Women, sexual morality, and economic dependency in early U.S. deportation policy

Journal of Women's History

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2006, Pages

  Moloney, Deirdre M ^a  

^a GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 43249155663     PISSN: 10427961     EISSN: 15272036     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jowh.2006.0040     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Gary Gerstle, American Crucible: Race and Nation in the 20th Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001);
2. Matthew F. Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876-1917 (New York: Hill and Wang, 2000);
3. and Desmond King, Making Americans: Immigration, Race and the Origins of the Diverse Democracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).
4. Thomas Archdeacon, Becoming American (New York: The Free Press, 1983), 115.
5. On the Page Law, see Lucie Cheng Hirata, "Free, Indentured, Enslaved: Chinese Prostitutes in 19th Century America," Signs 5 (1979): 23-29;
6. Judy Yung, Unbound Feet: A Social History of Chinese Women in San Francisco (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995);
7. and George Peffer, If They Don't Bring Their Women Here: Chinese Female Immigration Before Exclusion (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999).
8. Andrew Gyory, Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998);
9. Sucheng Chan, ed., Entry Denied: Exclusion and the Chinese Community in America, 1882-1943 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991);
10. Adam McKeown, Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, Hawaii, 1900-1936 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001);
11. and Lucy Salyer, Laws Harsh as Tigers: Chinese Immigrants and the Shaping of Modern Immigration Law (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995).
12. U.S. Department of Labor, "Report of Commissioner General of Immigration" (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904), 11;
13. U.S. Department of Labor, "Report of Commissioner General of Immigration" (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1910), 11;
14. Patricia Russell Evans, '"Likely to Become a Public Charge': Immigration in the Backwaters of Administrative Law, 1882-1933" (PhD diss., George Washington University, 1987), 153-61.
15. I discuss the LPC charge more extensively in "Likely to Become Public Charges: Poverty and the Deportation of Immigranfs in the Progressive Era" (paper presented at the Organization of American Historians Conference, Memphis, April 2003).
16. State of Pennsylvania, "The Second Immigration Report of the Board of Commissioners of Public Charities for the Year Ending June 30,1884," 17, File 1075, RG 85, Entry 7, NARA.
17. Seth Rockman, Welfare Reform in the Early Republic: A Brief History with Documents (New York: Bedford Books, 2003).
18. For more on women's immigration and work patterns in this era, see Donna Gabaccia and Franca Iacovetta, eds., Women, Gender, and Transnational Lives: Italian Workers of the World (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002);
19. and Gabaccia, From the Other Side: Women, Gender and Immigrant Life in the U.S., 1820-1920 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994).
20. Jane Perry Clark Carey, Deportation of Aliens from the United States to Europe (New York: Arno Press, 1969; reprint of New York: Columbia University Press, 1931), 233.
21. Anna R. Igra's work addresses efforts among Jewish organizations in Russia, England, and New York City to assist deserted wives and to prevent Jewish female immigrants from engaging in prostitution. See Igra, "Likely to Become a Public Charge: Deserted Women and the Family Law of the Poor in New York City, 1910-1936," Journal of Women's History 11, no. 4 (2000): 59-81.
22. Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987).
23. On prostitution and white slavery, see Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), 113.
24. See also Judith Walkowitz, Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, Class, and the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
25. As Allen F. Davis discussed in Spearheads for Reform: The Social Settlements and the Progressive Movement, 1890-1914 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967),
26. For more on race suicide fears, see MIiriam King and Steven Ruggles, "American Immigration, Fertility, and Race Suicide at the Turn of the Century," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 20, no. 3 (1990): 347-69.
27. H. B. Collins, Memo, "In re what effect the common-law marriage of an alien woman to a citizen of the United States has with respect to the citizenship of her minor child," 23 February 1921, File 55301 /548A, RG 85, NARA.
28. On the history of marriage and marital laws in the United States, see Nancy Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000);
29. and Hendrik Hertog, Man and Wife in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).
30. and F.P. Sargent, Commissioner-General, to U.S. Commission of Immigration, Baltimore, 18 June 1908,
31. F. H. Larned to Edward Aves, 3 August 1908;
32. See Leslye Orloff, "Women Immigrants and Domestic Violence," in Women Immigrants in The United States, ed. Philippa Strum and Danielle Tarantolo (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars, 2002), 49-58.
33. Bureau of Immigration, Annual Report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration to the Secretary of Labor (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1908), 8. Unfortunately, Bureau of Immigration did not break down aggregate data on grounds for deportation by gender, though prostitutes are defined as female.
34. See, for example, Katherine Boo, "The Marriage Cure," New Yorker 18 August 2003.