon Palaces at Northampton (1985), p. 77; C. Dallas, Excavations in Thetford by B. K. Davison between 1964 and 1970 (East Anglian Archaeology 62, 1993), pp. 183-4; T. P. O'Connor, Bones from Anglo-Scandinavian levels at 16-22 Coppergate (Archaeology of York, 15/3, 1989), pp. 184-5; J. M. Bond and T. P. O'Connor, Bones from medieval deposits at 16-22 Coppergate (Archaeology of York, 15/5, 1999), pp. 352-3.
14. P. J. Crabtree, 'Animal exploitation in East Anglian villages', in J. Rackham (ed.), Environment and economy in Anglo-Saxon England (Council for British Archaeology, research report 89, 1994), p. 43; J. Bourdillon and J. Coy, 'The animal bones', in P. Holdsworth (ed.), Excavations at Melbourne Street, Southampton, 1971-76 (Council for British Archaeology, research report 33, 1980), p. 111; John H. Williams, Michael Shaw and Varian Denham, Middle Saxon Palaces at Northampton (1985), p. 77; C. Dallas, Excavations in Thetford by B. K. Davison between 1964 and 1970 (East Anglian Archaeology 62, 1993), pp. 183-4; T. P. O'Connor, Bones from Anglo-Scandinavian levels at 16-22 Coppergate (Archaeology of York, 15/3, 1989), pp. 184-5; J. M. Bond and T. P. O'Connor, Bones from medieval deposits at 16-22 Coppergate (Archaeology of York, 15/5, 1999), pp. 352-3.
15. The technical problems are discussed in Umberto Albarella, '"The mystery of husbandry". Medieval animals and the problem of integrating historical and archaeological evidence', Antiquity 73 (1999), pp. 873-4.
16. B. A. Noddle, 'The animal bones', in R. Shoesmith (ed.), Hereford city excavations, III, The finds (Council for British Archaeology, research report 56, 1985), pp. 84-94.
17. The map and the analyses of place-names which follow are based on the publications of the English Place-Name Society, which are cited hereafter as EPNS with county title and part number. Additional sources which have been drawn upon are: V. Watts, A dictionary of County Durham place names (2002); R. Coates, The place-names of Hampshire (1989); B. Coplestone-Crow, Herefordshire place-names (British Archaeological Reports, British ser. 214, 1989); J. K. Wallenberg, The place-names of Kent (1934); D. Mills, The place-names of Lancashire (1976); A. Mawer, The place-names of Northumberland and Durham (1920); W. Duignan, Notes on Staffordshire place names (1902); A. D. Mills, The place-names of the Isle of Wight (1996); id., A dictionary of English place names (1991).
18. The map and the analyses of place-names which follow are based on the publications of the English Place-Name Society, which are cited hereafter as EPNS with county title and part number. Additional sources which have been drawn upon are: V. Watts, A dictionary of County Durham place names (2002); R. Coates, The place-names of Hampshire (1989); B. Coplestone-Crow, Herefordshire place-names (British Archaeological Reports, British ser. 214, 1989); J. K. Wallenberg, The place-names of Kent (1934); D. Mills, The place-names of Lancashire (1976); A. Mawer, The place-names of Northumberland and Durham (1920); W. Duignan, Notes on Staffordshire place names (1902); A. D. Mills, The place-names of the Isle of Wight (1996); id., A dictionary of English place names (1991).
19. The map and the analyses of place-names which follow are based on the publications of the English Place-Name Society, which are cited hereafter as EPNS with county title and part number. Additional sources which have been drawn upon are: V. Watts, A dictionary of County Durham place names (2002); R. Coates, The place-names of Hampshire (1989); B. Coplestone-Crow, Herefordshire place-names (British Archaeological Reports, British ser. 214, 1989); J. K. Wallenberg, The place-names of Kent (1934); D. Mills, The place-names of Lancashire (1976); A. Mawer, The place-names of Northumberland and Durham (1920); W. Duignan, Notes on Staffordshire place names (1902); A. D. Mills, The place-names of the Isle of Wight (1996); id., A dictionary of English place names (1991).
20. The map and the analyses of place-names which follow are based on the publications of the English Place-Name Society, which are cited hereafter as EPNS with county title and part number. Additional sources which have been drawn upon are: V. Watts, A dictionary of County Durham place names (2002); R. Coates, The place-names of Hampshire (1989); B. Coplestone-Crow, Herefordshire place-names (British Archaeological Reports, British ser. 214, 1989); J. K. Wallenberg, The place-names of Kent (1934); D. Mills, The place-names of Lancashire (1976); A. Mawer, The place-names of Northumberland and Durham (1920); W. Duignan, Notes on Staffordshire place names (1902); A. D. Mills, The place-names of the Isle of Wight (1996); id., A dictionary of English place names (1991).
