Public pedagogy: Sex education and mass communication in the mid-twentieth century

Journal of the History of Sexuality

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2004, Pages

  Bashford, Alison ^a   Strange, Carolyn ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 4344621084     PISSN: 10434070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/sex.2004.0037     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Asa Briggs and Peter Burke, A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet (Cambridge, 2002). Briggs and Burke attempt to bring "history into media studies and the media into history" (ix).
2. See, for example, Alexandra M. Lord, "Models of Masculinity: Sex Education, the United States Public Health Service, and the YMCA 1919-1924," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 58 (2003): 123-52; Leigh Ann Wheeler, "Rescuing Sex from Prudery and Prurience: American Women's Use of Sex Education as an Antidote to Obscenity, 1925-1932," Journal of Women's History 12 (2000): 173-95; Michael Imber, "The First World War, Sex Education, and the American Social Hygiene Association's Campaign against Venereal Disease," Journal of Educational Administration and History 16 (1984): 47-56; Ann Curthoys, "Eugenics, Feminism, and Birth Control: The Case of Marion Piddington," Hecate 15 (1989): 73-89; Rosemary Auchmuty, "The Truth about Sex," in Peter Spearitt and David Walker, eds., Australian Popular Culture (Sydney, 1979).
3. See, for example, Alexandra M. Lord, "Models of Masculinity: Sex Education, the United States Public Health Service, and the YMCA 1919-1924," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 58 (2003): 123-52; Leigh Ann Wheeler, "Rescuing Sex from Prudery and Prurience: American Women's Use of Sex Education as an Antidote to Obscenity, 1925-1932," Journal of Women's History 12 (2000): 173-95; Michael Imber, "The First World War, Sex Education, and the American Social Hygiene Association's Campaign against Venereal Disease," Journal of Educational Administration and History 16 (1984): 47-56; Ann Curthoys, "Eugenics, Feminism, and Birth Control: The Case of Marion Piddington," Hecate 15 (1989): 73-89; Rosemary Auchmuty, "The Truth about Sex," in Peter Spearitt and David Walker, eds., Australian Popular Culture (Sydney, 1979).
4. See, for example, Alexandra M. Lord, "Models of Masculinity: Sex Education, the United States Public Health Service, and the YMCA 1919-1924," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 58 (2003): 123-52; Leigh Ann Wheeler, "Rescuing Sex from Prudery and Prurience: American Women's Use of Sex Education as an Antidote to Obscenity, 1925-1932," Journal of Women's History 12 (2000): 173-95; Michael Imber, "The First World War, Sex Education, and the American Social Hygiene Association's Campaign against Venereal Disease," Journal of Educational Administration and History 16 (1984): 47-56; Ann Curthoys, "Eugenics, Feminism, and Birth Control: The Case of Marion Piddington," Hecate 15 (1989): 73-89; Rosemary Auchmuty, "The Truth about Sex," in Peter Spearitt and David Walker, eds., Australian Popular Culture (Sydney, 1979).
5. See, for example, Alexandra M. Lord, "Models of Masculinity: Sex Education, the United States Public Health Service, and the YMCA 1919-1924," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 58 (2003): 123-52; Leigh Ann Wheeler, "Rescuing Sex from Prudery and Prurience: American Women's Use of Sex Education as an Antidote to Obscenity, 1925-1932," Journal of Women's History 12 (2000): 173-95; Michael Imber, "The First World War, Sex Education, and the American Social Hygiene Association's Campaign against Venereal Disease," Journal of Educational Administration and History 16 (1984): 47-56; Ann Curthoys, "Eugenics, Feminism, and Birth Control: The Case of Marion Piddington," Hecate 15 (1989): 73-89; Rosemary Auchmuty, "The Truth about Sex," in Peter Spearitt and David Walker, eds., Australian Popular Culture (Sydney, 1979).
6. See, for example, Alexandra M. Lord, "Models of Masculinity: Sex Education, the United States Public Health Service, and the YMCA 1919-1924," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 58 (2003): 123-52; Leigh Ann Wheeler, "Rescuing Sex from Prudery and Prurience: American Women's Use of Sex Education as an Antidote to Obscenity, 1925-1932," Journal of Women's History 12 (2000): 173-95; Michael Imber, "The First World War, Sex Education, and the American Social Hygiene Association's Campaign against Venereal Disease," Journal of Educational Administration and History 16 (1984): 47-56; Ann Curthoys, "Eugenics, Feminism, and Birth Control: The Case of Marion Piddington," Hecate 15 (1989): 73-89; Rosemary Auchmuty, "The Truth about Sex," in Peter Spearitt and David Walker, eds., Australian Popular Culture (Sydney, 1979).
7. Angus McLaren, Twentieth-Century Sexuality: A History (Oxford, 1999), 48-51; Lesley A. Hall, Hidden Anxieties: Male Sexuality 1900-1950 (Cambridge, 1991), 63-88; Roy Porter and Lesley A. Hall, The Facts of Life: The Creation of Sexual Knowledge in Britain, 1650-1950 (New Haven, Conn., 1995), 277-84; Jessamyn Neuhaus, "The Importance of Being Orgasmic: Sexuality, Gender, and Marital Sex Manuals in the United States, 1920-1963," Journal of the History of Sexuality 9 (2000): 447-73; Peter Laipson, "'Kiss without shame, for she desires it': Sexual Foreplay in American Marital Advice Literature, 1900-1925," Journal of Social History 29 (1996): 507-25.
8. Angus McLaren, Twentieth-Century Sexuality: A History (Oxford, 1999), 48-51; Lesley A. Hall, Hidden Anxieties: Male Sexuality 1900-1950 (Cambridge, 1991), 63-88; Roy Porter and Lesley A. Hall, The Facts of Life: The Creation of Sexual Knowledge in Britain, 1650-1950 (New Haven, Conn., 1995), 277-84; Jessamyn Neuhaus, "The Importance of Being Orgasmic: Sexuality, Gender, and Marital Sex Manuals in the United States, 1920-1963," Journal of the History of Sexuality 9 (2000): 447-73; Peter Laipson, "'Kiss without shame, for she desires it': Sexual Foreplay in American Marital Advice Literature, 1900-1925," Journal of Social History 29 (1996): 507-25.
