Dormancy in freshwater zooplankton: Induction, termination and the importance of benthic-pelagic coupling

Aquatic Sciences

Volumn 66, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 274-295

  Gyllström, Mikael ^a   Hansson, Lars Anders ^a  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Diapause; Dispersal; Ecology; Evolution; Life history; Limnology

Indexed keywords

DORMANCY; ECOLOGY; EVOLUTION; FRESHWATER; LIFE HISTORY; LIMNOLOGY; ZOOPLANKTON;

COPEPODA; CYCLOPOIDA; ROTIFERA;

EID: 4344661681     PISSN: 10151621     EISSN: 14209055     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (208)

1. Alekseev, V. and W. Lampert, 2001. Maternal control of resting-egg production in Daphnia. Nature 414: 899-901.
2. Alekseev, V. R. and Y. I. Starobogatov, 1996. Types of diapause in the Crustacea: definitions, distribution, evolution. Hydrobiologia 320: 15-26.
3. Aparici, E., M. J. Carmona and M. Serra, 2001. Variability for mixis initiation in Brachionus plicatilis. Hydrobiologia 446/447: 45-50.
4. Arnott, S. E. and N. D. Yan, 2002. The influence of drought and reacidification on zooplankton emergence from resting stages. Ecol. Appl. 12: 138-153.
5. Ban, S. and T. Minoda, 1994. Induction of diapause egg production in Eurytemora affinis by their own metabolites. Hydrobiologia 292/293: 185-189.
6. Bell, G., 1982. The Masterpiece of Nature, Croom Helm Ltd, London.
7. Bengtsson, L., T. Hellström and L. Rakoczi, 1990. Redistribution of sediments in three Swedish lakes. Hydrobiologia 192: 167-181.
8. Berthon, J. L. and S. Brousse, 1995. Modification of migratory behaviour of planktonic Crustacea in the presence of a bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanobacteria). Hydrobiologia 300-301: 185-193.
9. Bhajan, W. R. and H. B. N. Hynes, 1972. Experimental study on the ecology of Bosmina longirostris (O.F. MÜLLER) (Cladocera). Crustaceana 23: 133-140.
10. Birky, C. W. J. and J. J. Gilbert, 1971. Parthogenesis in rotifers: the control of sexual and asexual reproduction. Am. Zool. 11: 245-266.
11. Blaustein, L., 1997. Non-consumptive effects of larval Salamandra on crustacean prey: can eggs detect predators? Oecologia 110: 212-217.
12. Boersma, M., B. Hinnerk and S. E. Mitchell, 2000. Maternal effects after sexual reproduction in Daphnia magna. J. Plankton Res. 22: 279-285.
13. Brendonck, L., 1996. Diapause, quiscence, hatching requirements: what we can learn from large freshwater branchiopods (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Anocstraca, Notostraca, Conchostraca). Hydrobiologia 320: 85-97.
14. Brendonck, L. and L. De Meester, 2003. Egg banks in freshwater zooplankton: evolutionary and ecological archives in the sediment. Hydrobiologia 491: 65-84.
15. Bressac, Y. and A. Champeau, 1983. The life cycle of Cyclops vicinus vicinus (Copepoda, Cyclopoida) in the reservoir of Serre-Ponçon (High Alps, France). Ann. Limnol. 19: 187-194.
16. Brewer, R. H., 1964. The phenology of Diaptomus stagnalis (COPEPODA: CALANOIDA): the development and the hatching of the egg stage. Physiol. Zool. 37: 1-20.
17. Brooks, J. L. and S. I. Dodson, 1965. Predation, body size and composition of plankton. Science 150: 28-35.
18. Brown, J. S. and D. L. Venable, 1986. Evolutionary ecology of seed-bank annuals in temporally varying environments. Am. Nat. 127: 31-47.
19. Brönmark, C. and L. A. Hansson, 1998. Biology of Habitats: The Biology of Lakes and Ponds, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.
20. Bunner, H. C. and K. Halcrow, 1977. Experimental induction of the production of ephippia by Daphnia magna STRAUS (Cladocera). Crustaceana 32: 77-86.
21. Cáceres, C. E., 1997. Temporal variation, dormancy and coexistence: A field test of the storage effect. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 9171-9175.
22. Cáceres, C. E., 1998. Interspecific variation in the abundance, production and emergence of Daphnia diapausing eggs. Ecology 79: 1699-1710.
23. Cáceres, C. E. and N. G. Jr. Hairston, 1998. Benthic-pelagic coupling in planktonic crustaceans: the role of the benthos. Ergeb. Limnol. 52: 163-174.
24. Cáceres, C. E. and M. S. Schwalbach, 2001. How well do laboratory experiments explain field patterns of zooplankton emergence? Freshwater Biol. 46: 1179-1189.
