Obstructive sleep apnea - An overview of the disorder and its consequences

Seminars in Orthodontics

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 63-72

  Jureyda, Sam ^a   Shucard, David W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

OXYHEMOGLOBIN; PLACEBO; STEROID;

AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; BREATHING REFLEX; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CRANIOFACIAL MALFORMATION; DENTISTRY; HUMAN; OBESITY; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT;

EID: 4344657581     PISSN: 10738746     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2003.10.007     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Broadbent WH. On Cheyne-Stokes' respiration in cerebral haemorrhage. Lancet 1877;1:307-309.
2. Mozer NJ, Phillips B, Berry DTR, et al. What is hypopnea anyway? Chest 1994;105:426-428.
3. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, et al. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1230-1235.
4. Young T, Peppard P. Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea. In: McNicholas WT, Phillipson EA (eds). Breathing Disorders in Sleep. London, UK: WB Saunders, 2001, pp 31-43.
5. Duran J, Esnaola S, Rubio R, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea and related clinical features in a population-based sample of subjects aged 30 to 70 years. Am Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:685-689.
6. McNicholas WT. Sleep apnoea syndrome today: Much done, more to do. Sleep Med Rev 2003;7:3-7.
7. Partinen M, McNicholas WT. Epidemiology, morbidity and mortality of the sleep apnoea syndrome. In: McNicholas WT (ed). Respiratory Disorders During Sleep. European Respiratory Monographs, Vol 3. Copenhagen, Denmark: Munksgard Press, 1998, pp 63-74.
8. Garcia Rio F, Racinnero MA, Pino JM, et al. Sleep apnoea and hypertension. Chest 2000;117:1417-1425.
9. Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, et al. Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1378-1384.
10. Nieto FJ, Young TB, Lind BK, et al. Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnoea, and hypertension in a large community-based study: Sleep Heart Health Study. JAMA 2000;283:1829-1836.
11. Lavie P, Herer P, Hoffstein V. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome as a risk factor for hypertension: population study. BMJ 2000;320:479-482.
12. Brooks D, Horner RL, Kozar LF, et al. Obstructive sleep apnoea as a cause of systemic hypertension. Evidence from a canine model. J Clin Invest 1997;99:106-109.
13. Shahar E, Whitney CW, Redline S, et al. for the Sleep Heart Health Study Research Group: Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:19-25.
14. Bassetti C, Aldrich MS. Sleep apnea in acute cerebrovascular diseases: Final report on 128 patients. Sleep 1999;22:217-223.
15. Kiely JL, McNicholas WT. Cardiovascular risk factors in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Eur Respir J 2000;16:128-133.
16. Neau JP, Paquereau J, Meurice JC, et al. Stroke and sleep apnoea: Cause or consequence? Sleep Med Rev 2002;6:457-469.
17. Lavie L. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome - An oxidative stress disorder. Sleep Med Rev 2003;7:35-51.
18. Decary A, Rouleau I, Montplaisir J. Cognitive deficits associated with sleep apnoea syndrome: A proposed neuropsychological test battery. Sleep 2000;23:369-381.
19. Lojander J, Kajaste S, Maasilta P, et al. Cognitive function and treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. J Sleep Res 1999;8:71-76.
20. Juniper M, Hack MA, George CF, et al. Steering simulation performance in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea and matched control subjects. Eur Respir J 2000;1(suppl):590-595.
21. Young T, Blustein J, Finn L, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing and motor vehicle accidents in a population-based sample of employed adults. Sleep 1997;20:608-613.
22. Yang EH, Hla KM, McHorney CA, et al. Sleep apnoea and quality of life. Sleep 2000;23:535-541.
23. Hui DS, Chan JK, Choy DK, et al. Effects of augmented continuous positive airway pressure education and support on compliance and outcome in a Chinese population. Chest 2000;117:1410-1416.
24. Hoy CJ, Vennelle M, Kingshott RN, et al. Can intensive support improve continuous positive airway pressure use in patients with the sleep apnoea/hypopnea syndrome? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:1096-1100.
25. D'Ambrosio C, Bowman T, Mohsenin V. Quality of life in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: Effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure - a prospective study. Chest 1999;115:123-129.
26. Meslier N, Lebrun T, Grillier Lanoir V, et al. A French survey of 3,225 patients treated with CPAP for obstructive sleep apnoea: Benefits, tolerance, compliance and quality of life. Eur Respir J 1998;12:185-192.
27. Bolitschek J, Schmeiser Rieder A, Schobersberger R, et al. Impact of nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment on quality of life in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J 1998;II:890-894.
