Fosterage, kinship, and legend: When milk was thicker than blood?

Comparative Studies in Society and History

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 587-615

  Parkes, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

KINSHIP;

EID: 4344623194     PISSN: 00104175     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0010417504000271     Document Type: Article

References (181)

1. Aarne, A. and S. Thompson. 1964. The Types of the Folk-Tale. 2d rev. ed. Helsinki: Academia Scientarum Fennica (Folklore Fellows Communications 184).
2. Alber, E. 2003. Denying Biology: Parenthood and Fosterage in Northern Benin. Ethnos 68, 4:487-506.
3. Anderson, K. 2004. Urth Noe e Tat: The Question of Fosterage in High Medieval Wales. North American Journal of Welsh Studies 4,1:1-11.
4. Baddeley, J. F. 1940. The Rugged Flanks of the Caucasus. 2 vols. London: Oxford University Press.
5. Baudiš, J. 1914. CúRói and Cúchulinn. Ériu 7:200-9.
6. Bedrosian, R. 1984. Dayeakut'iwn in Ancient Armenia. Armenian Review 37:23-47. Internet version at http://rbedrosian.com/day1.htm.
7. Benet, S. 1974. Abkhasians: The Long-Living People of the Caucasus. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
8. Benkheira, M. Hocine. 2001. Donner le sein c'est comme donner le jour: la doctrine de l'allaitement dans le sunnisme médiéval. Studia Islamica 92:5-52.
9. Benovska-Sabkova, M. 2001. Die Verwandtschaftsbande: Realität und Symbol. Bruderschaft und Milchverwandtschaft in Norwest Bulgaria. In U. Brunnbauer and K. Kaser, eds., Vom Nutzen der Verwandten: Soziale Netzwerke in Bulgarien. Vienna: Böhlau, 200-18.
10. Binchy, D. A. 1952. The Saga of Fergus mac Léti. Ériu 16:33-48.
11. Binchy, D. A. 1956. Some Celtic Legal Terms. Celtica III:221-31.
12. Binder, G. 1964. Die Aussetzung des Königskindes: Kyros und Romulus. Meissenheim am Gleim: Anton Hein (Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie 10).
13. Binder, G. 1981. Danae. In, K. Ranke, ed., Enzyklopädie des Märchens, vol. 3 (Berlin), 259-63.
14. Boberg, I. M. 1956. Motif-Index of Early Icelandic Literature. Copenhagen: Biblioteca Arnamagnaeana.
15. Boll, S. M. 2002. Foster-Kin in Conflict: Fosterage as a Character Motivation in Medieval Irish Literature. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic Studies.
16. Boswell, J. 1988. The Kindness of Strangers: The Abandonment of Children in Western Europe from Late Antiquity to the Renaissance. London: Allen Lane.
17. Bremmer, J. N. 1976. Avunculate and Fosterage. Journal of Indo-European Studies 4: 65-78.
18. Bremmer, J. N. 1983. The Importance of the Maternal Uncle and Grandfather in Archaic and Classical Greece and Early Byzantium. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 50:173-86.
19. Bremmer, J. N. 1987a. Oedipus and the Greek Oedipus Complex. In, J. N. Bremmer, ed., Interpretations of Greek Mythology. London: Croom Helm, 41-59.
20. Bremmer, J. N. 1987b. Romulus, Remus and the Foundation of Rome. In, J. N. Bremmer and N. M. Horsfall, eds., Roman Myth and Mythography. University of London, Institute of Classical Studies, Bulletin Supplement 52, 25-48.
21. Bremmer, J. N. 1999. Fosterage, Kinship and the Circulation of Children in Ancient Greece. Dialogos: Hellenic Studies Review 6:1-20.
22. Bremmer, R. H. 1980. The Importance of Kinship: Uncle and Nephew in Beowolf. Amsterdammer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 15:21-38.