21. The map and the analyses of place-names which follow are based on the publications of the English Place-Name Society, which are cited hereafter as EPNS with county title and part number. Additional sources which have been drawn upon are: V. Watts, A dictionary of County Durham place names (2002); R. Coates, The place-names of Hampshire (1989); B. Coplestone-Crow, Herefordshire place-names (British Archaeological Reports, British ser. 214, 1989); J. K. Wallenberg, The place-names of Kent (1934); D. Mills, The place-names of Lancashire (1976); A. Mawer, The place-names of Northumberland and Durham (1920); W. Duignan, Notes on Staffordshire place names (1902); A. D. Mills, The place-names of the Isle of Wight (1996); id., A dictionary of English place names (1991).
22. The map and the analyses of place-names which follow are based on the publications of the English Place-Name Society, which are cited hereafter as EPNS with county title and part number. Additional sources which have been drawn upon are: V. Watts, A dictionary of County Durham place names (2002); R. Coates, The place-names of Hampshire (1989); B. Coplestone-Crow, Herefordshire place-names (British Archaeological Reports, British ser. 214, 1989); J. K. Wallenberg, The place-names of Kent (1934); D. Mills, The place-names of Lancashire (1976); A. Mawer, The place-names of Northumberland and Durham (1920); W. Duignan, Notes on Staffordshire place names (1902); A. D. Mills, The place-names of the Isle of Wight (1996); id., A dictionary of English place names (1991).
23. The map and the analyses of place-names which follow are based on the publications of the English Place-Name Society, which are cited hereafter as EPNS with county title and part number. Additional sources which have been drawn upon are: V. Watts, A dictionary of County Durham place names (2002); R. Coates, The place-names of Hampshire (1989); B. Coplestone-Crow, Herefordshire place-names (British Archaeological Reports, British ser. 214, 1989); J. K. Wallenberg, The place-names of Kent (1934); D. Mills, The place-names of Lancashire (1976); A. Mawer, The place-names of Northumberland and Durham (1920); W. Duignan, Notes on Staffordshire place names (1902); A. D. Mills, The place-names of the Isle of Wight (1996); id., A dictionary of English place names (1991).
24. The map and the analyses of place-names which follow are based on the publications of the English Place-Name Society, which are cited hereafter as EPNS with county title and part number. Additional sources which have been drawn upon are: V. Watts, A dictionary of County Durham place names (2002); R. Coates, The place-names of Hampshire (1989); B. Coplestone-Crow, Herefordshire place-names (British Archaeological Reports, British ser. 214, 1989); J. K. Wallenberg, The place-names of Kent (1934); D. Mills, The place-names of Lancashire (1976); A. Mawer, The place-names of Northumberland and Durham (1920); W. Duignan, Notes on Staffordshire place names (1902); A. D. Mills, The place-names of the Isle of Wight (1996); id., A dictionary of English place names (1991).
25. The map and the analyses of place-names which follow are based on the publications of the English Place-Name Society, which are cited hereafter as EPNS with county title and part number. Additional sources which have been drawn upon are: V. Watts, A dictionary of County Durham place names (2002); R. Coates, The place-names of Hampshire (1989); B. Coplestone-Crow, Herefordshire place-names (British Archaeological Reports, British ser. 214, 1989); J. K. Wallenberg, The place-names of Kent (1934); D. Mills, The place-names of Lancashire (1976); A. Mawer, The place-names of Northumberland and Durham (1920); W. Duignan, Notes on Staffordshire place names (1902); A. D. Mills, The place-names of the Isle of Wight (1996); id., A dictionary of English place names (1991).
26. This 'central province' has been defined precisely in B. K. Roberts and S. Wrathmell, An atlas of rural settlement in England (2000).
