Visitor impacts on trails in the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal

Ambio

Volumn 33, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 334-340

  Nepal, Sanjay K ^a   Nepal, Stella Amor ^b  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; FOOTPATH; GIS; NATIONAL PARK; OUTDOOR RECREATION;

ASIA; EURASIA; NEPAL; SAGARMATHA; SAGARMATHA NATIONAL PARK; SOUTH ASIA;

EID: 4344590220     PISSN: 00447447     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1579/0044-7447-33.6.334     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Marion, J.L. and Leung, Y.F. 2001. Trail resource impacts and an examination of alternative assessment techniques. J. Park Recr. Adm. 19, 17-37.
2. Farrell, T.A. and Marion, J.L. 2001/2002. Trail impacts and trail impact management related to visitation at Torees del Paine National Park, Chile. Leisure/Loisir 26, 31-59.
3. Boucher, D.H., Aviles, J., Chepote, R., Gil, O.E. and Vilchez, B. 1991. Recovery of trailside vegetation from trampling in a tropical rain forest. Environ. Mgmt 15, 257-262.
4. Marion, J.L. 1998. Recreation ecology research findings: implications for wilderness and park managers. Proc. Nat. Outdoor Ethics Conf., April 18-21, 1996, St. Louis, MO. Izaak Walton Leage of America, Gaithersburg, MD. pp. 188-196.
5. Marion, J.L. 1995. Capabilities and management utility of recreation impact monitoring programs. Environ. Mgmt 19, 763-771.
6. Stohlgren, T.L. and Parsons, D.J. 1986. Vegetation and soil recovery in wilderness campsites closed to visitor use. Environ. Mgmt 10, 375-380.
7. Mortensen, C.O. 1989. Visitor use impacts within the Knobstone Trail Corridor. J. Soil Water Cons. 44, 156-159.
8. Cole, D. 1983. Assessing and Monitoring Backcountry Trail Conditions. Research Paper INT-303. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Burlington, Vermont, 10 pp.
9. Sun, D. and Liddle, M.D. 1993. A survey of trampling effects on vegetation and soil in eight tropical and subtropical sites. Environ. Mgmt 17, 497-510.
10. Weaver, T., Dale, D. and Hartley, E. 1979. The relationship of trail condition to use, vegetation, user, slope, season, and time. In: Proc. Recreational Impact on Wildlands. Ittner, R., Potter, D., Agee, J.K. and Anschell, S. (eds). USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, pp. 94-100.
11. Wall, G. 1994. Ecotourism: old wine in new bottles. Trends 31, 4-9.
12. Bratton, S.P., Stromberg, L.L. and Harmon, M.E. 1982. Firewood-gathering impacts in backcountry campsites in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Environ. Mgmt 6, 63-71.
13. Root, J.D. and Knapik, L.J. 1972. Trail Conditions along a Portion of the Great Divide Trail Route, Alberta and British Columbia Rocky Mountains. Report No. 72-5. Research Council of Alberta, Edmonton.
14. Liddle, M.J. 1997. Recreation Ecology: The Ecological Impact of Outdoor Recreation and Ecotourism. Chapman & Hall, London. 639 pp.
15. Marion, J.L. 1994. An Assessment of Trail Conditions in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. U.S. Department of Interior, National Parks Service, Southeast Region. Atlanta, Georgia. 155 pp.
16. Helgath, S.F. 1975. Trail Deterioration in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness. Research Note INT-193. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah.
17. Bright, J.A. 1986. Hiker impact on herbaceous vegetation along trails in an evergreen woodland of central Texas. Biol. Conserv. 36, 53-69.
18. Nepal, S. 1999. Tourism Induced Environmental Changes in the Nepalese Himalaya: A Comparative Analysis of the Everest, Annapurna, and Mustang Regions. PhD Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. 239 pp.
19. Byers, A. 1987. A Geoecological Study of Landscape Change and Man Accelerated Soil Loss: The Case of Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Khumbu, Nepal. PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, 354 pp.
20. Garratt, K.A.J. 1981. Sagarmatha National Park Management Plan. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Kathmandu.
21. Jefferies, M. 1985. Sagarmatha Mother of the Universe - The Story of Mt. Everest National Park. Cobb/Horwood Publications, Auckland, 192 pp.
22. Hinrichsen, D., Lucas, P.H.C., Coburn, B. and Upreti, B.N. 1983. Saving Sagarmatha. Ambio 3-4, 203-205.
23. Bjønness, I. 1980. Ecological conflicts and economic dependency on tourist trekking in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal. An alternative approach to park planning. Norsk Geogr. Tiddskr. 34, 119-138.
24. Andrews, C. 1983. Photographs and notes on tourism and deforestation in the Solu Khumbu, Nepal. Mountain Res. Devel. 3, 182-185.
25. Stevens, S.F. 1993. Claiming the Highground. Sherpas, Subsistence, and Environmental Change in the Highest Himalaya. University of California Press, Berkeley, 537 pp.
26. Byers, A. and Banskota, K. 1992. Environmental impacts of backcountry tourism on three sides of Everest. In: World Heritage Twenty Years Later. IUCN, Gland, pp. 105-122.
27. Vuichard, D. and Zimmermann, M. 1987. The 1985 catastrophic drainage of a moraine-dammed lake, Khumbu Himal, Nepal: cause and consequences. Mountain Res. Devel. 7, 91-110.
28. Statistical Package for Social Sciences 1998. SYSTAT 8.0. SPSS Inc., Chicago.
29. His Majesty's Government of Nepal 1997. Sola-Khumbu District. Topographical Map, 1: 50 000 scale. Map sheets No. 2786 - 03 and 04, and 2886 - 15 and 16. Survey Department, Kathmandu, Nepal.
30. Environmental Systems Research Institute 1996. ArcView v. 3.0. ESRI, Redlands, California.
31. Trail segment refers to a contiguous part of the trail, defined by common ecological characteristics, for example, similar soil and vegetation types, trail width, etc. The length of trail segments varies considerably, between 50 meters to several hundred meters.
32. nd ed). John Wiley, New York, 361 pp.
33. Funding for this research was provided by the Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research, Zurich. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support. Comments from the two anonymous referees are also greatly appreciated.
34. First submitted 15 Oct. 2002. Revised manuscript recieved 3 March 2003. Accepted for publication 29 Mar. 2003.