23. Brown, R. 1998. The Indo-European Institution of Fosterage in the Old Icelandic Tradition. M.A. thesis, University of North Carolina. .
24. Bühler, T. 1964. Fosterage. Schweizerisches Archiv fur Volkskunde 60:1-17.
25. Camden, W. 1722. Britannia. Transl. E. Gibson. 2 vols. 2d ed. London: Awnsham Churchill.
26. Cameron, A. 1939. and Related Terms in the Inscriptions of Asia Minor. In, W. M. Calder and J. Keil, eds., Anatolian Studies Presented to W. H. Buckler. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 27-62.
27. Carmichael, A. 1954. Carmina Gadelica. Vol. 5. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.
28. Carsten, J. 1991. Children in Between: Fostering and the Process of Kinship on Pulan Langwahi, Malaysia. Man 26:425-43.
29. Carsten, J. 2000. Introduction. Cultures of Relatedness: New Approaches to the Study of Kinship. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1-36.
30. Charles-Edwards, T. M. 1993. Early Irish and Welsh Kinship. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
31. Christiansen, R. T. 1959. Giants and Dragons. Ch. 1 of Studies in Irish and Scandinavian Folktales. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger, 33-80.
32. Ciszewski, S. 1897. Künstliche Verwandtschaft bei den Südslaven. Leipzig: Verlag des Verfassers.
33. Colarusso, J. 2002. Nart Sagas from the Caucasus. Princeton N.J.: Princeton University Press.
34. Comparetti, D. 1867. Edipo e la mitologia comparata. Pisa: Tipografia Nistri.
35. Constans, L. E. 1881. La légende d'Oedipe. Paris: Maisonneuvé.
36. Corbier, M, 1999. Introduction: Adoptés et nourris. In, Adoption et fosterage. Paris: Editions de Boccard, 5-34.
37. Cosquin, E. 1908. Le lait de la mère et le coffre flottant: légendes, contes et mythes comparés. Revue des Questions Historiques 83:353-425.
38. Crawford, S. 1999. Childhood in Anglo-Saxon England. Stroud: Sutton Publishing.
39. Crone, P. 1998. The 'Abbasid Abna' and Sasanid Cavalrymen. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 8, 1:1-19.
40. Cross, T. P. 1952. Motif-Index of Early Irish Literature. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press.
41. Cross, T. P. and C. H. Slover, eds. 1936. Ancient Irish Tales. London: G. G. Harrap.
42. Curle, A. O. 1896. Notice of Four Contracts of Bonds of Fosterage; with Notes on the Former Prevalence of the Custom of Fosterage in the Scottish Highlands. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 30:10-22.
43. Davies, J. 1612. A Discovery of the True Cause Why Ireland was Never Entirely Subdued nor Brought under Obedience of the Crown of England until the Beginning of His Majesty's Happy Reign. London: John Iaggard. Repr. in H. Morley, ed., Ireland under Elizabeth and James the First. London: G. Routledge, 1890, 213-342.
44. Deonna, W. 1954. La légende de Pero et de Micon et l'allaitement symbolique. Latomus 13:140-66, 356-75.
45. Derks, H. 1995. A Note on Homogalaktes in Aristotle's Politika. Dialogues d'Histoire Ancienne 21, 2:27-40.
46. Dixon, S. 1999. The Circulation of Children in Roman Society. In, M. Corbier, ed., Adoption et fosterage. Paris: Editions de Boccard, 217-30.
47. Du Chaillu, P.B. 1889. The Viking Age. 2 vols. London: Murray.
48. Dumézil, G. 1930. Légendes sur les Nartes, suivis de cinq notes mythologiques. Paris: Institut d'Études Slaves.
49. Dumézil, G. 1965. Le livre des héros. Légendes Sur les Nartes, traduites de l'Ossète, avec un introduction et des notes. Paris: Éditions Gallimard.