27. EPNS, North Riding of Yorkshire, p. 161; Westmorland, II, p. 174.
28. EPNS, North Riding of Yorkshire, p. 161; Westmorland, II, p. 174.
29. EPNS, Wiltshire, p. 390; Cornish place-name elements, p. 102.
30. EPNS, Wiltshire, p. 390; Cornish place-name elements, p. 102.
31. EPNS, Devon, pp. 61, 343, 514, 545, 622.
32. EPNS, Buckinghamshire, p. 45; Wallenberg, Placenames of Kent, p. 574; EPNS Cheshire, I, p. 97, 244; III, p. 313.
33. EPNS, Buckinghamshire, p. 45; Wallenberg, Placenames of Kent, p. 574; EPNS Cheshire, I, p. 97, 244; III, p. 313.
34. EPNS, Buckinghamshire, p. 45; Wallenberg, Placenames of Kent, p. 574; EPNS Cheshire, I, p. 97, 244; III, p. 313.
35. EPNS, Buckinghamshire, p. 45; Wallenberg, Placenames of Kent, p. 574; EPNS Cheshire, I, p. 97, 244; III, p. 313.
36. EPNS, Sussex, pp. 233, 236, 328; Surrey, pp. 201, 288, 291.
37. EPNS, Sussex, pp. 233, 236, 328; Surrey, pp. 201, 288, 291.
38. EPNS, Cumberland, I, p. 133; Wallenberg, Placenames of Kent, p. 357.
39. EPNS, Cumberland, I, p. 133; Wallenberg, Place-names of Kent, p. 357.
40. EPNS, Nottinghamshire, p. 107; Berkshire, p. 45.
41. EPNS, Nottinghamshire, p. 107; Berkshire, p. 45.
42. EPNS, West Riding of Yorkshire, III, p. 73; Rutland, p. 165.
43. EPNS, West Riding of Yorkshire, III, p. 73; Rutland, p. 165.
44. EPNS, West Riding of Yorkshire, IV, p. 32.
45. H. P. R. Finberg, 'Anglo-Saxon England to 1042', in The agrarian history of England and Wales (hereafter AgHist.), I (ii) AD 43-1042 (1972), pp. 410, 497; D. Hooke, Worcestershire Anglo-Saxon charter bounds (1990), p. 433; F. Liebermann (ed.), Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen (4 vols, Halle, 1898-1916), I, pp. 444-53, translated in D. C. Douglas and G. W. Greenaway (eds), English historical documents, 1042-1189 (2nd edn, 1961), pp. 875-9.
46. H. P. R. Finberg, 'Anglo-Saxon England to 1042', in The agrarian history of England and Wales (hereafter AgHist.), I (ii) AD 43-1042 (1972), pp. 410, 497; D. Hooke, Worcestershire Anglo-Saxon charter bounds (1990), p. 433; F. Liebermann (ed.), Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen (4 vols, Halle, 1898-1916), I, pp. 444-53, translated in D. C. Douglas and G. W. Greenaway (eds), English historical documents, 1042-1189 (2nd edn, 1961), pp. 875-9.
47. H. P. R. Finberg, 'Anglo-Saxon England to 1042', in The agrarian history of England and Wales (hereafter AgHist.), I (ii) AD 43-1042 (1972), pp. 410, 497; D. Hooke, Worcestershire Anglo-Saxon charter bounds (1990), p. 433; F. Liebermann (ed.), Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen (4 vols, Halle, 1898-1916), I, pp. 444-53, translated in D. C. Douglas and G. W. Greenaway (eds), English historical documents, 1042-1189 (2nd edn, 1961), pp. 875-9.
48. H. P. R. Finberg, 'Anglo-Saxon England to 1042', in The agrarian history of England and Wales (hereafter AgHist.), I (ii) AD 43-1042 (1972), pp. 410, 497; D. Hooke, Worcestershire Anglo-Saxon charter bounds (1990), p. 433; F. Liebermann (ed.), Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen (4 vols, Halle, 1898-1916), I, pp. 444-53, translated in D. C. Douglas and G. W. Greenaway (eds), English historical documents, 1042-1189 (2nd edn, 1961), pp. 875-9.
49. H. C. Darby, Domesday England (1977), p. 164.
50. Alex Rumble (ed.), Domesday Book. Suffolk (Phillimore edition, 34, 1986).
51. Caroline and Frank Thorn (eds), Domesday Book. Somerset (Phillimore edition, 8, 1980).
52. I have been helped in these calculations by the work of Professor Peter Sawyer on sheep, kindly communicated to me in advance of publication.
53. Sally Harvey, 'Domesday England', in AgHist., II, p. 126.
54. M. Chibnall (ed.), Charters and customs of the Abbey of Holy Trinity Caen (British Academy Records of Social and Economic History, new ser. 5, 1982), pp. 33-7, 84.
55. N. E. Stacy (ed.), Surveys of the estates of Glastonbury Abbey, c. 1135-1201 (British Academy Records of Social and Economic History, new ser. 33, 2001), pp. 72, 76.
56. T. Stapleton (ed.), Chronicon Petroburgense (Camden Soc. 47, 1849), p. 159; K. Biddick, The other economy. Pastoral husbandry on a medieval estate (1989), pp. 46-7, 149.
57. T. Stapleton (ed.), Chronicon Petroburgense (Camden Soc. 47, 1849), p. 159; K. Biddick, The other economy. Pastoral husbandry on a medieval estate (1989), pp. 46-7, 149.