25. Cáceres, C. A. and D. A. Soluk, 2002. Blowing in the wind: a field test of overland dispersal and colonization by aquatic insects. Oecologia 131: 402-408.
26. Cáceres, C. A. and A. J. Tessier, 2003. How long to rest: the ecology of optimal dormancy and environmental constraint. Ecology 84: 1189-1198.
27. Carmona, M. J., A. Gomez and M. Serra, 1995. Mictic patterns of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Müller in small ponds. Hydrobiologia 313/314: 365-371.
28. Carvalho, G. R. and R. N. Hughes, 1983. The effect of food availability, female culture density and photoperiod on ephippia production in Daphnia magna Straus (Crustacea: Cladocera). Freshwater Biol. 13: 37-46.
29. Carvalho, G. R. and H. G. Wolf, 1989. Resting eggs of lake-Daphnia I. Distribution, abundance and hatching of eggs collected from varying depths in lake sediments. Freshwater Biol. 22: 459-470.
30. Cerny, M. and P. D. N. Hebert, 1993. Genetic diversity and breeding system variation in Daphnia pularica from North American lakes. Heredity 71: 497-507.
31. Champeau, A., 1963. Note préliminaire sur divers stades de résistance chez les Copépodes dans les eaux temporaire de la Camargue. Rapp. Réun. Comm. Int. Explor. Sci. Méditerr. 17: 805-810.
32. Champeau, A., 1970. Etude de la vie latente chez les calanoides (Copépodes) Caractéristiques des eaux temporaires de Basse-Provence. Ann. Fac. Sci. Marseille 44: 155-189.
33. Chesson, P. L. and R. R. Warner, 1981. Environmental variability promotes coexistence in lottery competitive systems. Am. Nat. 117: 923-943.
34. Clauss, M. J. and D. L. Venable, 2000. Seed germination in desert annuals: An empirical test of adaptive bet-hedging. Am. Nat. 155: 168-186.
35. Cohen, D., 1970. A theoretical model for the optimal timing of diapause. Am. Nat. 104: 389-400.
36. Cohen, G. M. and J. B. Shurin, 2003. Scale-dependence and mechanisms of dispersal in freshwater zooplankton. Oikos 103: 603-617.
37. Cooley, J. M., 1971. The effect of temperature on the development of resting eggs of Diaptomus oregonensis LILLJ (Copepoda: Calanoida). Limnol. Oceanogr. 16: 921-926.
38. Cousyn, C. and L. De Meester, 1998. The vertical profile of resting egg banks in natural populations of the pond-dwelling cladoceran Daphnia magna Straus. Ergeb. Limnol. 52: 127-139.
39. Crowder, L. B. and W. E. Cooper, 1982. Habitat structural complexity and the interaction between bluegills Lepomis macrochirus and their prey. Ecology 63: 1802-1813.
40. Cuddington, K. M. and E. McCauley, 1994. Food-dependent aggregation and mobility of the water fleas Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia pulex. Can. J. Zool. 72: 1217-1226.
41. D'Abramo, L. R., 1980. Ingestion rate decrease as the stimulus for sexuality in populations of Moina macrocopa. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25: 422-429.
42. Dahms, H. U., 1995. Dormancy in the Copepoda: an overview. Hydrobiologia 306: 199-211.
43. Davison, J., 1969. Activation of the ephippial egg of Daphnia pulex. J. Gen. Physiol. 53: 562-575.
44. De Meester, L., C. Cousyn and J. Vanoverbeke, 1998. Chemical interactions, maternal effects and the hatching of Daphnia diapausing eggs. Ergeb. Limnol. 52: 263-272.
45. De Meester, L. and H. De Jager, 1993a. Hatching of Daphnia sexual eggs: I. Intraspecific differences in the hatching responses of D. magna eggs. Freshwater Biol. 30: 219-226.
46. De Meester, L. and H. De Jager, 1993b. Hatching of Daphnia sexual eggs: II. The effect of age and a second stimulus. Freshwater Biol. 30: 227-233.
47. De Meester, L., A. Gomez, B. Okamura and K. Schwenk, 2002. The monopolization hypothesis and the dispersal-gene flow paradox in aquatic organisms. Acta Oecologica 23: 121-135.
48. De Stasio, B. T. Jr., 1989. The seed bank of a freshwater crustacean: copepodology for the plant ecologist. Ecology 70: 1377-1389.
49. De Stasio, B. T. Jr., 1990. The role of dormancy and emergence patterns in the dynamics of a freshwater zooplankton community. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35: 1079-1090.
50. Deng, H.-W., 1996. Environmental and genetic control of sexual reproduction in Daphnia. Heredity 76: 449-458.
51. Diehl, S., 1993. Effects of habitat structure an resource availability, diet and growth of benthivorous perch, Perca fluviatilis. Oikos 67: 403-414.