28. Jennum P, Jensen R. Sleep and headache. Sleep Med Rev 2002;6:471-479.
29. Paiva T, Farinha A, Martins A, et al. Chronic headaches and sleep disorders. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:1701-1705.
30. Kapur V, Blough DK, Sandblom RE, et al. The medical cost of undiagnosed sleep apnea. Sleep 1999;22:749-755.
31. Thierry Pieters T, Rodenstein DO. Therapeutic options in obstructive sleep apnoea: Have we made enough progress? Sleep Med Rev 2001;5:3-6.
32. Deegan PC, McNicholas WT. Pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J 1995;8:1161-1178 (review).
33. Mezzanotte WS, Tangel DJ, White OP. Waking genioglossal electromyogram in sleep apnea patients versus normal controls (a neuromuscular compensatory mechanism). Clin Invest 1992;89:1571-1579.
34. Mezzanotte WS, Tangel OJ, White OP. Influence of sleep onset on upper-airway muscle activity in apnea patients versus normal controls. Am Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:1880-1887.
35. Hers V, Liistro G, Oury M, et al. Residual effect of nCPAP applied for part of the night in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J 1997;10:973-976.
36. Deegan PC, Nolan P, Carey M, et al. Effects of positive airway pressure on upper airway dilator muscle activity and ventilatory timing. Appl Physiol 1996;81:476-479.
37. Schwartz AR, Eisele OW, Hari A, et al. Electrical stimulation of the lingual musculature in obstructive sleep apnea. Appl Physiol 1996;81:643-652.
38. Sher AE, Schechtman KB, Piccirillo JF. The efficacy of surgical modifications of upper airway in adults with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 1996;19:156-177.
39. Ferguson K, Ono T, Lowe A, et al. A short term controlled trial of an adjustable oral appliance versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure in the treatment of mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea. Thorax 1997;52:362-368.
40. Sher AE. Upper airway surgery for obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med Rev 2002;6:195-212.
41. Kryger M. What data do we need to diagnose and treat obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Sleep Med Rev 2002;6:3-6.
42. Holland JV, Dement WG, Raynall DM. "Polysomnography": A response to a need for improved communication. Presented at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Jackson Hole, Wyoming, June 1974.
43. Broughton RJ. Polysomnography: Principles and applications in sleep and arousal disorders. In: Niedemeyer E, Lopes da silva F (eds). Electroencephalography: Basic Principles. Clinical Applications and Related Fields (ed 2). Baltimore, MD: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1987, 687-724.
44. Keenan S. Polysomnography: Technical aspects in adolescents and adults. J Clin Neurophysiol 1992;9:21-31.
45. Meoli AL, Casey KR, Clark RW, et al. Hypopnea in sleep-disordered breathing in adults. Sleep 2001;24:469-470.
46. Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: Recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research. Sleep 1999;22:667-689.
47. Deegan PC, McNicholas WT. Predictive value of clinical features for the obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Eur Respir J 1996;9:117-124.
48. Flemons WW, McNicholas WT. Clinical prediction of the sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Med Rev 1997;1:19-32.
49. Loube DI, Gay PC, Strohl KP, et al. Indications for positive airway pressure treatment of adult obstructive sleep apnoea patients: A consensus statement. Chest 1999;115:863-866.
50. McNicholas WT. Follow-up and outcomes of nasal CPAP therapy in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2001;56:535-539.
51. Douglas NJ. Home diagnosis of the obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Sleep Med Rev 2003;7:53-59.
52. Sullivan CE, Issa FG, Berthon-Jones M, et al. Reversal of obstructive sleep apnoea by continuous positive airway pressure applied through the nares. Lancet 1981;1:862-865.
53. Sanders MH, Moore SE, Eveslage J. CPAP via nasal mask: A treatment for occlusive sleep apnea. Chest 1983;83:144-145.
54. Abbey NC, Cooper KR, Kwentus JA. Benefit of nasal CPAP in obstructive sleep apnea is due to positive pharyngeal pressure. Sleep 1989;12:420-422.
55. Mortimore IL, Douglas NJ. Palatal muscle EMG response to negative pressure in awake sleep apneic and control subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:867-873.
56. Lin CC. Effect of nasal CPAP on ventilatory drive in normocapnic and hypercapnic patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Eur Respir J 1994;7:2005-2010.
57. Ryan CF, Lowe AA, Li D, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the upper airway in obstructive sleep apnea before and after chronic nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:939-944.
58. Pepin JL, Leger P, Veale D, et al. Side effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure in sleep apnea syndrome: study of 193 patients in two French sleep centers. Chest 1995;107:375-381.
59. Ballester E, Badia JR, Hernandez L, et al. Evidence of the effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure in the treatment of sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:495-501.