58. Bruce M. S. Campbell, English seigniorial agriculture, 1250-1450 (2000), pp. 106, 151-65.
59. Dorothea Oschinsky (ed.), Walter of Henley and other treatises on estate management and accounting (1971).
60. An exception is four people called Gaytehird who appear in the 1301 lay subsidy for Yorkshire (the North Riding and part of the East Riding): W. Brown (ed.), Yorkshire Lay Subsidy, being a fifteenth collected 30 Edward I (1301) (Yorkshire Archaeological Soc. Rec. Ser. [hereafter YASRS] 21, 1897), pp. 38, 61, 106, 110 (Stephen Moorhouse told me of these).
61. R. I. Jack, 'Farming techniques. Wales and the Marches', AgHist., II, pp. 493-5.
62. D. M. Stenton (ed.), Great roll of the pipe for the seventh year of King Richard the First, Michaelmas 1195 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 6, 1929), p. 228; S. Smith (ed.), Great roll of the pipe for the seventh year of King John, Michaelmas 1205 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 19, 1941), p. 170; D. M. Stenton (ed.), Great roll of the pipe for the eighth year of King John, Michaelmas 1206 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 20, 1942), p. 182; id., Great roll of the pipe for the thirteenth year of the reign of King John, Michaelmas 1211 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 28, 1951-2), p. 164. A single record shows two manors in Warwickshire - Alcester and Wellesbourne - being stocked with goats: Great roll of the pipe for the thirty-fourth year of Henry II, 1188 (Pipe Roll Soc., 38, 1925), p. 119.
63. D. M. Stenton (ed.), Great roll of the pipe for the seventh year of King Richard the First, Michaelmas 1195 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 6, 1929), p. 228; S. Smith (ed.), Great roll of the pipe for the seventh year of King John, Michaelmas 1205 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 19, 1941), p. 170; D. M. Stenton (ed.), Great roll of the pipe for the eighth year of King John, Michaelmas 1206 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 20, 1942), p. 182; id., Great roll of the pipe for the thirteenth year of the reign of King John, Michaelmas 1211 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 28, 1951-2), p. 164. A single record shows two manors in Warwickshire - Alcester and Wellesbourne - being stocked with goats: Great roll of the pipe for the thirty-fourth year of Henry II, 1188 (Pipe Roll Soc., 38, 1925), p. 119.
64. D. M. Stenton (ed.), Great roll of the pipe for the seventh year of King Richard the First, Michaelmas 1195 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 6, 1929), p. 228; S. Smith (ed.), Great roll of the pipe for the seventh year of King John, Michaelmas 1205 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 19, 1941), p. 170; D. M. Stenton (ed.), Great roll of the pipe for the eighth year of King John, Michaelmas 1206 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 20, 1942), p. 182; id., Great roll of the pipe for the thirteenth year of the reign of King John, Michaelmas 1211 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 28, 1951-2), p. 164. A single record shows two manors in Warwickshire - Alcester and Wellesbourne - being stocked with goats: Great roll of the pipe for the thirty-fourth year of Henry II, 1188 (Pipe Roll Soc., 38, 1925), p. 119.
65. D. M. Stenton (ed.), Great roll of the pipe for the seventh year of King Richard the First, Michaelmas 1195 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 6, 1929), p. 228; S. Smith (ed.), Great roll of the pipe for the seventh year of King John, Michaelmas 1205 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 19, 1941), p. 170; D. M. Stenton (ed.), Great roll of the pipe for the eighth year of King John, Michaelmas 1206 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 20, 1942), p. 182; id., Great roll of the pipe for the thirteenth year of the reign of King John, Michaelmas 1211 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 28, 1951-2), p. 164. A single record shows two manors in Warwickshire - Alcester and Wellesbourne - being stocked with goats: Great roll of the pipe for the thirty-fourth year of Henry II, 1188 (Pipe Roll Soc., 38, 1925), p. 119.
66. D. M. Stenton (ed.), Great roll of the pipe for the seventh year of King Richard the First, Michaelmas 1195 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 6, 1929), p. 228; S. Smith (ed.), Great roll of the pipe for the seventh year of King John, Michaelmas 1205 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 19, 1941), p. 170; D. M. Stenton (ed.), Great roll of the pipe for the eighth year of King John, Michaelmas 1206 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 20, 1942), p. 182; id., Great roll of the pipe for the thirteenth year of the reign of King John, Michaelmas 1211 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 28, 1951-2), p. 164. A single record shows two manors in Warwickshire - Alcester and Wellesbourne - being stocked with goats: Great roll of the pipe for the thirty-fourth year of Henry II, 1188 (Pipe Roll Soc., 38, 1925), p. 119.