52. Dodson, S. I. and D. L. Egger, 1980. Selective feeding of Red Phalaropes on zooplankton of Arctic ponds. Ecology 61: 755-763.
53. Dowell, K. M., 1997. Evidence for diapause in the freshwater copepod Skistodiaptomus pallidus. Am. Midl. Nat. 137: 362-368.
54. Duggan, I. C., J. D. Green and R. J. Shiel, 2002. Rotifer resting egg densities in lakes of different trophic state, and their assessment using emergence and egg counts. Arch. Hydrobiol. 153: 409-420.
55. Dussart, B. H., 1969. Les Copepodes des eaux continentales d'Europe occidentale II. Cyclopoides et biologie, Boubee, Paris.
56. Dussart, B. H. and D. Defaye, 1995. Copepoda - Introduction to the Copepoda. Guides to the identification of the microinvertebrates of the continental waters of the world, 7, SPB Academic publishing.
57. Einsle, U., 1967. Die äusseren bedingungen der diapause planktish lebender Cyclops-arten. Arch. Hydrobiol. 63: 387-403.
58. Elgmork, K., 1958. On the phenology of Mesocyclops oithonoides (G. O. Sars). Verb. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 13: 778-784.
59. Elgmork, K., 1959. Seasonal occurrence of Cyclops strenuus in relation to environment in small water bodies in southern Norway. Folia Limnol. Scand. 11: 1-196.
60. Elgmork, K., 1962. A bottom resting stage in the planktonic freshwater species Cyclops scutifer SARS. Oikos 13: 306-310.
61. Elgmork, K., 1967. Ecological aspects of diapause in copepods. Proc. Symp. Crustacea 3: 947-954.
62. Elgmork, K., 1980. Evolutionary aspects of diapause in freshwater copepods. In: Kerfoot, W. C. (Ed), Evolution and ecology of zooplankton communities, University Press of New England, Hanover, pp. 411-417.
63. Elgmork, K., 1981. Extraordinary prolongation of the life cycle in a freshwater planktonic copepod. Holarct. Ecol. 4: 278-290.
64. Elgmork, K., G. Halvorsen, J. A. Eie and A. Langeland, 1990. Co-existence with similar life cycles in two species of freshwater copepods (Crustacea). Hydrobiologia 208: 187-200.
65. Elgmork, K. and A. Langeland, 1980. Cyclops scutifers Sars - one and two-year life cycles with diapause in the meromictic lake Blankvatn. Arch. Hydrobiol. 88: 178-201.
66. Elgmork, K. and J. P. Nilssen, 1978. Equivalence of copepod and insect diapause. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 20: 2511-2517.
67. Ellner, S. P. and N. G. Jr. Hairston, 1994. Role of overlapping generations in maintaining genetic variation in a fluctuating environment. Am. Nat. 143: 403-417.
68. Ellner, S. P., N. G. Jr. Hairston and D. Babaï, 1998. Long-term diapause and spreading of risk across the life cycle. Ergeb. Limnol. 52: 297-312.
69. Ellner, S. P., N. G. Jr. Hairston, C. M. Kearns and D. Babaï, 1999. The roles of fluctuating selection and long-term diapause in microevolution of diapause timing in a freshwater copepod. Evolution 53: 111-122.
70. Ferrari, D. C. and P. D. N. Hebert, 1982. The induction of sexual reproduction in Daphnia magna: genetic differences between arctic and temperate populations. Can. J. Zool. 60: 2143-2148.
71. Frey, D. G., 1982. Contrasting strategies of gamogenesis in northern and southern populations of cladocera. Ecology 63: 223-241.
72. Frisch, D., 2001. Life cycles of the two freshwater copepods Cyclops strenuus Fischer and Cyclops insignius Claus (Cyclopoida, Copepoda) in an amphibious floodplain habitat. Hydrobiologia 453/454: 285-293.
73. Frisch, D., 2002. Dormancy, dispersal and the survival of cyclopoid copepods (Cyclopoida, Copepoda) in a lowland floodplain. Freshwater Biol. 47: 1269-1281.
74. Fryer, G., 1996. Diapause, a potent force in the evolution of freshwater crustaceans. Hydrobiologia 320: 1-14.
75. Fryer, G. and D. G. Frey, 1981. Two-egged ephippia in the chydorid Cladocera. Freshwater Biol. 11: 391-394.
76. Galimov, Y. R. and L. Y. Yampolsky, 1998. Optimal strategies on investment in resting stage production and germination in unpredictable seasonal environments. Ergeb. Limnol. 52: 313-326.
77. George, D. G., 1973. Diapause in Cyclops vicinus. Oikos 24.
78. Gilbert, J. J., 1963. Mictic female production in the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. J. Exp. Zool. 153: 113-124.