9. Angus McLaren, Twentieth-Century Sexuality: A History (Oxford, 1999), 48-51; Lesley A. Hall, Hidden Anxieties: Male Sexuality 1900-1950 (Cambridge, 1991), 63-88; Roy Porter and Lesley A. Hall, The Facts of Life: The Creation of Sexual Knowledge in Britain, 1650-1950 (New Haven, Conn., 1995), 277-84; Jessamyn Neuhaus, "The Importance of Being Orgasmic: Sexuality, Gender, and Marital Sex Manuals in the United States, 1920-1963," Journal of the History of Sexuality 9 (2000): 447-73; Peter Laipson, "'Kiss without shame, for she desires it': Sexual Foreplay in American Marital Advice Literature, 1900-1925," Journal of Social History 29 (1996): 507-25.
10. Angus McLaren, Twentieth-Century Sexuality: A History (Oxford, 1999), 48-51; Lesley A. Hall, Hidden Anxieties: Male Sexuality 1900-1950 (Cambridge, 1991), 63-88; Roy Porter and Lesley A. Hall, The Facts of Life: The Creation of Sexual Knowledge in Britain, 1650-1950 (New Haven, Conn., 1995), 277-84; Jessamyn Neuhaus, "The Importance of Being Orgasmic: Sexuality, Gender, and Marital Sex Manuals in the United States, 1920-1963," Journal of the History of Sexuality 9 (2000): 447-73; Peter Laipson, "'Kiss without shame, for she desires it': Sexual Foreplay in American Marital Advice Literature, 1900-1925," Journal of Social History 29 (1996): 507-25.
11. Angus McLaren, Twentieth-Century Sexuality: A History (Oxford, 1999), 48-51; Lesley A. Hall, Hidden Anxieties: Male Sexuality 1900-1950 (Cambridge, 1991), 63-88; Roy Porter and Lesley A. Hall, The Facts of Life: The Creation of Sexual Knowledge in Britain, 1650-1950 (New Haven, Conn., 1995), 277-84; Jessamyn Neuhaus, "The Importance of Being Orgasmic: Sexuality, Gender, and Marital Sex Manuals in the United States, 1920-1963," Journal of the History of Sexuality 9 (2000): 447-73; Peter Laipson, "'Kiss without shame, for she desires it': Sexual Foreplay in American Marital Advice Literature, 1900-1925," Journal of Social History 29 (1996): 507-25.
12. Porter and Hall note this in their observation that popular sex education may be thought of as part of a wider genre of advice literature and self-help manuals (279-80).
13. Jeffrey P. Moran, Teaching Sex: The Shaping of Adolescence in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, Mass., 2000). For the British context, see Lesley A. Hall, "Birds, Bees, and General Embarrassment: Sex Education in Britain, from Social Purity to Section 28," in Richard Aldrich, ed., Private and Public: Studies in the History of Knowledge and Education (London, forthcoming).
14. Jeffrey P. Moran, Teaching Sex: The Shaping of Adolescence in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, Mass., 2000). For the British context, see Lesley A. Hall, "Birds, Bees, and General Embarrassment: Sex Education in Britain, from Social Purity to Section 28," in Richard Aldrich, ed., Private and Public: Studies in the History of Knowledge and Education (London, forthcoming).
15. Julian B. Carter, "Birds, Bees, and Venereal Disease: Toward an Intellectual History of Sex Education," Journal of the History of Sexuality 10 (2001): 713.
16. Ibid., 713-49.
17. Lesley A. Hall, "'The English Have Hot-Water Bottles': The Morganatic Marriage between Sexology and Medicine in Britain since William Acton," in Roy Porter and Mikulas Teich, eds., Sexual Knowledge, Sexual Science: The History of Attitudes to Sexuality (Cambridge, 1994), 350-53.
18. Alexander C. T. Geppert, "Divine Sex, Happy Marriage, Regenerated Nation: Marie Stopes's Marital Manual Married Love and the Making of a Best Seller, 1918-1955, "Journal of the History of Sexuality 8 (1998): 392.
19. Ibid.,408.
20. See Howard J. Faulkner and Virginia D. Pruitt, eds., Dear Dr. Menninger: Women's Voices from the Thirties (London, 1997).
21. For example, see Marjorie Ferguson, Forever Feminine: Women's Magazines and the Cult of Femininity (London, 1983); Nancy A. Walker, Shaping Our Mothers' World: American Women's Magazines (Jackson, Miss., 2000); Jennifer Scanlon, Inarticulate Longings: The Ladies' Home Journal, Gender, and the Promises of Consumer Culture (New York, 1995); Susan Sheridan, Who Was That Woman? The Australian Women's Weekly in the Postwar Years (Sydney, 2002); Bill Bonney and Helen Wilson, "Women's Magazines and the Packaging of Femininity," in their Australia's Commercial Media (Melbourne, 1983), 221-85.
22. For example, see Marjorie Ferguson, Forever Feminine: Women's Magazines and the Cult of Femininity (London, 1983); Nancy A. Walker, Shaping Our Mothers' World: American Women's Magazines (Jackson, Miss., 2000); Jennifer Scanlon, Inarticulate Longings: The Ladies' Home Journal, Gender, and the Promises of Consumer Culture (New York, 1995); Susan Sheridan, Who Was That Woman? The Australian Women's Weekly in the Postwar Years (Sydney, 2002); Bill Bonney and Helen Wilson, "Women's Magazines and the Packaging of Femininity," in their Australia's Commercial Media (Melbourne, 1983), 221-85.
23. For example, see Marjorie Ferguson, Forever Feminine: Women's Magazines and the Cult of Femininity (London, 1983); Nancy A. Walker, Shaping Our Mothers' World: American Women's Magazines (Jackson, Miss., 2000); Jennifer Scanlon, Inarticulate Longings: The Ladies' Home Journal, Gender, and the Promises of Consumer Culture (New York, 1995); Susan Sheridan, Who Was That Woman? The Australian Women's Weekly in the Postwar Years (Sydney, 2002); Bill Bonney and Helen Wilson, "Women's Magazines and the Packaging of Femininity," in their Australia's Commercial Media (Melbourne, 1983), 221-85.