50. Dumézil, G. 1968. Mythe et épopée I. Paris: Éditions Gallimard.
51. Edmunds, L. 1985. Oedipus: The Ancient Legend and Its Later Analogues. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
52. Edmunds, L. and A. Dundes, eds. 1983. Oedipus. A Folklore Casebook. New York: Garland.
53. Ellis, H. R. 1941. Fostering by Giants in Old Norse Saga Literature. Medium Aevum 10: 70-85.
54. Ellis, T. P. 1926. Welsh Tribal Law and Custom in the Middle Ages. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
55. Emerson, R. F. 1984. Charismatic Kingship: A Study of State-Formation and Authority in Baltistan. Journal of Central Asia 7, 2:95-133.
56. Ensel, R. 2002. Colactation and Fictive Kinship as Rites of Incorporation and Reversal in Morocco. Journal of North African Studies 7, 4:83-96.
57. Falkiner, C. L. 1904. Illustrations of Irish History and Topography. London: Longmans.
58. Filipović, M. 1982 [1962]. Kinship by Milk among South Slavs. In, E. A. Hammel et al., eds., Among the people: Native Yugoslav Ethnography (Selected Writings of Milensko S. Filipović), Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Dept. of Slavic Languages and Literature (Papers in Slavic Philology 3), 127-48.
59. Fine, A. 1994. Parrains, marraines: La parenté spirituelle en Europe. Paris: Fayard.
60. Fitzsimons, F. 2001. Fosterage and Gossiprid in Late Medieval Ireland: Some New Evidence. In, P. Duffy, D. Edwards, and E. Fitzpatrick, eds., Gaelic Ireland c. 1250-1650: Land, Lordship ond Settlement. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 138-49.
61. Földessy, E. 1996. Le lait de l'homme, de la femme et de l'ogresse: idéologie masculine et pratique féminine de la parenté de lait dans le monde musulman arabo-berbère. Neprajzi Ertesito 78:59-74.
62. Fox, R. 1988. The Virgin and the Godfather: Kinship Law versus State Law in Greek Tragedy and After. Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society. 17, 1-2:141-92. Repr. 1993 in Reproduction and Succession: Studies in Anthropology, Law and Society. Piscataway, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.
63. Frazer, J. G. 1921. Apollodorus. The Library. 2 vols. Trans. and notes. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press (Loeb Classical Library 121).
64. Gadzhieva, S. S. 1995. Atalychestvo i pobratimstvo v Dagestane, XVIII-nach. XX vv. [The atalyk fostering institution and ritual brotherhood in Daghestan from the eighteenth to twentieth centuries]. Makhachkala: Dagestanskoe knizhnoe izd-vo.
65. Gautier, E. F. 1927. Siècles obscurs du Maghreb. Paris: Payot.
66. Gerald of Wales [Giraldus Cambrensis]. 1867. Topographia Hibernica [Topography of Ireland]. In, J. D. Dimock, ed., Opera V. London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer.
67. Gerald of Wales [Giraldus Cambrensis]. 1974. Speculum duorum [A mirror of two men]. M. Richter, ed. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
68. Gernet, L. 1932. Fosterage et légende. Mélanges Gustave Glotz I. Paris: Les Presses Universitaires de France, 385-95. Repr. in Droit et société dans la Grèce ancienne. Paris: Recueil Sirey, 1955, 19-28.
69. Ghulam Muhammad. 1907. Festivals and Folklore of Gilgit. Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 1, 7:93-127.
70. Giladi, A. 1999. Infants, Parents and Wet Nurses: Medieval Islamic Views on Breast-feeding and Their Social Implications. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.