67. Lambert B. Larking (ed.), The Knights hospitallers in England (Camden Soc. 65, 1855), p. 13; H. P. R. Finberg, Tavistock Abbey, A study in the social and economic history of Devon (2nd edn, 1969), p. 129.
68. Lambert B. Larking (ed.), The Knights hospitallers in England (Camden Soc. 65, 1855), p. 13; H. P. R. Finberg, Tavistock Abbey, A study in the social and economic history of Devon (2nd edn, 1969), p. 129.
69. I. Kershaw and D. M. Smith (eds), The Bolton Priory compotus (YASRS 154, 2000), pp. 44, 90, 123, 131, 144, 146, 186, 220, 252.
70. Winchester, Harvest of the hills, p. 104; C. G. O. Bridgeman (ed.), The Burton Abbey twelfth-century surveys (Collections for a History of Staffordshire, 1916), pp. 225-6, 287.
71. Winchester, Harvest of the hills, p. 104; C. G. O. Bridgeman (ed.), The Burton Abbey twelfth-century surveys (Collections for a History of Staffordshire, 1916), pp. 225-6, 287.
72. PRO, SC6/1120/10, 11, 12; Biddick, Other economy, pp. 46-7; C. J. Elton (ed.), Rentalia et custumaria ... abbatum monasterii Beatae Mariae Glastoniae (Somerset Record Soc. 5, 1891), pp. 196-7.
73. PRO, SC6/1120/10, 11, 12; Biddick, Other economy, pp. 46-7; C. J. Elton (ed.), Rentalia et custumaria ... abbatum monasterii Beatae Mariae Glastoniae (Somerset Record Soc. 5, 1891), pp. 196-7.
74. PRO, SC6/1120/10, 11, 12; Biddick, Other economy, pp. 46-7; C. J. Elton (ed.), Rentalia et custumaria ... abbatum monasterii Beatae Mariae Glastoniae (Somerset Record Soc. 5, 1891), pp. 196-7.
75. Hampshire RO, 11M59/B1/54, 63, 65 (I owe this information to Jim Galloway); M. Page (ed.), The pipe roll of the bishopric of Winchester, 1301-2 (Hampshire Rec. Ser. 14, 1996), pp. 216-17.
76. Hampshire RO, 11M59/B1/54, 63, 65 (I owe this information to Jim Galloway); M. Page (ed.), The pipe roll of the bishopric of Winchester, 1301-2 (Hampshire Rec. Ser. 14, 1996), pp. 216-17.
77. VCH Gloucestershire, V, p. 216.
78. These documents were consulted through microfilm kept at Gloucestershire RO, microfilm, 1149: Berkeley Castle muniments, A1/02/03/001/04/00; /07/00; /10/00; /12/00; /20/00; /22/00.
79. J. Maclean (ed.), The Berkeley manuscripts. The lives of the Berkeleys by John Smyth (3 vols, 1883), I, p. 302.
80. Kershaw and Smith (eds), Bolton Priory compotus, pp. 66, 144, 146.
81. Canterbury Cathedral Archives, DCc/Hollingbourne, 13, 20, 25 (I owe this information to Jim Galloway); Kershaw and Smith (eds), Bolton Priory compotus, p. 271.
82. Canterbury Cathedral Archives, DCc/Hollingbourne, 13, 20, 25 (I owe this information to Jim Galloway); Kershaw and Smith (eds), Bolton Priory compotus, p. 271.
83. U. Albarella and S. Davis, 'Mammals and birds from Launceston Castle, Cornwall: decline in status and the rise of agriculture', Circaea 12 (1996), pp. 23-4; PRO, E358/20 (I owe this reference to Jim Galloway); W. H. Hale and H. T. Ellacombe (eds), Account of the executors of Richard Bishop of London, 1303 and of the executors of Thomas Bishop of Exeter, 1310 (Camden Soc., new ser. 10, 1874), p. 65.
84. U. Albarella and S. Davis, 'Mammals and birds from Launceston Castle, Cornwall: decline in status and the rise of agriculture', Circaea 12 (1996), pp. 23-4; PRO, E358/20 (I owe this reference to Jim Galloway); W. H. Hale and H. T. Ellacombe (eds), Account of the executors of Richard Bishop of London, 1303 and of the executors of Thomas Bishop of Exeter, 1310 (Camden Soc., new ser. 10, 1874), p. 65.
85. U. Albarella and S. Davis, 'Mammals and birds from Launceston Castle, Cornwall: decline in status and the rise of agriculture', Circaea 12 (1996), pp. 23-4; PRO, E358/20 (I owe this reference to Jim Galloway); W. H. Hale and H. T. Ellacombe (eds), Account of the executors of Richard Bishop of London, 1303 and of the executors of Thomas Bishop of Exeter, 1310 (Camden Soc., new ser. 10, 1874), p. 65.