24. For example, see Marjorie Ferguson, Forever Feminine: Women's Magazines and the Cult of Femininity (London, 1983); Nancy A. Walker, Shaping Our Mothers' World: American Women's Magazines (Jackson, Miss., 2000); Jennifer Scanlon, Inarticulate Longings: The Ladies' Home Journal, Gender, and the Promises of Consumer Culture (New York, 1995); Susan Sheridan, Who Was That Woman? The Australian Women's Weekly in the Postwar Years (Sydney, 2002); Bill Bonney and Helen Wilson, "Women's Magazines and the Packaging of Femininity," in their Australia's Commercial Media (Melbourne, 1983), 221-85.
25. For example, see Marjorie Ferguson, Forever Feminine: Women's Magazines and the Cult of Femininity (London, 1983); Nancy A. Walker, Shaping Our Mothers' World: American Women's Magazines (Jackson, Miss., 2000); Jennifer Scanlon, Inarticulate Longings: The Ladies' Home Journal, Gender, and the Promises of Consumer Culture (New York, 1995); Susan Sheridan, Who Was That Woman? The Australian Women's Weekly in the Postwar Years (Sydney, 2002); Bill Bonney and Helen Wilson, "Women's Magazines and the Packaging of Femininity," in their Australia's Commercial Media (Melbourne, 1983), 221-85.
26. Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media (Toronto, 1964), 9.
27. Haire graduated in medicine at the University of Sydney, Australia, in 1915. He specialized in obstetrics and gynecology, and his work with the Australian Expeditionary Force during World War I furthered his interest in venereal diseases. After the war he set himself up as a clinical practitioner in London in 1919 and specialized in questions of sex. Through his professional relationships he became a member of the founding committee of the World League for Sexual Reform and by 1929 was organizing the third international congress in London alongside Dora Russell.
28. For the "Kinsey era," see Janice M. Irvine, "Toward a 'Value-Free' Science of Sex," in Kim M. Phillips and Barry Reay, eds., Sexualities in History: A Reader (London, 2002), 327.
29. He published a series by Alex Comfort, for example, Alex Comfort, "Education in Sexual Practice," Journal of Sex Education 1 (1949): 153.
30. For biographical information on Haire and for analysis of his role in interwar sexology, see Ivan Crozier, "Becoming a Sexologist: Norman Haire, the 1929 London World League for Sexual Reform Congress, and Organizing Medical Knowledge about Sex in Interwar England," History of Science 39 (2001): 299-32; Ivan Crozier, "'All the World's a Stage': Dora Russell, Norman Haire, and the London Congress of the World League for Sexual Reform, 1929," Journal of the History of Sexuality 12 (2003): 16-37.
31. For biographical information on Haire and for analysis of his role in interwar sexology, see Ivan Crozier, "Becoming a Sexologist: Norman Haire, the 1929 London World League for Sexual Reform Congress, and Organizing Medical Knowledge about Sex in Interwar England," History of Science 39 (2001): 299-32; Ivan Crozier, "'All the World's a Stage': Dora Russell, Norman Haire, and the London Congress of the World League for Sexual Reform, 1929," Journal of the History of Sexuality 12 (2003): 16-37.
32. Haire was one of numerous sexologists publishing in the 1920s and 1930s on sex, marriage, and contraception as well as organotherapy and rejuvenation; see Rejuvenation: The Work of Steinach, Voronoff and Others (1924); Hymen: or, The Future of Marriage (1927); The Comparative Value of Current Contraceptive Methods (1928), He edited Some More Medical Views on Birth Control in 1928 and wrote Birth-Control Methods (Contraception, Abortion, Sterilisation) in 1936. Importantly also, he translated or edited English editions of works such as Bernhard Adam Bauer's Woman: A Treatise on the Anatomy, Physiology, Psychology and Sexual Life of Women (1927), Carl Boelsche's Love-Life in Nature (1931), and many editions of the Encyclopaedia of Sexual Knowledge.
33. Haire was one of numerous sexologists publishing in the 1920s and 1930s on sex, marriage, and contraception as well as organotherapy and rejuvenation; see Rejuvenation: The Work of Steinach, Voronoff and Others (1924); Hymen: or, The Future of Marriage (1927); The Comparative Value of Current Contraceptive Methods (1928), He edited Some More Medical Views on Birth Control in 1928 and wrote Birth-Control Methods (Contraception, Abortion, Sterilisation) in 1936. Importantly also, he translated or edited English editions of works such as Bernhard Adam Bauer's Woman: A Treatise on the Anatomy, Physiology, Psychology and Sexual Life of Women (1927), Carl Boelsche's Love-Life in Nature (1931), and many editions of the Encyclopaedia of Sexual Knowledge.
34. Haire was one of numerous sexologists publishing in the 1920s and 1930s on sex, marriage, and contraception as well as organotherapy and rejuvenation; see Rejuvenation: The Work of Steinach, Voronoff and Others (1924); Hymen: or, The Future of Marriage (1927); The Comparative Value of Current Contraceptive Methods (1928), He edited Some More Medical Views on Birth Control in 1928 and wrote Birth-Control Methods (Contraception, Abortion, Sterilisation) in 1936. Importantly also, he translated or edited English editions of works such as Bernhard Adam Bauer's Woman: A Treatise on the Anatomy, Physiology, Psychology and Sexual Life of Women (1927), Carl Boelsche's Love-Life in Nature (1931), and many editions of the Encyclopaedia of Sexual Knowledge.
35. Haire was one of numerous sexologists publishing in the 1920s and 1930s on sex, marriage, and contraception as well as organotherapy and rejuvenation; see Rejuvenation: The Work of Steinach, Voronoff and Others (1924); Hymen: or, The Future of Marriage (1927); The Comparative Value of Current Contraceptive Methods (1928), He edited Some More Medical Views on Birth Control in 1928 and wrote Birth-Control Methods (Contraception, Abortion, Sterilisation) in 1936. Importantly also, he translated or edited English editions of works such as Bernhard Adam Bauer's Woman: A Treatise on the Anatomy, Physiology, Psychology and Sexual Life of Women (1927), Carl Boelsche's Love-Life in Nature (1931), and many editions of the Encyclopaedia of Sexual Knowledge.