71. Gillingham, J. 1992. The Beginnings of English Imperialism. Journal of Historical Sociology 5:392-409.
72. Goody, E. N. 1982. Parenthood and Social Reproduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
73. Goody, J. 1973. Strategies of Heirship. Comparative Studies in Society and History 15: 3-20.
74. Goody, J. 1983. The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
75. Granqvist, H. N. 1947. Birth and Childhood among the Arabs. Helsinki: Söderström.
76. Gray, E. A. 1982. Cath Maige Tuired: The Second Battle of Mag Tuired. Nass, Co. Kildare: Irish Texts Society, 52.
77. Gray, E. A. 1990. Lug and Cú Chulainn: King and Warrior, God and Man. Studia Celtica 24, 5:38-52.
78. Gricourt, J. 1957. A propos de l'allaitement symbolique: Le domaine irlandais. Collection Latomus 28:249-57.
79. Grigolia, A. 1962. Milk Relationship in the Caucasus. Bedi Kartlisa 41-42:148-67.
80. Gudeman, S. 1972. The Compadrazgo as a Reflection of the Natural and Spiritual Person. Proceedings of the Royal Anthropological Institute 1971:45-71.
81. Guerreau-Jalabert, A. 1995. Spiritus et caritas. Le baptême dans la société médiévale. In, F. Héritier-Augé and E. Copet-Rougier, eds., La parenté spirituelle. Paris: Éditions des Archives Contemporaines, 133-203.
82. Guerreau-Jalabert, A. 1999. Nutritus/oblatus: Parenté et circulation d'enfants. In M. Corbier, ed., Adoption et Fosterage. Paris: Editions de Boccard, 263-90.
83. Guemple, L. 1979. Inuit Adoption. Ottawa: Canadian Ethnology Service Papers, 47.
84. Guyonvarc'h, Ch.-J. and F. Le Roux. 1965. La conception du Cúchulainn. Ogam 17:363-410.
85. Guyonvarc'h, Ch.-J. and F. Le Roux. 1966. La mort de Cúchulainn. Version A. Ogam 18:343-99.
86. Gwynn, E. J. 1913. Fosterage. In, J. Hastings, ed., Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, vol. 6. Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 104-9.
87. Hamel, A. G. van. 1933. Compert Con Culainn and other Stories. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (Mediaeval and Modern Irish Series, 3).
88. Hammel, E. A. 1968. Alternative Social Structures and Ritual Relations in the Balkans. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
89. Hardy, J. 1879. Popular History of the Cuckoo. The Folklore Record II:47-91.
90. Héritier-Augé, F. and E. Copet-Rougier, eds. 1995. La parenté spirituelle. Paris: Éditions des Archives Contemporaines.
91. Herman, G. 1987. Ritualised Friendship and the Greek City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
92. Holley, N. M. 1949. The Floating Chest. Journal of Hellenic Studies 66:39-57.
93. Hollo, K. 1998. Cú Chulainn and Síd Truim. Ériu 49:13-22.
94. Huld, M. E. 1961. Cu Chulainn and his IE kin. Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie 38: 238-41.
95. Huys, M. 1995. The Tale of the Hero Who Was Exposed at Birth in Euripidean Tragedy: A Study of Motifs. Leuven: Leuven University Press.
96. Inal-Ipa, S. D. 1956. Sotsialnaya sushnost atalychestvo v Abkhazii v XIX veke [The social reality of the Atalyk fosterage institution in nineteenth-century Abkhazia]. Sukhum: Alashara Publishers (Works of the Abkhazian Institute of Language, Literature and History, vol. XXV). Engl. transl., eds., B. George Hewitt and P. Parkes, Atalyk: Fosterage and Feudatory Milk Kinship in Abkhazia, in preparation.
97. Ireland, C. 1997. The Ambiguous Attitude toward Fosterage in Early Irish Literature. In, D. Disterheft, M. Huld, and J. Greppin, eds., Studies in Honour of Jaan Puhvel: I, Ancient Languages and Philology. Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man, 93-96.
98. Jacoby, F. 1954. Die Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker. Teil 3b (supplement) I, Text, II Notes, etc. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
99. Jaski, B. 1999. Cú Chulainn, gormac and dalta of the Ulstermen. Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 37:1-31.