86. Kershaw and Smith (eds), Bolton Priory compotus, pp. 350, 544.
87. J. T. Fowler (ed.), Extracts from the account rolls of the abbey of Durham (Surtees Soc. 99-100, 1898-9), II, pp. 504, 505.
88. D. Crook (ed.), The great roll of the pipe for the fifth year of King Henry III, Michaelmas 1221 (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 48, 1990), p. 209.
89. J. Webb (ed.), A roll of the household expenses of Richard de Swinfield, Bishop of Hereford (Camden Soc., old ser. 59, 62, 1853-4), p. 51; J. A. Robinson, 'Household roll of Bishop Ralph of Shrewsbury, 1337-8', in T. F. Palmer (ed.), Collectanea I (Somerset Rec. Soc. 39, 1924), pp. 142-4; Terence Scully (ed.), The Viandier of Taillevent (1988), pp. 86-7; Constance B. Hieatt and Sharon Butler (eds), Curye on Inglysch. English culinary manuscripts of the fourteenth century (Early English Text Soc. special ser. 8, 1985), p. 129.
90. J. Webb (ed.), A roll of the household expenses of Richard de Swinfield, Bishop of Hereford (Camden Soc., old ser. 59, 62, 1853-4), p. 51; J. A. Robinson, 'Household roll of Bishop Ralph of Shrewsbury, 1337-8', in T. F. Palmer (ed.), Collectanea I (Somerset Rec. Soc. 39, 1924), pp. 142-4; Terence Scully (ed.), The Viandier of Taillevent (1988), pp. 86-7; Constance B. Hieatt and Sharon Butler (eds), Curye on Inglysch. English culinary manuscripts of the fourteenth century (Early English Text Soc. special ser. 8, 1985), p. 129.
91. J. Webb (ed.), A roll of the household expenses of Richard de Swinfield, Bishop of Hereford (Camden Soc., old ser. 59, 62, 1853-4), p. 51; J. A. Robinson, 'Household roll of Bishop Ralph of Shrewsbury, 1337-8', in T. F. Palmer (ed.), Collectanea I (Somerset Rec. Soc. 39, 1924), pp. 142-4; Terence Scully (ed.), The Viandier of Taillevent (1988), pp. 86-7; Constance B. Hieatt and Sharon Butler (eds), Curye on Inglysch. English culinary manuscripts of the fourteenth century (Early English Text Soc. special ser. 8, 1985), p. 129.
92. J. Webb (ed.), A roll of the household expenses of Richard de Swinfield, Bishop of Hereford (Camden Soc., old ser. 59, 62, 1853-4), p. 51; J. A. Robinson, 'Household roll of Bishop Ralph of Shrewsbury, 1337-8', in T. F. Palmer (ed.), Collectanea I (Somerset Rec. Soc. 39, 1924), pp. 142-4; Terence Scully (ed.), The Viandier of Taillevent (1988), pp. 86-7; Constance B. Hieatt and Sharon Butler (eds), Curye on Inglysch. English culinary manuscripts of the fourteenth century (Early English Text Soc. special ser. 8, 1985), p. 129.
93. C. M. Woolgar (ed.), Household accounts from medieval England (British Academy Records of Social and Economic History, new ser. 17, 1992), pp. 338, 360, 410, 420.
94. V. C. M. London (ed.), The cartulary of Bradenstoke Priory (Wiltshire Record Soc. 35, 1979), pp. 197-8; Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous, V, 1387-93, pp. 44-5.
95. V. C. M. London (ed.), The cartulary of Bradenstoke Priory (Wiltshire Record Soc. 35, 1979), pp. 197-8; Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous, V, 1387-93, pp. 44-5.
96. G. R. Elvey (ed.), Luffield Priory charters (Northamptonshire Record Soc. 22, 26, 1968-75), II, p. 46; PRO, JUST1/720/1 (I owe this reference to Mark Page).
97. G. R. Elvey (ed.), Luffield Priory charters (Northamptonshire Record Soc. 22, 26, 1968-75), II, p. 46; PRO, JUST1/720/1 (I owe this reference to Mark Page).
98. J. M. Todd (ed.), The Lanercost cartulary (Surtees Soc. 203, 1997), pp. 125-7.
99. London (ed.), Bradenstoke Priory, pp. 64, 197-8, 189.
100. W. Brown (ed.), Yorkshire Lay Subsidy, being a ninth collected in 25 Edward I (1297) (YASRS 16, 1894); F. A. Cazel and A. P. Cazel (eds), Rolls of the fifteenth of the ninth year of the reign of Henry III (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 45, 1983); J. A. Raftis and M. P. Hogan (eds), Early Huntingdonshire Lay Subsidy rolls (1976), pp. 34-8, 55.