79. Gilbert, J. J., 1974. Dormancy in rotifers. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 93: 490-513.
80. Gilbert, J. J., 1977. Mictic-female production in monogonont rotifers. Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 8: 142-155.
81. Gilbert, J. J., 1998. Asexual diapause in the rotifer Synchaeta: diversified bet-hedging, energetic cost and age effects. Ergeb. Limnol. 52: 97-107.
82. Gilbert, J. J. and D. K. Schreiber, 1995. Induction of diapausing amictic eggs in Synchaeta pectinata. Hydrobiologia 313/314: 345-350.
83. Gilbert, J. J. and D. K. Schreiber, 1998. Asexual diapause induced by food limitation in the rotifer Synchaeta pectinata. Ecology 79: 1371-1381.
84. Gomez, A., G. R. Carvalho and D. H. Lunt, 2000. Phylogeography and regional endemism of a passively dispersing zooplankter: mitochondrial DNA variation in rotifer resting egg banks. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 267: 2189-2197.
85. Green, A. J., J. Figuerola and M. I. Sánchez, 2002. Implications of waterbird ecology for the dispersal of aquatic organisms. Acta Oecologica 23: 177-189.
86. Gyllström, M., 2004. Induction and termination of diapause in a freshwater zooplakton community. Arch. Hydrobiol. in press.
87. Hairston, N. G. Jr., 1987. Diapause as a predator-avoidance adaptation. In: Kerfoot, W. C. and Sih, A. (eds), Predation: Direct and Indirect Impacts on Aquatic Communities VIII, University Press of New England, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA, pp. 281-290.
88. Hairston, N. G. Jr., 1996. Zooplankton egg banks as biotic reservoirs in changing environments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41: 1087-1092.
89. Hairston, N. G. Jr., 1998. Time travellers: What's timely in diapause research? Ergeb. Limnol. 52: 1-15.
90. Hairston, N. G. Jr. and A. J. Bohonak, 1998. Copepod reproductive strategies: life-history theory, phylogenetic pattern and invasion of inland waters. J. Mar. Syst. 15: 23-34.
91. Hairston, N. G. Jr. and C. A. Cáceres, 1996. Distribution of crustacean diapause: micro and macroevolutionary pattern and process. Hydrobiologia 320: 27-44.
92. Hairston, N. G. Jr. and T. A. Dillon, 1990. Fluctuating selection and response in a population of freshwater copepods. Evolution 44: 1796-1805.
93. Hairston, N. G. Jr., T. A. Dillon and B. T. Jr. De Stasio, 1990. A field test for the cues of diapause in a freshwater copepod. Ecology 71: 2218-2223.
94. Hairston, N. G. Jr., A.-M. Hansen and W. R. Shaffner, 2000. The effects of diapause emergence on the seasonal dynamics of a zooplankton assemblage. Freshwater Biol. 45: 133-145.
95. Hairston, N. G. Jr. and C. M. Kearns, 1995. The interaction of photoperiod and temperature in diapause timing: a copepod example. Biol. Bull. 189: 42-48.
96. Hairston, N. G. Jr. and C. M. Kearns, 2002. Temporal dispersal: ecological and evolutionary aspects of zooplankton egg banks and the role of sediment mixing. Integr. Comp. Biol. 42: 481-491.
97. Hairston, N. G. Jr., C. M. Kearns and S. P. Ellner, 1996. Phenotypic variation in a zooplankton egg bank. Ecology 77: 2382-2392.
98. Hairston, N. G. Jr., W. Lampert, C. E. Cáceres, C. L. Holtmeier, L. J. Weider, U. Gaedke, J. M. Fischer, J. A. Fox and D. M. Post, 1999. Rapid evolution revealed by dormant eggs. Nature 401: 446.
99. Hairston, N. G. Jr. and W. R. Munns, 1984. The timing of copepod diapause as an evolutionary stable strategy. Am. Nat. 123: 733-751.
100. Hairston, N. G. Jr. and E. J. Olds, 1984. Population differences in the timing of diapause: adaptation in a spatially heterogeneous environment. Oecologia 61: 42-48.
101. Hairston, N. G. Jr. and E. J. Olds, 1986. Partial photoperiodic control of diapause in three populations of the freshwater copepod Diaptomus sanguineus. Biol. Bull. 171: 135-142.
102. Hairston, N. G. Jr. and E. J. Olds, 1987. Population differences in the timing of diapause: a test of hypotheses. Oecologia 71: 339-344.
103. Hairston, N. G. Jr. and R. A. Van Brunt, 1994. Diapause dynamics of two diaptomid copepod species in a large lake. Hydrobiologia 292/293: 209-218.
104. Hairston, N. G. Jr., R. A. Van Brunt, C. M. Kearns and D. R. Engstrom, 1995. Age and survivorship of diapausing eggs in a sediment egg bank. Ecology 76: 1706-1711.