100. Jettmar, K. 1975. Die Religionen des Hindukusch. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer.
101. Kabakova, G. 1995. Le sein et le lait maternel dans l'imaginaire des Slaves. La Revue Russe 8:83-89.
102. Kaser, K. 1995. Familie und Verwandtschaft auf dem Balkan. Vienna: Böhlau.
103. Kelly, F. 1988. A Guide to Early Irish Law. Dublin: Dublin Institute of Advanced Studies.
104. Kenna, M. E. 2001. Greek Island Life. Fieldwork on Anafi. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
105. Khatib-Chahidi, J. 1992. Milk Kinship in Shi'ite Islamic Iran. In, V. Maher, ed., The Anthropology of Breast-feeding. Oxford: Berg, 109-32.
106. Kohler, J. 1905. Milchverwandtschaft bei den Etruskern. Zeitschrift für vergleichenden Rechtswissenschaften 18:73-75.
107. Koljevic, S. 1980. The Epic in the Making. Oxford: Clarendon University Press.
108. Kovalevsky, M. M. 1893. Coutume contemporaine et loi ancienne. Droit coutumier ossétien éclairé par l'histoire comparée. Repr. Paris. Amsterdam: Éditions Rodopi, 1970.
109. Krappe, A. H. 1927. Balor with the Evil Eye. New York: Institut des études françaises, Columbia University.
110. Lane, E. W. 1893. An Arab-English Lexicon. London: Williams and Norgate.
111. Laws of Early Iceland. 1980. Grágas I: The Codex Regius of Gragas with Material from other Manuscripts. A. Dennis et al., trans. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
112. Leclant, J. 1951. Le role du lait et de l'allaitement d'après les textes des pyramides. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 10: 123-27.
113. Le Jan, R. 1993. Apprentissages militaires, rites de passage et remises d'armes au haut Moyen Age. In Éducation, apprentissages, initiation au Moyen Age. Actes du ler Colloque International de Montpellier (Cahiers du CRISIMA 1), 211-32.
114. Levick, S. et al., eds. 1988. Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua IX: Monuments from Aezantis. London: Journal of Roman Studies, Monograph 4.
115. Lewis, B. 1980. The Sargon Legend. Cambridge Mass.: American School of Oriental Research.
116. Luria, S. 1927. Ton sou huion phrixon (Die Oidipussage und Verwandtes). Raccolta di Scritti in Onore di Felice Ramorino (Publicazioni della Università Cattolica del sacro Cuore, 4th series, Scienza Filologiche) 7:289-314.
117. Magnusson, M. and H. Pálsson, transl. 1975. Laxdaela Saga. London: The Folio Society.
118. Maier, B. 1999. Sugere mammellas: A Pagan Irish Custom and its Affinities. In, R. Black et al., eds., Celtic Connections: Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Celtic Studies Vol. 1. East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 152-61.
119. Mannhardt, W.. 1858. Der Kukuk. Zeitschrift für deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde 3:209-98.
120. Marshall, M. 1977. The Nature of Nurture. American Ethnologist 4, 4:643-62.
121. Monaco, G. 1933. Uno specchio del Museo Arch. di Firenze colla rappresentazione di Herakles allattato da Hera. Atti Pont. Accad. Romana di Arch. VIII, 1931-1932: 163-85.
122. Morley, H., ed. 1890. Ireland under Elizabeth and James the First. London: G. Routledge.
123. Nagy, J. F. 1984. Heroic Destinies in the Macnímrada of Finn and Cú Chulainn. Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie 40:23-39.
124. Nagy, J. F. 1985. The Wisdom of the Outlaw: The Boyhood Deeds of Finn in Gaelic Narrative Tradition. Berkeley: University of California Press.
125. Nagy, J. F. 1999. Conversing with Angels and Ancients: Literary Myths of Medieval Ireland. Dublin: Four Courts Press.