36. Haire was one of numerous sexologists publishing in the 1920s and 1930s on sex, marriage, and contraception as well as organotherapy and rejuvenation; see Rejuvenation: The Work of Steinach, Voronoff and Others (1924); Hymen: or, The Future of Marriage (1927); The Comparative Value of Current Contraceptive Methods (1928), He edited Some More Medical Views on Birth Control in 1928 and wrote Birth-Control Methods (Contraception, Abortion, Sterilisation) in 1936. Importantly also, he translated or edited English editions of works such as Bernhard Adam Bauer's Woman: A Treatise on the Anatomy, Physiology, Psychology and Sexual Life of Women (1927), Carl Boelsche's Love-Life in Nature (1931), and many editions of the Encyclopaedia of Sexual Knowledge.
37. Haire was one of numerous sexologists publishing in the 1920s and 1930s on sex, marriage, and contraception as well as organotherapy and rejuvenation; see Rejuvenation: The Work of Steinach, Voronoff and Others (1924); Hymen: or, The Future of Marriage (1927); The Comparative Value of Current Contraceptive Methods (1928), He edited Some More Medical Views on Birth Control in 1928 and wrote Birth-Control Methods (Contraception, Abortion, Sterilisation) in 1936. Importantly also, he translated or edited English editions of works such as Bernhard Adam Bauer's Woman: A Treatise on the Anatomy, Physiology, Psychology and Sexual Life of Women (1927), Carl Boelsche's Love-Life in Nature (1931), and many editions of the Encyclopaedia of Sexual Knowledge.
38. Haire was one of numerous sexologists publishing in the 1920s and 1930s on sex, marriage, and contraception as well as organotherapy and rejuvenation; see Rejuvenation: The Work of Steinach, Voronoff and Others (1924); Hymen: or, The Future of Marriage (1927); The Comparative Value of Current Contraceptive Methods (1928), He edited Some More Medical Views on Birth Control in 1928 and wrote Birth-Control Methods (Contraception, Abortion, Sterilisation) in 1936. Importantly also, he translated or edited English editions of works such as Bernhard Adam Bauer's Woman: A Treatise on the Anatomy, Physiology, Psychology and Sexual Life of Women (1927), Carl Boelsche's Love-Life in Nature (1931), and many editions of the Encyclopaedia of Sexual Knowledge.
39. Haire was one of numerous sexologists publishing in the 1920s and 1930s on sex, marriage, and contraception as well as organotherapy and rejuvenation; see Rejuvenation: The Work of Steinach, Voronoff and Others (1924); Hymen: or, The Future of Marriage (1927); The Comparative Value of Current Contraceptive Methods (1928), He edited Some More Medical Views on Birth Control in 1928 and wrote Birth-Control Methods (Contraception, Abortion, Sterilisation) in 1936. Importantly also, he translated or edited English editions of works such as Bernhard Adam Bauer's Woman: A Treatise on the Anatomy, Physiology, Psychology and Sexual Life of Women (1927), Carl Boelsche's Love-Life in Nature (1931), and many editions of the Encyclopaedia of Sexual Knowledge.
40. Norman Haire, Rejuvenation (London, 1924), 5.
41. Inside jacket of the 1947 edition of Birth Control Methods
42. For example, he wrote for the Highway, the Rationalist, New Horizons, and Honi Soit.
43. Norman Haire, "Sex Education," typescript draft of article for the Highway, November 22, 1943, Haire Collection, Rare Book Collection, University of Sydney Library, box 2, folder 2, p. 4. With the New Education Fellowship he drew up a detailed approach to sex education to be considered by the Department of Education. Reworked, these lectures were repeated under the sponsorship of the WEA with ten talks grouped under the tide "Sex and the Individual" and ten on "Sex and Society." Haire's coverage of venereal diseases and sexual physiology was not especially unusual in the wartime city, but these series also included detailed commentary on homosexuality, oral sex, masturbation, and abortion. See "Ten Lectures" typescript, Haire Collection, box 2, folder 1.
44. Norman Haire, "Sex Education," typescript draft of article for the Highway, November 22, 1943, Haire Collection, Rare Book Collection, University of Sydney Library, box 2, folder 2, p. 4. With the New Education Fellowship he drew up a detailed approach to sex education to be considered by the Department of Education. Reworked, these lectures were repeated under the sponsorship of the WEA with ten talks grouped under the tide "Sex and the Individual" and ten on "Sex and Society." Haire's coverage of venereal diseases and sexual physiology was not especially unusual in the wartime city, but these series also included detailed commentary on homosexuality, oral sex, masturbation, and abortion. See "Ten Lectures" typescript, Haire Collection, box 2, folder 1.
45. Here we are pursuing a mode of inquiry adopted in media studies: "The historian's goal is to account for the dynamic interplay of forces that together constitute at any given moment: industry, technology, regulation, programming, reception, and use." Christopher Anderson and Michael Curtin, "Writing Cultural History: The Challenge of Radio and Television," in Niels Brugger and Søren Kolstrup, eds., Media History: Theories, Methods, Analysis(Langelandsgade, 2002), 15-32, 22. See also Susan Merrill Squier, ed., Communities of the Air: Radio Century, Radio Culture (Durham, N.C., 2003).
46. Here we are pursuing a mode of inquiry adopted in media studies: "The historian's goal is to account for the dynamic interplay of forces that together constitute at any given moment: industry, technology, regulation, programming, reception, and use." Christopher Anderson and Michael Curtin, "Writing Cultural History: The Challenge of Radio and Television," in Niels Brugger and Søren Kolstrup, eds., Media History: Theories, Methods, Analysis(Langelandsgade, 2002), 15-32, 22. See also Susan Merrill Squier, ed., Communities of the Air: Radio Century, Radio Culture (Durham, N.C., 2003).
47. Sec, for example, Susanne Klausen, "The Imperial Mother of Birth Control: Marie Slopes and the South African Birth Control Movement," in Gregory Blue, Martin Bunton, and Ralph Crozier, eds., Colonialism and the Modern World (New York, 2002), 182-99.
48. "They [the police] stated that the only books they could leave were any by Dr. Marie Slopes, as in their opinion they were the only permissible books of authority and they did not come under the class of obscene and offensive literature. When we explained that our books were written by Doctors of Medicine and Marie Stopes was only a Doctor of Flora and Fauna, the inspector stood with his mouth open and said 'what's that?'" Charles Lipshaw to Norman Haire, May 27, 1950, Haire Collection, box 3, folder 14.