101. W. Brown (ed.), Yorkshire Lay Subsidy, being a ninth collected in 25 Edward I (1297) (YASRS 16, 1894); F. A. Cazel and A. P. Cazel (eds), Rolls of the fifteenth of the ninth year of the reign of Henry III (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 45, 1983); J. A. Raftis and M. P. Hogan (eds), Early Huntingdonshire Lay Subsidy rolls (1976), pp. 34-8, 55.
102. W. Brown (ed.), Yorkshire Lay Subsidy, being a ninth collected in 25 Edward I (1297) (YASRS 16, 1894); F. A. Cazel and A. P. Cazel (eds), Rolls of the fifteenth of the ninth year of the reign of Henry III (Pipe Roll Soc., new ser. 45, 1983); J. A. Raftis and M. P. Hogan (eds), Early Huntingdonshire Lay Subsidy rolls (1976), pp. 34-8, 55.
103. PRO, E146/3/3; E146/3/2; see also R. H. Hilton, A medieval society. The West Midlands at the end of the thirteenth century (1966), p. 110.
104. PRO, E146/3/3; E146/3/2; see also R. H. Hilton, A medieval society. The West Midlands at the end of the thirteenth century (1966), p. 110.
105. PRO, E146/3/3; E146/3/2; see also R. H. Hilton, A medieval society. The West Midlands at the end of the thirteenth century (1966), p. 110.
106. N. Neilson, 'The forest', in J. F. Willard and W. A. Morris (eds), The English government at work, 1327-1336 (1940), p. 434; Jack, 'Wales and the marches', p. 492.
107. N. Neilson, 'The forest', in J. F. Willard and W. A. Morris (eds), The English government at work, 1327-1336 (1940), p. 434; Jack, 'Wales and the marches', p. 492.
108. W. Farrer (ed.), Some court rolls of the lordships, wapentakes and demesne manors of Thomas, earl of Lancaster, AD 1323-4 (Record Soc. for Lancashire and Cheshire, 41, 1901), pp. 13, 24, 34; S. S. Walker (ed.), The court rolls of the manor of Wakefield, 1331-3 (Yorkshire Archaeological Soc., Wakefield Court Roll Ser., 1983), pp. 176, 181.
109. W. Farrer (ed.), Some court rolls of the lordships, wapentakes and demesne manors of Thomas, earl of Lancaster, AD 1323-4 (Record Soc. for Lancashire and Cheshire, 41, 1901), pp. 13, 24, 34; S. S. Walker (ed.), The court rolls of the manor of Wakefield, 1331-3 (Yorkshire Archaeological Soc., Wakefield Court Roll Ser., 1983), pp. 176, 181.
110. PRO, SC6/759/31 (I owe this reference to Mark Page).
111. S. J. Madge (ed.), Abstracts of Inquisitions Post Mortem for Gloucestershire (British Record Soc. 30, 1903), pp. 71-2.
112. Biddick, Other economy, pp. 46-7; H. E. Salter, The Boarstall Cartulary (Oxford Historical Soc. 88, 1930), p. 200.
113. Biddick, Other economy, pp. 46-7; H. E. Salter, The Boarstall Cartulary (Oxford Historical Soc. 88, 1930), p. 200.
114. North Devon RO, 50/11/12/1. I owe this information and advice on its interpretation to Harold Fox.
115. Brown (ed.), Yorkshire Lay Subsidy, 1297, pp. 20-1.
116. Cazel and Cazel (eds), Fifteenth and the ninth, p. 47; Stephen Moorhouse tells me that in recent times goats were used as foster mothers for lambs.
117. Ibid., pp. 49-52.
118. Raftis and Hogan (eds), Huntingdonshire Lay Subsidy, pp. 34-8.
119. Jack, 'Wales and the marches', p. 493; Brown (ed.), Yorkshire Lay Subsidy, 1297, p. 5.
120. Jack, 'Wales and the marches', p. 493; Brown (ed.), Yorkshire Lay Subsidy, 1297, p. 5.
121. PRO, E146/3/3; Staffordshire RO, D(W) 1734/2/1/598 (I owe this reference to Jean Birrell).
122. PRO, E146/3/3; Staffordshire RO, D(W) 1734/2/1/598 (I owe this reference to Jean Birrell).
123. Neilson, 'The forest', p. 434; Page (ed.), Winchester pipe roll, 1301-2, p. 35.
124. Neilson, 'The forest', p. 434; Page (ed.), Winchester pipe roll, 1301-2, p. 35.
125. Helena Graham, '"A woman's work ...": labour and gender in the late medieval countryside', in P. J. P. Goldberg (ed.), Woman is a worthy wight. Women in English society, c. 1200-1500 (1992), pp. 126-48.