105. Hansen, A. M. and N. G. Jr. Hairston, 1998. Food limitation in a wild cyclopoid copepod population: direct and indirect life history responses. Oecologia 115: 320-330.
106. Hansson, L.-A., 1996. Behavioural response in plants: adjustment in algal recruitment induced by herbivores. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 263: 1241-1244.
107. Hansson, L.-A., 2000. Synergistic effects of food chain dynamics and induced behavioural responses in aquatic ecosystems. Ecology 81: 842-851.
108. Havel, J. E., 1987. Predator-induced defences: a review. In: Kerfoot, W. C. and Sih, A. (eds), Predation: Direct and Indirect Impacts on Aquatic Communities VIII, University Press of New England, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA, pp. 263-278.
109. Hebert, P. D. N. and T. J. Crease, 1983. Clonal diversity in populations of Daphnia pulex reproducing by obligate parthenogenesis. Heredity 51: 353-369.
110. Hebert, P. D. N., R. D. Ward and L. J. Weider, 1988. Clonal-diversity patterns and breeding system variation in Daphnia pulex, an asexual-sexual complex. Evolution 41: 147-159.
111. Herzig, A., 1985. Resting eggs - a significant stage in the life cycle of crustaceans Leptodora kindtii and Bythotrephes longimanus. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 22: 3088-3098.
112. Hobæk, A. and P. Larsson, 1990. Sex determination in Daphnia magna. Ecology 71: 2255-2268.
113. Innes, D. J., 1997. Sexual reproduction of Daphnia pulex in a temporary habitat. Oecologia 111: 53-60.
114. Jakobsen, P. J., K. Birkeland and G. H. Johnsen, 1994. Swarm location in zooplankton as an anti-predator defence mechanism. Anim. Behav. 47: 175-178.
115. Jarnagin, S. T., B. K. Swan and W. C. Kerfoot, 2000. Fish as vectors in the dispersal of Bythotrephes cederstroemi: diapausing eggs survive passage through guts. Freshwater Biol. 43: 579-589.
116. Jenkins, D. G. and M. O. Underwood, 1998. Zooplankton may not disperse readily in wind rain or waterfowl. Hydrobiologia 387/388: 15-21.
117. Kearns, C. M., N. G. Jr. Hairston and D. H. Kesler, 1996. Particle transport by benthic invertebrates: its role in egg bank dynamics. Hydrobiologia 332: 63-70.
118. Kleiven, O. T., P. Larsson and A. Hobaek, 1992. Sexual reproduction in Daphnia magna requires three stimuli. Oikos 65: 197-206.
119. Kornijow, R., 1997. The impact of predation by perch on the size-structure of Chironomus larvae - the role of vertical distribution of the prey in the bottom sediments, and habitat complexity. Hydrobiologia 341/343: 207-213.
120. Korovchinsky, N. M. and O. S. Boikova, 1996. The resting eggs of the Ctenopoda (Crustacea: Branchiopoda): a review. Hydrobiologia 320: 131-140.
121. Korpelainen, H., 1986. The effects of temperature and photoperiod on life history parameters of Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Cladocera). Freshwater Biol. 16: 615-620.
122. Kvam, O. V. and O. T. Kleiven, 1995. Diel horizontal migration and swarm formation in Daphnia in response to Chaoborus. Hydrobiologia 307: 177-184.
123. Lacroix, G. and F. Lescher-Moutoue, 1984. Diapause in cyclopoids of a limnetic shallow ecosystem (Lake Creteil France). Ann. Limnol. 20: 183-192.
124. LaMontagne, J. M. and E. McCauley, 2001. Maternal effects in Daphnia: what mothers are telling there offspring and do they listen? Ecology Letters 4: 64-71.
125. Lampert, W., 1987. Vertical migration of freshwater zooplankton: indirect effects of vertebrate predators on algal communities. In: Kerfoot, W. C. and Sih, A. (Eds), Predation: Direct and Indirect Impacts on Aquatic Communities VIII, University Press of New England, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA, pp. 291-299.
126. Lampert, W., 1992. Zooplankton vertical migrations implications for phytoplankton-zooplankton interactions. Ergeb. Limnol. 35: 69-78.
127. Lampert, W., 1993. Ultimate causes of diel vertical migration of zooplankton: New evidence for the predator-avoidance hypothesis. Ergeb. Limnol. 39: 79-88.
128. Langley, J. M., R. J. Shiel and J. D. Green, 2001. Hatching from the sediment bank or aerial dispersing? - the use of mesocosms in assessing the rotifer biodiversity. Hydrobiologia 446/447: 203-211.
129. Larsson, P., 1991. Intraspecific variation in response to stimuli for male and ephippia formation in Daphnia pulex. Hydrobiologia 225: 281-290.