49. Claire Davey, "Birth Control in Britain during the Interwar Years: Evidence from the Stopes Correspondence," Journal of Family History 13 (1988): 229-345. In 1921 the circulation of John Bull was 800,000, and in 1930 it was 1,357,237. See David Reed, The Popular Magazine in Britain and the United States, 1800-1960 (London, 1997), 177.
50. Claire Davey, "Birth Control in Britain during the Interwar Years: Evidence from the Stopes Correspondence," Journal of Family History 13 (1988): 229-345. In 1921 the circulation of John Bull was 800,000, and in 1930 it was 1,357,237. See David Reed, The Popular Magazine in Britain and the United States, 1800-1960 (London, 1997), 177.
51. Carolyn Strange and Tina Loo, "From Hewers of Wood to Producers of Pulp: True Crime in Canadian Pulp Magazines of the 1940s," Journal of Canadian Studies 37 (2002): 11-33, 18.
52. Hulton Readership Survey, 1950, quoted in Reed, 210; Mary Ellen Zuckerman, A History of Popular Women's Magazines in the United States, 1792-1995 (Westport, Conn., 1998), 134-35.
53. For cost of living for this period, see Itiel Bereson, Decades of Change in the Twentieth Century (Richmond, 1989).
54. Carolyn Strange and Tina Loo, "The Moral of the Story: True Crime in Canadian Magazines of the 1940s," in Margaret Thornton, ed., Romancing the Tomes: Feminism, Law and Popular Culture (London, 2002), 221-40.
55. Porter and Hall, 349 n. 103. There are some exceptions: Zuckerman has shown that in the United States venereal disease was written about in magazines as early as the 1910s. See Mary Ellen Zuckerman, "Old Homes in a City of Perpetual Change: Women's Magazines 1890-1916," Business History Review 62 (1989): 720. In her survey of popular magazines for girls in interwar England, Tinkler has noted that "ask a nurse" or "doctor" columns only hinted at sex education. See Penny Tinkler, Constructing Girlhood: Popular Magazines for Girls Growing up in England, 1920-1950 (London, 1995), 162-63. In "health" or "Dear Doctor" columns, sex topics were rarely covered even in the period after World War II. See Frances Bonner, Susan McKay, and Kathryn Goldie, "Caring for the Family: Fifty Years of Health in the Australian Women's Weekly," Journal of Australian Studies 59 (1998): 15-64. The question of sex education in comparable men's magazines is beyond the scope of this paper but also warrants examination.
56. Porter and Hall, 349 n. 103. There are some exceptions: Zuckerman has shown that in the United States venereal disease was written about in magazines as early as the 1910s. See Mary Ellen Zuckerman, "Old Homes in a City of Perpetual Change: Women's Magazines 1890-1916," Business History Review 62 (1989): 720. In her survey of popular magazines for girls in interwar England, Tinkler has noted that "ask a nurse" or "doctor" columns only hinted at sex education. See Penny Tinkler, Constructing Girlhood: Popular Magazines for Girls Growing up in England, 1920-1950 (London, 1995), 162-63. In "health" or "Dear Doctor" columns, sex topics were rarely covered even in the period after World War II. See Frances Bonner, Susan McKay, and Kathryn Goldie, "Caring for the Family: Fifty Years of Health in the Australian Women's Weekly," Journal of Australian Studies 59 (1998): 15-64. The question of sex education in comparable men's magazines is beyond the scope of this paper but also warrants examination.
57. Porter and Hall, 349 n. 103. There are some exceptions: Zuckerman has shown that in the United States venereal disease was written about in magazines as early as the 1910s. See Mary Ellen Zuckerman, "Old Homes in a City of Perpetual Change: Women's Magazines 1890-1916," Business History Review 62 (1989): 720. In her survey of popular magazines for girls in interwar England, Tinkler has noted that "ask a nurse" or "doctor" columns only hinted at sex education. See Penny Tinkler, Constructing Girlhood: Popular Magazines for Girls Growing up in England, 1920-1950 (London, 1995), 162-63. In "health" or "Dear Doctor" columns, sex topics were rarely covered even in the period after World War II. See Frances Bonner, Susan McKay, and Kathryn Goldie, "Caring for the Family: Fifty Years of Health in the Australian Women's Weekly," Journal of Australian Studies 59 (1998): 15-64. The question of sex education in comparable men's magazines is beyond the scope of this paper but also warrants examination.
58. Porter and Hall, 349 n. 103. There are some exceptions: Zuckerman has shown that in the United States venereal disease was written about in magazines as early as the 1910s. See Mary Ellen Zuckerman, "Old Homes in a City of Perpetual Change: Women's Magazines 1890-1916," Business History Review 62 (1989): 720. In her survey of popular magazines for girls in interwar England, Tinkler has noted that "ask a nurse" or "doctor" columns only hinted at sex education. See Penny Tinkler, Constructing Girlhood: Popular Magazines for Girls Growing up in England, 1920-1950 (London, 1995), 162-63. In "health" or "Dear Doctor" columns, sex topics were rarely covered even in the period after World War II. See Frances Bonner, Susan McKay, and Kathryn Goldie, "Caring for the Family: Fifty Years of Health in the Australian Women's Weekly," Journal of Australian Studies 59 (1998): 15-64. The question of sex education in comparable men's magazines is beyond the scope of this paper but also warrants examination.
59. Porter and Hall argue that while it was possible in England by the 1930s to purchase explicit books on sexuality in respectable bookstores, writers, publishers, and booksellers still labored under the real threat of censorship. For example, Eustace Chesser's 1942 book Love without Fear was prosecuted as obscene. Part of Chesser's (successful) defense was that the book was sold for twelve shillings and sixpence in order to "keep it out of younger people's hands, such as typists and others" (quoted in Porter and Hall, 262).
60. Woman was part of the Associated Newspapers Ltd. empire, which published popular titles, including the afternoon daily Sun, the Sunday Sun, and Glamor magazine. From 1956 Woman was incorporated into the Melbourne magazine Woman's Day.