60. Redline S, Adams N, Strauss ME, et al. Improvement of mild sleep-disordered breathing with CPAP compared with conservative therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:858-865.
61. Engleman HM, Martin SE, Kingshott RN, et al. Randomised placebo controlled trial of daytime function after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Thorax 1998;53:341-345.
62. Engleman HM, Kingshott RN, Wraith PK, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial of continuous positive airway pressure for mild sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:461-467.
63. Jenkinson C, Davies RJO, Mullins R, et al. Comparison of therapeutic and subtherapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea: A randomised prospective parallel trial. Lancet 1999;353:2100-2105.
64. Beninati W, Harris CD, Herold D, Shepard Jr JW. The effect of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea Ion the sleep quality of bed partners: The spousal arousal syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 1999;74:955-958.
65. Krieger J, Meslier N, Lebrun T, et al. Accidents in obstructive sleep apnea patients treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure: A prospective study. Chest 1997;112:1561-1566.
66. Hack M, Davies RJ, Mullins R, et al. Randomised prospective parallel trial of therapeutic versus subtherapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure on simulated steering performance in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Thorax 2000;55:224-231.
67. Beninati W, Sanders MH. Optimal continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea. Sleep Med Rev 2001;5:7-23.
68. Hedner J, Darpo B, Ejnell H, et al. Reduction in sympathetic activity after long-term CPAP treatment in sleep apnoea: Cardiovascular implications. Eur Respir J 1995;8:222-229.
69. Wilcox I, Grunstein RR, Hedner JA, et al. Effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure during sleep on 24-hour blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 1993;16:539-544.
70. Waradekar NV, Sinoway LI, Zwillich CW, et al. Influence of treatment on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:1333-1338.
71. Pepperell JC, Ramdassingh-Dow S, Crosthwaite N, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure after therapeutic and subtherapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea: A randomised parallel trial. Lancet 2002;359:204-210.
72. Faccenda JF, Mackay TW, Boon NA, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in the sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:344-348.
73. Peker Y, Hedner J, Norum J, et al. Increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged men with obstructive sleep apnea: A 7-year follow-up. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:159-165.
74. Doherty LS, Swan V, McNicholas WT. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of patients with obstructive sleep apnoea not treated with nasal CPAP. Eur Resp J 2002;20(suppl):294.
75. Kribbs NB, Pack AI, Kline LR, et al. Objective measurement of patterns of nasal CPAP use by patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:887-895.
76. McNicholas WT. Compliance with nasal CPAP in obstructive sleep apnoea: How much is enough. Eur Resp J 1997;10:969-970 (editorial).
77. Engleman HM, Wild MR. Improving CPAP use by patients with the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome (SAHs). Sleep Med Rev 2003;7:81-99.
78. Bonora M, Shields GI, Knuth SL, et al. Selective depression by ethanol of upper airway respiratory motor activity in cats. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;130:156-161.
79. Meurice JC, Marc I, Series F. Efficacy of auto-CPAP in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:794-798.
80. Gislason T, Benediktsdottir B. Snoring, apneic episodes and nocturnal hypoxemia among children 6 months to 6 years old: An epidemiologic study of lower limit of prevalence. Chest 1995;107:963-966.
81. Ali NJ, Pitson D, Stradling JR. Snoring, sleep disturbance, and behaviour in 4-5 year olds. Arch Dis Child 1993;68:360-366.
82. Corbo GM, Fuciarelli F, Foresi A, et al. Snoring in children: Association with respiratory symptoms and passive smoking (published erratum appears in BMJ 1990;300:226). BMJ 1989;299:1491-1494.
83. Owen GO, Canter RJ, Robinson A. Snoring, apnoea and ENT symptoms in the paediatric community. Clin Otolaryngol 1996;21:130-134.
84. Hulcrantz E, Lofstrand TB, Ahlquist RJ. The epidemiology of sleep related breathing disorders in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol Suppl 1995;6:S63-S66.
85. Ferreira AM, Clemente V, Gozal D, et al. Snoring in Portuguese primary school children. Pediatrics 2000;106(5):E64.
86. American Thoracic Society. Standards and indications for cardiopulmonary sleep studies in children. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1996;153:866-878.
87. Lipton AJ, Gozal D. Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children: Do we really know how? Sleep Med Rev 2003;7:61-80.
88. Goh DY, Galster P, Marcus CL. Sleep architecture and respiratory disturbances in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:682-686.
89. Carroll JL, McColley SA, Marcus CL, et al. Inability of clinical history to distinguish primary snoring from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children. Chest 1995;108:610-618.
90. Gozal D, Wang M, Pope DW. Objective sleepiness measures in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatrics 2001;108:693-697.
