Beyond the paradigm: Tea-picking women in imperial China

Journal of Women's History

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2004, Pages

  Lu, Weijing ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 43249181255     PISSN: 10427961     EISSN: 15272036     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jowh.2004.0015     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. For studies in English language, see, for example, Susan Mann, "Women's Work in the Ningbo Area, 1900-1936," in Chinese History in Economic Perspective, ed. Thomas G. Rawski and Lillian M. Li (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 243-70,
2. and Mann, Precious Records, 43-77;
3. Patricia Ebrey, The Inner Quarters: Marriage and the Lives of Chinese Women in the Sung Period. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 131-51;
4. and Bray, Technology and Gender, 173-272.
5. See Ebrey, The Inner Quarters, 132;
6. Mann, Precious Records, 164, 167, 174;
7. For general overviews on the early history of tea-drinking, see Zhu Chongsheng, Bei Song cha zhi shengchan yu jingyin [Tea Production and Management in the Northern Song[ (Taibei: Xuesbeng shuju, 1985), 10;
8. Paul J. Smith, Taxing Heaven's Storehouse: Horses, Bureaucrats, and the Destruction of the Sichuan Tea Industry, 1074-1224 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991), 51-54;
9. and Robert Gardella, Harvesting Mountains: Fujian and the China Tea Trade, 1757-1937 (Berkeley: University of California, 1994), 22-31.
10. Feng Yan, Fengshi wenjian lu [A record of what master Feng saw and heard] (congshu jicheng xinbian edition, vol. 11), 110.
11. Shi Shaohua, Songdai yong cha shi yanjiu [A study of tea poetry of the Song dynasty] (Taibei: Wenjin chubanshe,1996), 17-23;
12. Shi, Songdai yong cha shi, 51.
13. and Wu Zimu, Meng Liang lu (Sikuquanshu edition, v. 590), 106, 126-127.
14. Also see Zhu Zizhen and Shen Han, Zhongguo chajiu wenhua shi [A cultural history of tea and wine in China] (Taibei: Wenjin chubanshe, 1995), 65-68.
15. Wu, Meng liang lu, 134.
16. Chen Zugui and Zhu Zizhen, Zhongguo chaye lishi ziliao xuanji [Collection of historical sources on tea in China] (hereafter ZCLZX), 547-48.
17. Gardella, Harvesting Mountains, 42.
18. Wu Chengming, Zhongguo zibenzhuyi de mengya [Sprouts of capitalism in China], vol.1 of Zhongguo zibenzhuyi fazhan shi [History of the development of Chinese capitalism] (Beijing: Xinhua Shudian, 1985), 284.
19. Chen Ciyu, Jindai Zhongguo chaye de fazhan yu shijie shichang [Development of tea production in China and the world market] (Taibei: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jingji yanyiusuo, 1982), 7.
20. Also see poems by Du Mu and Lu Guimeng. In Quan Tang shi, 1324, 1569.
21. Tu Guangting, Xian zhuan shiyi [Supplement to biographies of the immortals], in Li Fang, Taiping Guang ji [Extensive records from the reign of Taiping Xingguo] (Reprint. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1961): 235.
22. See, for example, a poem by Huangfu Zeng, in Quan Tang shi: 492.
23. For an English translation of the poem, see Susan Mann and Yu-yin Cheng, eds., Under Confucian Eyes: Writings on Gender in Chinese History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 233-34.
24. See Mei Yaochen's "Nan you jia ming fu." (siku quanshu edition), vol. 1099, 423b.
25. Tang Xianzu, Mudan ting [Peony pavilion] (Shanghai: Gudian wenxue chubanshe, 1958), 33-35.
26. Yoshinobu Shiba, "Urbanization and the Development of Markets in the Lower Yangtze Valley," in Crisis and Prosperity in Sung China, ed. John Winthrop Haeger (Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1975), 39.
27. Qu Dajun, Guangdong xinyu [New notes on Guangdong] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1985), 384.
28. Jiang Zhaochen, Ming-Qing Hang-Jia-Hu shehui jingjishi yanjiu [A study of society and economy of the Hang-jia-Hu region in the Ming and Qing] (Hangzhou: Hangzhou daxue chubanshe, 1994), 48.