61. Elizabeth Riddell to Norman Haire, March 19, 1941, and March 21, 1941, Haire Collection, box 3, folder 4.
62. Haire claimed that he assumed the pen name reluctantly due to the local regulations against doctors advertising their practice. Nonetheless, he never missed an opportunity for self-promotion. He signed his earliest articles thus: "By Dr. 'Wykeham Terriss,' the penname of an internationally-known authority on sex problems." See, for example, "The Importance of Pre-Marital Examinations," Woman, November 3, 1941:13. Later, "Wykeham Terriss" became a "real person." The quotation marks were dropped, and he appeared on radio as such. The name itself was openly a pseudonym, a play on a Brisbane street that housed many of the city's medical specialists.
63. Norman Haire in Journal of Sex Education 2 (1950): 56 and 3 (1951): 167. Circulation figures are available in Bridget Griffen-Foley, The House of Packer: The Making of a Media Empire (Sydney, 2000), app. 1. In Australia, a nation with a population of 7.5 million in the 1940s, even the lesser of these circulation figures far exceeded the sales of most books, then or now.
64. Norman Haire in Journal of Sex Education 2 (1950): 56 and 3 (1951): 167. Circulation figures are available in Bridget Griffen-Foley, The House of Packer: The Making of a Media Empire (Sydney, 2000), app. 1. In Australia, a nation with a population of 7.5 million in the 1940s, even the lesser of these circulation figures far exceeded the sales of most books, then or now.
65. Norman Haire in Journal of Sex Education 2 (1950): 56 and 3 (1951): 167. Circulation figures are available in Bridget Griffen-Foley, The House of Packer: The Making of a Media Empire (Sydney, 2000), app. 1. In Australia, a nation with a population of 7.5 million in the 1940s, even the lesser of these circulation figures far exceeded the sales of most books, then or now.
66. Letter to the Editor, Woman, December 7, 1942: 19.
67. Miss Spencer, Randwick to the Editor, Woman, December 7, 1942: 19.
68. "Army Girl" Drummoyne to Editor, Woman, December 28, 1942.
69. See Alison Bashford, Imperial Hygiene: A Critical History of Colonialism, Nationalism and Public Health (London, 2004), chap. 7.
70. Moran; Carter, 713-49. On this point more generally, see Frank Mort, Dangerous Sexualities: Medico-Moral Politics in England since 1830 (London, 2000).
71. Guy Nautsch to Norman Haire, December 16, 1942, Haire Collection, box 3, folder 4.
72. Dr. Wykeham Terriss, "Ignorance and Suicides," Woman, July 21, 1947: 38.
73. Dr. Wykeham Terriss, "Why I Write about Sex," in Sex Talks (Sydney, 1946), 147.
74. All of Norman Haire's Woman articles are collected in the Haire Collection, boxes 25.1 and 25.2.
75. Zuckerman, "Old Homes," 720. For the tradition of advice, see also Faulkner and Pruitt, eds., 3-4.
76. Zuckerman, "Old Homes," 720. For the tradition of advice, see also Faulkner and Pruitt, eds., 3-4.
77. Zuckerman, "Old Homes," 729.
78. Bruce Gould and Beatrice Blackmar Gould, American Story (New York, 1968), 195-97, quoted in Zuckerman, A History of Popular Women's Magazines, 137. By 1940 the circulation of the Ladies' Home Journal, which the Goulds edited, was approximately 3.25 million (Reed, 162). Dr. Karl Menninger offered "mental hygiene" advice in the Ladies' Home Journal from 1930 to 1932 and in Household from 1929 to 1942 (Faulkner and Pruitt, eds., 1-10).
79. Bruce Gould and Beatrice Blackmar Gould, American Story (New York, 1968), 195-97, quoted in Zuckerman, A History of Popular Women's Magazines, 137. By 1940 the circulation of the Ladies' Home Journal, which the Goulds edited, was approximately 3.25 million (Reed, 162). Dr. Karl Menninger offered "mental hygiene" advice in the Ladies' Home Journal from 1930 to 1932 and in Household from 1929 to 1942 (Faulkner and Pruitt, eds., 1-10).
80. Bruce Gould and Beatrice Blackmar Gould, American Story (New York, 1968), 195-97, quoted in Zuckerman, A History of Popular Women's Magazines, 137. By 1940 the circulation of the Ladies' Home Journal, which the Goulds edited, was approximately 3.25 million (Reed, 162). Dr. Karl Menninger offered "mental hygiene" advice in the Ladies' Home Journal from 1930 to 1932 and in Household from 1929 to 1942 (Faulkner and Pruitt, eds., 1-10).
81. Bruce Gould and Beatrice Blackmar Gould, American Story (New York, 1968), 195-97, quoted in Zuckerman, A History of Popular Women's Magazines, 137. By 1940 the circulation of the Ladies' Home Journal, which the Goulds edited, was approximately 3.25 million (Reed, 162). Dr. Karl Menninger offered "mental hygiene" advice in the Ladies' Home Journal from 1930 to 1932 and in Household from 1929 to 1942 (Faulkner and Pruitt, eds., 1-10).
82. Bruce Gould and Beatrice Blackmar Gould, American Story (New York, 1968), 195-97, quoted in Zuckerman, A History of Popular Women's Magazines, 137. By 1940 the circulation of the Ladies' Home Journal, which the Goulds edited, was approximately 3.25 million (Reed, 162). Dr. Karl Menninger offered "mental hygiene" advice in the Ladies' Home Journal from 1930 to 1932 and in Household from 1929 to 1942 (Faulkner and Pruitt, eds., 1-10).
83. For an affectionate portrait of the best-selling columnist, see Harnett T. Kane and Ella Bentley Arthur, Dear Dorothy Dix: The Story of a Compassionate Woman (New York, 1952).
84. Margaret Culley, "Dorothy Dix: The Thirteenth Juror," International Journal of Women's Studies 2 (1979): 349-57, 349.
85. "Ask Dorothy Dix," Woman, January 18, 1943: 21.
86. Wykeham Terriss, "These Are the Answers," Woman, April 2, 1945: 6.
87. Wykeham Terriss, "Answers to Readers," Woman, October 22, 1945: 39.
88. Norman Haire to Miss Riddell, September 18,1942, Haire Collection, box 3, folder 4, Correspondence re Woman. It appears that her successor, Guy Nautsch (or possibly his female assistant), continued to provide the answers in the Dorothy Dix column.