130. Larsson, P., 1997. Ideal free distribution in Daphnia? Are daphnids able to consider both the food patch quality and the position of competitors? Hydrobiologia 360: 143-152.
131. Larsson, P. and S. I. Dodson, 1993. Invited review: chemical communication in planktonic animals. Arch. Hydrobiol. 129: 129-155.
132. Lauren, M. C., J. Hietala and M. Walls, 1997. Responses of Daphnia pulex populations to toxic cyanobacteria. Freshwater Biol. 37: 635-647.
133. Lauridsen, T. L., E. Jeppesen, M. Søndergaard and D. M. Lodge, 1997. Horizontal migration of zooplankton: predator-mediated use of macrophyte habitat. In: Jeppesen, E., Søndergaard, M. and Christoffersen, K. (Eds), The structuring role of submerged macrophytes in lakes, Springer Verlag, New York, pp. 233-239.
134. Leibold, M. A., 1991. Trophic interactions and habitat segregation between competing Daphnia species. Oecologia 86: 510-520.
135. Libman, B. S. and S. T. Threkeld, 1999. Diapause phenology and egg bank dynamics of a calanoid copepod in floodplain habitats. Arch. Hydrobiol. 145: 349-358.
136. Loaring, J. M. and P. D. N. Hebert, 1981. Ecological differences among clones of Daphnia pulex Leydig. Oecologia 51: 162-168.
137. Lürling, M. and E. Van Donk, 1996. Zooplankton-induced unicell-colony transformation in Scenedesmus acutus and its effect on growth of herbivore Daphnia. Oecologia 108: 432-437.
138. Maguire, B. J., 1963. The passive dispersal of small aquatic organisms and their colonization of isolated bodies of water. Ecol. Monogr. 33: 161-185.
139. Maier, G., 1989a. The seasonal cycle of Thermocyclops crassus (Fischer, 1853) (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) in a shallow eutrophic lake. Hydrobiologia 178: 43-58.
140. Maier, G., 1989b. Variable life cycles in the freshwater copepod Cyclops vicinus (Uljanin 1875): support for the predator avoidance hypothesis. Arch. Hydrobiol. 115: 203-220.
141. Maier, G., 1990. Spatial distribution of resting stages rate of emergence from diapause and times to adulthood and to the appearance of the first clutch in 3 species of cyclopoid copepods. Hydrobiologia 206: 11-18.
142. Malone, C. R., 1965. Dispersal of plankton: rate of food passage in Mallard ducks. J. Wildl. Manag. 29: 529-533.
143. May, L., 1986. Rotifer sampling - a complete species list from one visit? Hydrobiologia 134: 117-120.
144. Mellors, W. K., 1975. Selective predation of ephippial Daphnia and the resistance of ephippial eggs to digestion. Ecology 56: 974-980.
145. Mnatsakanova, E. A. and L. V. Polishchuk, 1996. Role of parthenogenetic natality and emergence from diapausing eggs in the dynamics of some rotifer populations. Hydrobiologia 320: 168-178.
146. Moore, G. M., 1939. A limnological investigation of the microscopic benthic fauna of Douglas Lake, Michigan. Ecol. Monogr. 9: 537-582.
147. Moritz, C., 1987. A note on the hatching and viability of Ceriodaphnia ephippia collected from lake sediment. Hydrobiologia 145: 309-314.
148. Müller-Navarra, D., 1995. Evidence that a higly unsaturated fatty acid limit Daphnia growth in nature. Arch. Hydrobiol. 132: 297-307.
149. Næss, T. and J. P. Nilssen, 1991a. Diapausing fertilized adults a new pattern of copepod life cycle. Oecologia 86: 368-371.
150. Næss, T. and J. P. Nilssen, 1991b. Life cycle dynamics of a Cyclops strenuus (Crustacea, Copepoda) population with unusual diapause and reproductive characteristics. Arch. Hydrobiol. 122: 323-334.
151. Nalepa, T. F., 1985. Occurence of a resting stage in cyclopoid and harpactoid copepods in nearshore Lake Michigan. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 11: 59-66.
152. Nilssen, J. P., 1980. When and how to reproduce: a dilemma for limnetic cyclopoid copepods. In: Kerfoot, W. C. (Ed), Evolution and ecology of zooplankton communities, University Press of New England, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA, pp. 418-426.
153. Nogrady, T., J. Green, W. Koste and B. Peijler, 1993. Rotifera. Guides to the identification of the microinvertebrates of the continental waters of the world 7, SPB Academic publishing, The Hague, 142 pp.
154. Olmstead, A. W. and G. A. LeBlanc, 2001. Temporal and quantitative changes in sexual reproductive cycling of the cladoceran Daphnia magna by a juvenile hormone analog. J. Exp. Zool. 290: 148-155.