126. Nani, T. G. 1944. Epigraphica (Milan) 5-6:45-84.
127. Ní Chonaill, B. 1996. The Child that Binds: Fosterage-A Lifelong Process. M.Phil. thesis, University of Dublin, Trinity College.
128. Nilsson, M. P. 1922. Der Oidipusmythos. Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen 184:36-46.
129. Nolte, T. 1995. Das Avunkulat in der deutschen Literatur des Mittelalters. Poetica 27: 225-53.
130. O'Brien, M. A. 1938. On the Expression "Sugere Mammellas" in the Confessio Patricii. Miscellanea Hibernica 13. Études celtiques 3:372-73.
131. Ó Cathasaigh, T. 1986. The Sister's Son in Early Irish Literature. Peritia 5:128-60.
132. Ó Corráin, D. 1977. The Education of Diarmait Mac Murchada. Ériu 28:71-81.
133. O'Curry, E. 1873. Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish. 2 vols. London: Williams and Norgate.
134. Ó hInnse, S. [J. Henchy]. 1943. Fosterage in Early and Mediaeval Ireland. Ph.D. thesis, Dublin: National University of Ireland (University College Dublin).
135. Ó hUiginn, R. 1996. Cú Chulainn and Connla. In, H. Tristram, ed., (Re)Oralisierung. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, 223-46.
136. Oosten, J. G. 1985. The War of the Gods: The Social Code in Indo-European Mythology. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
137. O'Rahilly, C., ed. 1976. Táin Bó Cúailnge: Recension I. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
138. Ottino, P. 1984. L'abandon aux eaux et l'introduction de l'Islam en Indonésie et à Madagascar. In Études sur l'Océan Indien. Paris: Collection des travaux de l'Université de la Réunion, 193-222.
139. Parkes, P. 2000. Kinship as Anger: Relations of Resentment in Kalasha Divination. In, M. Böck and A. Rao, eds., Culture, Creation and Procreation: Concepts of Kinship in South Asian Practice. Oxford: Berghahn, 271-96.
140. Parkes, P. 2001. Alternative Social Structures and Foster Relations in the Hindu Kush: Milk Kinship Allegiance in Former Mountain Kingdoms of Northern Pakistan. Compartitive Studies in Society and History 43, 1:4-36.
141. Parkes, P. 2003. Fostering Fealty: A Comparative Analysis of Tributary Allegiances of Adoptive Kinship. Comparative Studies in Society and History 45, 4:741-82.
142. Parkes, P. N.d.a. "Theories of Milk Kinship: Substance, Structure, Symbol." Ms. under journal review.
143. Parkes, P. N.d.b. "Milk Kinship in Southeast Europe." Ms. under journal review.
144. Parks, A. and L. W. Caldwell 2002. The Burning of Njal as a Failure of Fosterage. Edda (Norsk Tidssrkift for Litteraturforskning) 2002, no. 2.
145. Patterson, N. W. 1994. Cattle Lords and Clansmen. The Social Structure of Early Ireland. 2d ed. New York: Garland.
146. Pawlisch, H. 1985. Sir John Davies and the Conquest of Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
147. Propp, V. 1944 [1983]. Oedipus in the Light of Folklore. P. Coote, trans. In, L. Edmunds and A. Dundes, eds., Oedipus. A Folklore Casebook. New York: Garland, 76-121.
148. Redford, D. B. 1967. The Literary Motif of the Exposed Child. Numen 14:209-28.
149. Renard, M. 1964. Hercule allaité par Junon. In, M. Renard and R. Schilling, eds., Hommages à Jean Bayet. Brussels: Collection Latomus 70, 611-18.
150. Reynolds, S. 1984. Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe, 900-1300. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
151. Robert, C. 1915. Oidipus: Geschichte eines poetischen Stoffs im grieschischen Altertum. 2 vols. Berlin: Weidmann.
152. Roehrig, C. H. 1990. The Eighteenth Dynasty Titles Royal Nurse, Royal Tutor, and Foster Brother/Sister of the Lord of the Two Lands. Ph.D thesis: University of California at Berkeley.