89. See "Questions from My Mailbag," reprinted in Terriss, Sex Talks, 144-45.
90. See "Questions from My Mailbag," reprinted in Terriss, Sex Talks, 144-45.
91. The Sex Education Society was the reconstituted British section of the World League for Sexual Reform, which had dissolved after the death of Hirschfeld and after a split in policy between Haire (president in London) and Leunbach (president in Copenhagen). More or less under Haire's direction, the society was inactive during the war years when Haire was in Australia and reactivated on his return to London. In 1948, under the auspices of the Sex Education Society, he immediately began lecturing in London on marriage and divorce, artificial insemination, impotence and frigidity, masturbation, and sexual aberrations.
92. Editorial, Journal of Sex Education 1 (1948): 1.
93. "Questions and Answers," Journal of Sex Education 1 (1948): 63.
94. Journal of Sex Education 2 (1950): 56 and 3 (1951): 167. Thus, it would be a mistake to consider the Journal to be a more authoritative source than Woman for sex information in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
95. Journal of Sex Education 2 (1950): 56 and 3 (1951): 167. Thus, it would be a mistake to consider the Journal to be a more authoritative source than Woman for sex information in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
96. Typescripts of Haire's responses, April 1952, Haire Collection, box 3, folder 13.
97. Patricia Crawford, "Sexual Knowledge in England, 1500-1750," and Roy Porter, "The Literature of Sexual Advice before 1800," in Porter and Teich, eds., 91-106, 134-57; Ken Smith, Mental Hygiene: Classroom films, 1945-1970 (New York, 1999); Lisa Rudman, "Marriage - the Ideal and the Reel: or, The Cinematic Marriage Manual," Film History 1 (1987): 327-39.
98. Patricia Crawford, "Sexual Knowledge in England, 1500-1750," and Roy Porter, "The Literature of Sexual Advice before 1800," in Porter and Teich, eds., 91-106, 134-57; Ken Smith, Mental Hygiene: Classroom films, 1945-1970 (New York, 1999); Lisa Rudman, "Marriage - the Ideal and the Reel: or, The Cinematic Marriage Manual," Film History 1 (1987): 327-39.
99. Patricia Crawford, "Sexual Knowledge in England, 1500-1750," and Roy Porter, "The Literature of Sexual Advice before 1800," in Porter and Teich, eds., 91-106, 134-57; Ken Smith, Mental Hygiene: Classroom films, 1945-1970 (New York, 1999); Lisa Rudman, "Marriage - the Ideal and the Reel: or, The Cinematic Marriage Manual," Film History 1 (1987): 327-39.
100. Patricia Crawford, "Sexual Knowledge in England, 1500-1750," and Roy Porter, "The Literature of Sexual Advice before 1800," in Porter and Teich, eds., 91-106, 134-57; Ken Smith, Mental Hygiene: Classroom films, 1945-1970 (New York, 1999); Lisa Rudman, "Marriage - the Ideal and the Reel: or, The Cinematic Marriage Manual," Film History 1 (1987): 327-39.
101. Marie Stopes, "Author's Preface" (1923), in Wise Parenthood: The Treatise on Birth Control for Married People; A Practical Sequel to "Married Love" (1918; London, 1925), vii. For discussion of this correspondence, see Lesley A. Hall, "'A debt of gratitude for your heroic frankness': Marie Stopes, Marriage Advice and Readers' Reactions," in Bruno Wanrooji, ed., Il Terzo (in)communicado (The Third Partner): Mediation in Marriage (Rome, forthcoming).
102. Marie Stopes, "Author's Preface" (1923), in Wise Parenthood: The Treatise on Birth Control for Married People; A Practical Sequel to "Married Love" (1918; London, 1925), vii. For discussion of this correspondence, see Lesley A. Hall, "'A debt of gratitude for your heroic frankness': Marie Stopes, Marriage Advice and Readers' Reactions," in Bruno Wanrooji, ed., Il Terzo (in)communicado (The Third Partner): Mediation in Marriage (Rome, forthcoming).
103. Wykeham Terriss, preface to Six Talks, v; "Questions and Answers," Journal of Six Education 3 (1951): 172.
104. Wykeham Terriss, preface to Six Talks, v; "Questions and Answers," Journal of Six Education 3 (1951): 172.
105. Fred Brown and Rudolf T. Kempton, Sex Questions and Answers (London, 1950), for example, was a book based on 1,126 questions put to the authors by American soldiers in Europe in 1945.
106. In the first issue, for example, Q and A ran to seven pages, "original communication" to ten pages.
107. Typescript often lectures, 1945, Haire Collection, box 2, folder 1, lectures 5 and 6.
108. "Sex education - Dr Haire's reply," undated typescript (ca. 1944), Haire Collection, box 2, folder 10.
109. See Wykeham Terriss, "Playing with Fire," Woman, December 14, 1942.
110. Norman Haire to Guy Nautsch, August 23, 1946, Haire Collection, box 3, folder 4.
111. The letters and responses appear in typescripts dated February, April, and August 1952. See The Journal of Sex Education Articles, Haire Collection, box 3, folder 13.
112. "Questions and Answers," Journal of Sex Education 3 (1951): 172.
113. Typescript, August 12, 1952, The Journal of Sex Education Articles, box 3, folder 13.
114. Janice A. Radway, Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature (1984; Durham, N.C., 1991), 10.
115. Michele Hilmes, "Rethinking Radio," in Michele Hilmes and Jason Liviglio, eds., Radio Reader: Essays in the Cultural History of Radio (London, 2002), 1-20, 1.
116. For a poetic evocation of radio's unique capacity to stimulate imagination, see Susan Douglas, Listening In: Radio and the American Imagination (New York, 1999).
117. Mathew Murray, "'The Tendency to Deprave and Corrupt Morals': Regulation and Irregular Sexuality in Golden Age Comedy," in Hilmes and Liviglio, eds., 141.
118. McLuhan, 8. As the program host explained, "[The show is] built from your ideas, your own suggestions... thousands of you have written to us about matters of intense interest." "A Radio Broadcast on Homosexuality," Journal of Sex Education 2 (1949): 68-69.