155. Ortells, R., T. W. Snell, A. Gómez and M. Serra, 2000. Patterns of genetic differentiation in resting egg banks of a rotifer species complex in Spain. Arch. Hydrobiol. 149: 529-551.
156. Parker, B. R., F. M. Wilhelm and E. W. Schindler, 1996. Recovery of Hesperodiaptomus arcticus populations from diapausing eggs following elimination by stocked salmonids. Can. J. Zool. 74: 1292-1297.
157. Pasternak, A. F. and E. G. Arashkevich, 1999. Resting stages in the life cycle of Eudiaptomus graciloides (Lill.) (Copepoda: Calananoida) in Lake Glubokoe. J. Plankton Res. 21: 309-325.
158. Pfrender, M. E. and H.-W. Deng, 1998. Environmental and genetic control of diapause termination in Daphnia. Ergeb. Limnol. 52: 237-251.
159. Pijanowska, J. and G. Stolpe, 1996. Summer diapause in Daphnia as a reaction to the presence of fish. J. Plankton Res. 18: 1407-1412.
160. Pijanowska, J., 1997. Alarm signals in Daphnia? Oecologia 112: 12-16.
161. Pourriot, R., 1960. Recherches sur la biologie du rotifère Eosophora najas Ehrenberg. Hydrobiologia 16: 309-322.
162. Pourriot, R. and P. Clément, 1975. Influence de la durée de l'éclairement quotidien sur le taux de femelles mictidiques chez Notommata copeus Ehr (Rotifère). Oecologia 22: 67-77.
163. Pourriot, R. and T. W. Snell, 1983. Resting eggs in rotifers. Hydrobiologia 104: 213-224.
164. Proctor, V. W., 1964. Viability of crustacean eggs recovered from ducks. Ecology 45: 656-658.
165. Proctor, V. W., C. R. Malone and V. L. DeVlaming, 1967. Dispersal of aquatic organisms: Viability of disseminules recovered from the intestinal tracts of captive Killdeer. Ecology 48: 672-676.
166. Rabette, C. and N. Lair, 1999. Spatial and temporal distribution of benthic stages of Cyclops vicinus and Chaoborus flavicans in relation to abiotic factors and benthic fauna. Hydrobiologia 390: 61-72.
167. Reede, T., 1997. Preliminary experiments on resource competition between a migrating and a non-migrating clone of the hybrid D. galeata x hyalina. Hydrobiologia 360: 109-115.
168. Rengefors, K., I. Karlsson and L. A. Hansson, 1998. Algal cyst dormancy: a temporal escape from herbivory. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 265: 1353-1358.
169. Ricci, C., 2001. Dormancy patterns in rotifers. Hydrobiologia 446/447: 1-11.
170. Ringelberg, J., 1991. A mechanism of predator-mediated induction of diel vertical migration in Daphnia hyalina. J. Plankton Res. 13: 83-90.
171. Rivier, I. C., 1996. Ecology of diapausing copepodids of Cyclops kolensis Lill. in reservoirs of the upper Volga. Hydrobiologia 320: 235-241.
172. Ruttner-Kolisko, A., 1946. Über das Auftreten unbefruchteter Dauereirbei Keratella quadrata. Österr. Zool. Zeitsch. 1: 179-191.
173. Sanchez, M. I., A. J. Green and J. C. Dolz, 2000. The diets of the White-headed Duck Oxyra leucocephala, Ruddy Duck O. jamaicaensis and their hybrids from Spain. Bird Study 47: 275-284.
174. Santer, B., E. Blohm-Sievers, C. E. Cáceres and N. G. Jr. Hairston, 2000. Life-history variation in the coexisting freshwater copepods Eudiaptomus gracilis and Eudiaptomus graciloides. Arch. Hydrobiol. 149: 441-458.
175. Sars, G. O. 1918. An account of the crustacea of Norway Vol. 6, Lammermeyers forlag, Christiania.
176. Sarvala, J., 1979. Benthic resting periods of pelagic cyclopoids in an oligotrophic lake. Holarct. Ecol. 2: 88-100.
177. Schwartz, S. S. and P. D. N. Hebert, 1987a. Breeding system of Daphniopsis ephemeralis: adaptations to a transient environment. Hydrobiologia 145: 195-200.
178. Schwartz, S. S. and P. D. N. Hebert, 1987b. Methods for the activation of the resting eggs of Daphnia. Freshwater Biol. 17: 373-379.
179. Shan, R. K. S., 1970. Influence of light on hatching resting eggs of chydorids (Cladocera). Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 55: 295-302.
180. Shan, R. K. S., 1974. Reproduction in laboratory stocks of Pleuroxus (Chydoridae, Cladocera) under the influence of photoperiod and light intensity. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 59: 643-666.
181. Shurin, J. B., 2000. Dispersal limitation, invasion resistance, and the structure of pond zooplankton communities. Ecology 81: 3074-3086.