126. PRO, E146/3/2.
127. PRO, SC6/759/31 (I owe this reference to Mark Page).
128. Rotuli Hundredorum (2 vols, 1812-18), II, p. 84; pasture disputes in this area are discussed in VCH Shropshire, IV, pp. 61-2.
129. Rotuli Hundredorum (2 vols, 1812-18), II, p. 84; pasture disputes in this area are discussed in VCH Shropshire, IV, pp. 61-2.
130. For cottage economy, see D. Levine, Reproducing families. The political economy of English population history (1987), pp. 19-21.
131. A. H. Thomas (ed.), Calendar of the plea and memoranda rolls of the city of London, 1413-1437 (1943), p. 141.
132. B. F. and C. R. Byerly (eds), Records of wardrobe and household, 1286-9 (1986), pp. 182, 372; Great roll of the pipe for the twenty-eighth year of Henry II, 1181-2 (Pipe Roll Soc. 31, 1910), p. xxvii.
133. B. F. and C. R. Byerly (eds), Records of wardrobe and household, 1286-9 (1986), pp. 182, 372; Great roll of the pipe for the twenty-eighth year of Henry II, 1181-2 (Pipe Roll Soc. 31, 1910), p. xxvii.
134. B. Noddle, 'Mammal bone', in H. Clarke and A. Carter, Excavations in King's Lynn, 1963-1970 (Soc. for Medieval Archaeology, Monograph Ser. 7, 1977), pp. 378-97.
135. The Scottish figures, which include unpublished reports, were kindly communicated to me by Catherine Smith, who believes that many represent Scottish rural animals, rather than imports.
136. C. H. W. Mander, A descriptive and historical account of the Guild of Cordwainers of the city of London (1931), pp. 33-4.
137. E. Crowfoot, F. Pritchard and K. Staniland, Textiles and clothing, c. 1150-c. 1450 (1992), pp. 77-9; H. Kurath and S. M. Kuhn, Middle English Dictionary (1954-), under entry for got.
138. E. Crowfoot, F. Pritchard and K. Staniland, Textiles and clothing, c. 1150-c. 1450 (1992), pp. 77-9; H. Kurath and S. M. Kuhn, Middle English Dictionary (1954-), under entry for got.
139. L. D. Benson, The Riverside Chaucer (1987), p. 34; Kurath and Kuhn, Dictionary, under got.
140. L. D. Benson, The Riverside Chaucer (1987), p. 34; Kurath and Kuhn, Dictionary, under got.
141. Hampshire RO, 11M59 B1/133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139. At Brill bucks were called bordinarii and the other males haveri, PRO, SC6/1120/11. Could these males have been kept for their hair?
142. PRO, SC6/856/23.
143. Staffordshire RO, D(W) 1734/3/2/3 (I owe this reference to Jean Birrell).
144. PRO, E32/319 m. 8; m. 3.
145. Gloucestershire RO, D674a M27; Shakespeare Birthplace RO, Stratford-upon-Avon, DR5/2747.
146. Gloucestershire RO, D674a M27; Shakespeare Birthplace RO, Stratford-upon-Avon, DR5/2747.
147. Winchester, Harvest of the hills, p. 104.
148. F. Emery, 'The farming regions of Wales', in AgHist., IV, p. 156.
149. Noddle, 'Mammal bone'; U. Albarella, 'Size, power, wool and veal: zooarchaeological evidence for late medieval innovations', on G. De Boe and F. Verhaeghe (eds), Environment and subsistence in medieval Europe (1997), p. 26.
150. Noddle, 'Mammal bone'; U. Albarella, 'Size, power, wool and veal: zooarchaeological evidence for late medieval innovations', on G. De Boe and F. Verhaeghe (eds), Environment and subsistence in medieval Europe (1997), p. 26.
151. Winchester, Harvest, pp. 18-19; Joan Thirsk's sample of early seventeenth century inventories, which she kindly provided for me, shows a few goat keepers in Northumberland, Cumberland and Cornwall.
152. F. J. Furnival (ed.), Harrison's Description of England (1877), pp. 8-9
153. R. Bradley, A survey of the ancient husbandry and gardening collected from Cato, Varro, Columella, Virgil and others (1725), pp. 371-2. (I owe this reference to Joan Thirsk).
154. J. D. Hurst, A multi-period salt production site at Droitwich: excavations at Upwich (Council for British Archaeology research report 107, 1997), p. 101.