119. I am to all intents and purposes what you or others in our community refer to as a homosexual. Proud of it? Dr Walsh, I detest it. ... Dr Walsh, I write to you frankly and candidly, had my parents found out the sordid details of my arrest, I would have committed suicide." "A Radio Broadcast on Homosexuality," 68-69. This program was assessed by the participants as a first opportunity to broadcast relatively openly on sex matters. The psychiatrist Dr. Frederick Wertham said: "I was asked ten years ago to speak on a radio programme on psychiatry and sex for fifteen minutes. . . the manager told me that I could say anything I liked, but I couldn't use the word 'sex,' and that I couldn't use any word that had anything to do with sexual activity. . . . I certainly feel that you, therefore, who are breaking the taboo to-day deserve very, very great credit" (ibid., 69).
120. I am to all intents and purposes what you or others in our community refer to as a homosexual. Proud of it? Dr Walsh, I detest it. ... Dr Walsh, I write to you frankly and candidly, had my parents found out the sordid details of my arrest, I would have committed suicide." "A Radio Broadcast on Homosexuality," 68-69. This program was assessed by the participants as a first opportunity to broadcast relatively openly on sex matters. The psychiatrist Dr. Frederick Wertham said: "I was asked ten years ago to speak on a radio programme on psychiatry and sex for fifteen minutes. . . the manager told me that I could say anything I liked, but I couldn't use the word 'sex,' and that I couldn't use any word that had anything to do with sexual activity. . . . I certainly feel that you, therefore, who are breaking the taboo to-day deserve very, very great credit" (ibid., 69).
121. Bernard Hesling, "The Facts-of-Lifeman," Nation 42 (1960): 13.
122. Dame Enid Lyons, who opposed birth control, recalled in her autobiography that Haire knew how to make "full use of his mellifluous and persuasive voice." Enid Lyons, Among the Carrion Crows (Adelaide, 1972), 84.
123. Government regulation began in 1905, with the Wireless Telegraphy Act. It authorized the postmaster general to oversee both listener and station licenses. Colin Jones, Something in the Air: A History of Radio in Australia (Kenthurst, 1995), 8.
124. In the 1930s listeners licenses cost twenty-one shillings per radio set. That fee dropped to one pound in 1940, by which point almost every household in Australia had a wireless. Ken Inglis, assisted by Kim Brazier, This Is the ABC: The Australian Broadcasting Commission, 1932-83 (Melbourne, 1983), 82.
125. These stations, established in 1925, were the first in the country to seek a mass audience. Lesley Johnson, The Unseen Voice: A Cultural Study of Early Australian Radio (London, 1988), 27.
126. Ibid., 103. "Answer Man" was featured on 3AW Melbourne in the mid-1930s.
127. Haire Collection, box 2.3, ca. 1942. Among the other questions ticked on this type-script are "Who decides what books, plays, films, broadcasts, shall be censored and how did censorship start?" (from Mrs. Patricia Wells of Glebe, Sydney) and "What exactly is 'nudism,' and is it good or bad?" (from Mrs. Litchfield of Woolloongabba, Brisbane).
128. Haire made a list of his activities, which prompted police or religious scrutiny. In his file on "Radio Talks 2KY," the transcripts of his talks are all stamped: "Publicity Censorship: Passed [date] Sydney." It also appears that his show was broadcast between 9:15 and 9:30 at night. Haire Collection, box 2, folder 2.
129. "When, as Wykeham Terriss, I took part as one of the experts in the ABC's session 'The Army Wants to Know' in 1943, pressure was brought to bear by these same groups of people, so that I was politely dropped out after five sessions." Untitled, undated typescript, Haire Collection, box 2, folder 2.
130. His opponents were Member of Parliament Dame Enid Lyons and Dr. Colin Clark, an economist and recent convert to Catholicism. Haire's fellow supporter was left-wing feminist Jessie Street. For more on the debate, see Inglis, 116-17; and Alan Thomas, Broadcast and Be Damned: the ABC's first Two Decades (Melbourne, 1980), 110-11. Enid Lyons devotes a chapter to the incident in her memoir (81-88).
131. His opponents were Member of Parliament Dame Enid Lyons and Dr. Colin Clark, an economist and recent convert to Catholicism. Haire's fellow supporter was left-wing feminist Jessie Street. For more on the debate, see Inglis, 116-17; and Alan Thomas, Broadcast and Be Damned: the ABC's first Two Decades (Melbourne, 1980), 110-11. Enid Lyons devotes a chapter to the incident in her memoir (81-88).
132. Population Unlimited?" Nation's Forum of the Air, August 23, 1944: 16.
133. Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Ninth Report of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Broadcasting, Relating to the Question of Broadcast Talks on Venereal Disease and Other Sex Matters (Canberra, 1946). The report was submitted in accordance with the Australian Broadcasting Act. This committee was formed in the aftermath of the Report of the Joint Parliamentary Committee on Wireless Broadcasting (Gibson Report), and Minutes of Evidence (Canberra, 1942) (Thomas, 219).
134. Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Ninth Report of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Broadcasting, Relating to the Question of Broadcast Talks on Venereal Disease and Other Sex Matters (Canberra, 1946). The report was submitted in accordance with the Australian Broadcasting Act. This committee was formed in the aftermath of the Report of the Joint Parliamentary Committee on Wireless Broadcasting (Gibson Report), and Minutes of Evidence (Canberra, 1942) (Thomas, 219).
135. Inglis, 188. Thomas provides details of the committee's signatories (160-61).
136. Christopher Anderson and Michael Curtin, "Writing Cultural History: The Challenge of Radio and Television," in Brügger and Kolstrup, eds., 15-32. The concept of articulation, credited to Stuart Hall, "emphasizes the connections that may link relatively autonomous social and cultural practices under specific historical conditions" (ibid., 22).
137. Christopher Anderson and Michael Curtin, "Writing Cultural History: The Challenge of Radio and Television," in Brügger and Kolstrup, eds., 15-32. The concept of articulation, credited to Stuart Hall, "emphasizes the connections that may link relatively autonomous social and cultural practices under specific historical conditions" (ibid., 22).
138. Ninth Report, 3. The committee was quoting here from remarks made by a governor of the BBC.
139. Ibid., 3, 5, 6, 7.
140. As early as 1913 the British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology put its support for law reform on homosexuality on public record. Lesley Hall, "'Disinterested Enthusiasm for Sexual Misconduct': The British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology, 1913-47," Journal of Contemporary History 30 (1995): 665-86.
141. Journal of Sex Education 2 (1949): 49.