153. Róheim, G. 1925. Cú-chulainn and the Origin of Totemism. Man 25:85-88.
154. Roux, J-P. 1967. Le lait et le sein dans les traditions Turques. L'Homme 7, 2:48-63.
155. Sant Cassia, P. and C. Bada. 1997. For One's Soul: Adoption, Fostering and the Growth of Koumbaria. In, The Making of the Modern Greek Family. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 145-63.
156. Schomberg, R.C.F. 1938. Kafirs and Glaciers: Travels in Chitral. London: Hopkinson.
157. Schultze, A. 1936. Zur Rechtsgeschichte der germanischen Brüdergemeinschaft. Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stifftung für Rechtsgeschichte, germanistische Abteilung 56:330-40.
158. Scott, J. C. 1976. The Moral Economy of the Peasant. New Haven: Yale University Press.
159. Scott, J. C. 1990. Domination and the Arts of Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.
160. Sergent, B. 1999. Celtes et Grecs I: le livre des héros. Paris: Payot.
161. Skene, W. F. 1890. Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban. Vol. III: Land and People. 2d ed. Edinburgh: David Douglas.
162. Smith, L. B. 1992. Fosterage, Adoption and God-Parenthood: Ritual and Fictive Kinship in Medieval Wales. Welsh History Review 16, 1:1-35.
163. Smith, W. Robertson. 1885. Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia. London: Charles & Black.
164. Staley, J. 1982. Words for My Brother: Travels between the Hindu Kush and the Himalayas. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
165. Strauch, D. 1980. Milchbrüder. In, Lexicon des Mittelalters. Vol. V. Munich: Artemis Verlag.
166. Temkin, O., ed. 1956. Soranus' Gynecology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
167. Thompson, S. 1956. Motif-Index of Folk-Literature. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
168. Thurneysen, R. 1912. Zu irischen Handschriften und Litteraturdenkmälern, I. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Phil.-Hist. Klasse, N.F. 14, 2.
169. Thurneysen, R. 1930. Mittelir. glún-dalta "Knie-ziehsohn." Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 47:169-72.
170. Trautmann, T. R. 1981. Dravidian Kinship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
171. Tuite, K. 1998. Achilles and the Caucasus. Journal of Indo-European Studies 26:289-343.
172. Twine, F. W. 1998. Racism in a Racial Democracy. Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
173. Uysal, A. E. and W. S. Walker. 2003. The Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative. Lubbock: Texas Tech University. Facsimile Mss. http://aton.ttu.edu.
174. van Hamel, A. G. 1933. Compert Con Culainn and Other Stories. Dublin: Mediaeval and Modern Irish Series 3.
175. Verpaalen, K. 1997. De kleur, de kleur is wit. Melkverwantschap in Kyrgyzstan. MA dissertation, University of Nijmegen, Netherlands.
176. Vries, J. de. 1957. Le conte irlandais Aided Oenfir Aífe et le théme du combat du père et du fils dans quelques traditions indo-européennes. Ogam 9:122-38.
177. Ware, J. 1809 [1633]. Ancient Irish Histories. 2 vols. Dublin: Hibernia Press.
178. Weismantel, M. 1995. Making Kin: Kinship Theory and Zumbagua Adoption. American Ethnologist 22:685-709.
179. Wilamowitz-Möllendorf, U. von. 1889. Euripides Herakles I. Berlin: Weidmann. Repr. Darmstadt: Wissenschafliche Buchgesellschaft, 1969.
180. Wong, D. 1993. Combat between Fosterbrothers in Táin Bó Cúailnge. Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquim 13:119-44.
181. Wormald, J. 1985. Lords and Men in Scotland: Bonds of Manrent, 1442-1603. Edinburgh: John Donald.