182. Slusarczyk, M., 1995. Predator-induced diapause in Daphnia. Ecology 76: 1008-1013.
183. Slusarczyk, M., 1999. Predator-induced diapause in Daphnia magna may require two chemical cues. Oecologia 119: 159-165.
184. Slusarczyk, M., 2001. Food threshold for diapause in Daphnia under the threat of fish predation. Ecology 82: 1089-1096.
185. Smyly, W. J. P., 1961. The life-cycle of the freshwater copepod Cyclops leuckarti in Esthwaite water. J. Anim. Ecol. 30: 153-169.
186. Sommer, U., Z. M. Gliwicz, W. Lampert and A. Duncan, 1986. The PEG-model of seasonal succession of planktonic events in fresh waters. Arch. Hydrobiol. 106: 433-471.
187. Ståhl-Delbanco, A. and L.-A. Hansson, 2002. Effects of bioturbation from benthic invertebrates on recruitment of algal resting stages from the sediment. Limnol. Oceanogr. 47: 1836-1843.
188. Stirling, G. and D. J. McQueen, 1986. The influence of changing temperature on the life history of Daphniopsis ephemeralis. J. Plankton Res. 8: 583-595.
189. Stross, R. G., 1966. Light and temperature requirements for diapause development and release in Daphnia. Ecology 47: 368-374.
190. Stross, R. G. and J. C. Hill, 1965. Diapause induction in Daphnia requires two stimuli. Science 150: 1462-1464.
191. Stross, R. G. and J. C. Hill, 1969a. Photoperiod control in Daphnia II. Induction of winter diapause in the arctic. Biol. Bull. 136: 264-273.
192. Stross, R. G. and J. C. Hill, 1969b. Photoperiod control in Daphnia III. Two stimulus control of long-day, short-day induction. Biol. Bull. 137: 359-374.
193. Szlauer, L., 1963. The resting stages of Cyclopidae in Stary Dwór Lake. Pol. Arch. Limnol. 11: 385-394.
194. Tauber, M. J., C. A. Tauber and S. Masaki, 1986. Seasonal Adaptations of Insects, Oxford University Press, New York.
195. Tollrian, R. and S. I. Dodson, 1999. Inducible defences in cladocera: constraints, costs and multipredator environments. In: Tollrian, R. and Harvell, C. (eds), The ecology and evolution of inducible defences, Princeton University Press, UK, pp. 177-202.
196. Tsitsilas, A. and M. J. Barry, 2002. Optimising hatching conditions for Australian Daphnia ephippia. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 28: 1460-1463.
197. Urabe, J. and R. W. Sterner, 1996. Regulation of herbivore growth by the balance of light and nutrients. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 8465-8469.
198. Vanni, M. J., 1986. Fish predation and zooplankton demography: indirect effects. Ecology 67: 337-354.
199. Walton, W. E., 1985. Factors regulating the reproductive phenology of Onychodiaptomus birgei (Copepoda: Calanoida). Limnol. Oceanogr. 30: 167-179.
200. Watson, N. H. F. and B. N. Smallman, 1971. The role of photoperiod and temperature in the induction and termination of an arrested development in two species of freshwater cyclopoid copepods. Can. J. Zool. 49: 855-862.
201. Weider, L. J., W. Lampert, M. Wessels, J. K. Colbourne and P. Limburg, 1997. Long-term genetic shifts in a microcrustacean egg bank associated with anthropogenic changes in the Lake Constance ecosystem. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 264: 1613-1618.
202. Wierzbicka, M. and S. Kedzierski, 1964. On the dormancy state of some species of Cyclopoida under experimental and natural conditions. Pol. Arch. Limnol. 12: 47-80.
203. Williams, G. C., 1975. Sex and evolution, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
204. Wolf, H. G. and G. R. Carvalho, 1989. Resting eggs of lake-Daphnia II. In situ observations on the hatching of eggs and their contribution to population and community structure. Freshwater Biol. 22: 471-478.
205. Wyngaard, G. A., B. E. Taylor and D. L. Mahoney, 1991. Emergence and dynamics of cyclopoid copepods in an unpredictable environment. Freshwater Biol. 25: 219-232.
206. Yurista, P. M., 1997. Bythotrepes cederstroemi diapausing egg distribution and abundance in Lake Michigan and the environmental cues for breaking diapause. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 23: 202-209.
207. Zaffagnini, F., 1987. Reproduction in Daphnia. In: Peters, R. H. and De Bernardi, R. (eds), Daphnia, Mem. Ist. Ital. Idrobiol. no 45, pp. 245-284.
208. Zaslavski, V. A., 1996. Essentials of the environmental control of insect seasonality as a reference point for comparative studies in other invertebrates. Hydrobiologia 320: 123-130.