29. Zhang Hong, Diannan zhou yu [Miscellaneous notes on Southern Yuannan] (Congshu jicheng xinbian edition), vol. 94, p, 235.
30. Chûgoku shôbetsu zenshi, 472.
31. A poem by Wang Fushi vividly describes such an urgent situation. See Wang Fuzhi, Chuanshan yishu quanji [Completed collection of the bequeathed works of Chuanshan] (Taibei: Zhongguo Chuanshan xuehui, ziyou chubanshe lianhe yinxing, 1972), 11042.
32. Chinese Repository, vol. VIIL (1839-1840), 139.
33. Wang Fuzhi, Chuanshan yishu, 11042.
34. Fujian sheng jianshe baogao [Reports on developments of Fujian province] (Reprint. Taibei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1988), 19, 89.
35. Zhang Tiejun, Chaxue manhua [Casual talks on tea] (Taibei, Aertai chubanshe, 1980), 52.
36. Fortune, A Journey, 237.
37. Huang Benji, Hunan Fangwu zhi [Accounts of native products from Hunan province], in ZCLZX, 404.
38. Huang Zongxi, Huang Lizhou shiji [Collected poems of Huang Zongxi] (Hongkong: Zhonghua shuju Hongkong fenju, 1977), 32.
39. Davin, "Women in the Countryside of China," 248;
40. C. Fred Blake, "Foot-binding in Neo-Confucian China and the Appropriation of female Labor." Signs 19, no. 3 (1994), 704-55;
41. Gongxie, see Chinese Repository. (1839) vol. VIII: 198;
42. jinlian, see Jiang Tan, Huatian yuedi yin [A chant of flowering sky and moonlight earth], 1/8a-b;
43. Marjorie Topley, "Marriage Resistance in Rural Kuangtung," in Women in Chinese Society, eds. Margery Wolf and Roxane Witke (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1975), 71.
44. See Xie, Nübin xinzhuan, 10.
45. Huoshan xianzhi [Gazetteer of Huoshan county] (1776), in ZDCLZX, 216.
46. According to one study, tea-picking songs circulated in more than twenty provinces; tea-picking dances, or tea-picking lanterns, were most popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Fujian provinces. Tea-picking operas were performed mostly in Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei provinces. See Ren Zugan and Li Hua, "Tusheng tuzhang de cha yishu [Native-born and native-grown tea art], in Nongyue kaogu 1991 (4): 191-97.
47. Also see Zhang Tanghen, Liu Zusheng, and Liu Yueyun, Cha, cha kexue, cha wenhua [Tea, tea science, tea culture] (Shengvang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe, 1994), 360-66.
48. Xu Muye. Zhongguo minyao xuanji [Selected ballads of China] (Taibei: Taiwan xuesheng shuju, 1971);
49. Zhongguo chadian, 884-901;
50. Kataoka Iwao, Taiwan fengsu zhi [Accounts of social customs of Taiwan] (Taibei: Dali chubanshe, 1981), 265;
51. Jiang Tan, Huatian yuedi yin, 1/ 8a-b.
52. Cai Hengzi, Mingcong manlu [Casual records of singing insects], in Biji xiaoshuo daguan (Collection of Anecdotal Writings] vol. 11, 354.
53. Zenxiu Liling xianzhi [Revised and enlarged edition of the gazetteer of Liling county] (1870). In ZDCLZX, 444.
54. Anhua xianzhi [Gazetteer of Anhua county] (1872). In ZDCLZX, 489.
55. Hu Jie, "Xixi zhuzhici [Bamboo branch from Xixi]," in Huang Shitang and Yan Zhengfeng, Chunsu daguan [A general view of Spring Festival customs] (Wuhan: Hubei renmin chubanshe, 1994), 468.
56. Li Yiqing, "Chunyuan caichaci," in Chinese Repository (1839), 196-204. Li's poems were published in Chinese with an English translation. The translation has been revised in this paper.
57. Chinese Repository (1839): 202.
58. Fang Youjiang, "Xin'an zhuzhici [Bamboo branch from Xin'an]," in Ming-Qing huishang ziliao xuanbian [Selected sources of Anhui merchants from the Ming-Qing period], eds. Zhang Haipeng and Wang Tingyuan (Hefei: Huangshan shushe, 1985), 20.
59. See, for example, Xu Guan, "Caichage [A tea-picking poem]," in Qing shi hui [A comprehensive collection of Qing poetry] (Reprint. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1960), 2474.
60. Gujin tushu jicheng, 47550.
61. Zhang Fuqing, Nüjie: Funü de guifan [Admonitions for women] (Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe, 1996), 117.
62. Zhang, Nüjie, 123.
63. Mann, "Women's Work," 243.