91. Hill W. On some causes of backwardness and stupidity in children: And the relief of the symptoms in some instances by nasopharyngeal scarifications. BMJ 1889;2:711-712.
92. Weissbluth M, Davis A, Poncher J, et al. Signs of airway obstruction during sleep and behavioral. Developmental and academic problems Dev Behav Pediatr 1983;4:119-121.
93. Leach J, Olson J, Hermann J, et al. Polysomnographic and clinical findings in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992;118:741-744.
94. Singer LP, Saenger P. Complications of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1990;23:665-676.
95. Guilleminault C, Korobkin R, Winkle R. A review of 50 children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Lung 1981;159:275-287.
96. Ali NJ, Pitson D, Stradling JR. Natural history of snoring and related behaviour problems between the ages of 4 and 7 years. Arch Dis Child 1994;71:74-76.
97. Chervin R, Dillon J, Bassetti C, et al. Symptoms of sleep disorders. Inattention and hyperactivity in children. Sleep 1997;20:1185-1192.
98. Owens J, Opipari L, Nobile C, et al. Sleep and daytime behavior in children with obstructive sleep apnea and behavioral sleep disorders. Pediatrics 1998;102:1178-1184.
99. Ali NJ, Pitson D, Stradling JR. Sleep disordered breathing: effccts of adenotonsillectomy on behaviour and psychological functioning. Eur J Pediatr 1996;155:56-62.
100. Gozal D. Sleep-disordered breathing and school performance in children. Pediatrics 1998;102:616-620.
101. Marcus CL, Greene MG, Carroll JL. Blood pressure in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1098-1103.
102. Amin RS, Daniels S, Kimball T, et al. Echocardiographic changes in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 2000;23:A99.
103. Marcus CL, Carroll JL, Koerner CB, et al. Determinants of growth in children with the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Pediatr 1994;125:556-562.
104. Bar A, Tarasiuk A, Segev Y, et al. The effect of adenotonsillectomy on serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and growth in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Pediatr 1999;135:76-80.
105. Soultan Z, Wadowski S, Rao M, et al. Effect of treating obstructive sleep apnea by tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy on obesity in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999;153:33-37.
106. Rosen CL, Morton S, Larkin E, et al. Persistence of sleep disordered breathing in children post-tonsillectomy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:A184.
107. Cohen SR, Ross DA, Burstein FD, et al. Skeletal expansion combined with soft-tissue reduction in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children: Physiologic results. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;119:476-485.
108. Cohen SR, Simms C, Burstein FD, et al. Alternatives to tracheostomy in infants and children with obstructive sleep apnea. J Pediatr Surg 1999;34:182-186.
109. Januszkiewicz JS, Cohen SR, Burstein FD, et al. Age related outcomes of sleep apnea surgery in infants and children. Ann Plast Surg 1997;38:465-477.
110. Cohen SR, Lefaivre JF, Burstein FD. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997:99:638-646.
111. Hoeve HLJ, Joosten KFM, van den Berg S. Management of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children with craniofacial malformation. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1999;49(suppl 1):S59-S61.
112. Bull MJ, Givan DC, Sadove AM, et al. Improved outcome in Pierre-Robin sequence: Effect of multidisciplinary evaluation and management. Pediatrics 1990;86:294-301.
113. Strome M. Obstructive sleep apnea in Down syndrome children. A surgical approach. Laryngoscope 1986;1340-1342.
114. Bower CM, Richmond D. Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in patients with Down syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1995;33:141-148.
115. Donaldson JD, Redmond WM. Surgical management of obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome. J Otolaryngol 1988;17:398-403.
116. Kosko JR, Derkay CS. Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty: treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in neurologically impaired pediatric patients. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1995;32:241-246.
117. Magardino TM, Tom LWC. Surgical management of obstructive sleep apnea in children with cerebral palsy. Laryngoscope 1999;109:1611-1615.
118. Seid AB, Martin PJ, Pransky SM, et al. Surgical therapy of obstructive sleep apnea in children with severe mental insufficiency. Laryngoscope 1990;100:507-510.
119. Kirk VG, Morielli A, Gozal D, et al. Treatment of sleep-disordered breathing in children with myelomeningocele. Pediatr Pulmonol 2000;30:445-452.
120. James D, Ma L. Mandibular reconstruction in children with obstructive sleep apnea due to micrognathia. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997;100:1131-1137.
121. Bell RB, Turvey TA. Skeletal advancement for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2001;38:147-154.
122. Uemara T, Hayashi T, Satoh K, et al. A case of improved obstructive sleep apnea by distraction osteogenesis midface hypoplasia of an infantile Crouzon's syndrome. Craniofacial Surg Au: Pls verify or fix year 2001;12:73-77.