Worker lawmaking, sit-down strikes, and the shaping of American industrial relations, 1935-1958

Law and History Review

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 45-113

  Pope, Jim ^a  

^a Lewis and Clark Law School   (United States)

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EID: 43249148307     PISSN: 07382480     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0738248000002273     Document Type: Review

References (315)

1. Walter L. Eisenberg, "Government Policy in Sitdown Strikes" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1959), 318; 306 U.S. 240, 251-52 (1939).
2. Karl E. Klare, "Law-Making as Praxis," Telos 40 (1979): 123, 124 n.5;
3. Karl E. Klare, "Judicial Deradicalization of the Wagner Act and the Origins of Modern Legal Consciousness, 1937-1941," Minnesota Law Review 62 (1978): 265, 321, 324-25;
4. see also Jeremy Brecher, Strike! 2d ed. (Boston: South End Press, 1997), 235.
5. Louis B. Schwartz, "With Gun and Camera Through Darkest CLS Land," Stanford Law Review 36 (1984): 413, 443-44;
6. Matthew W. Finkin, "Revisionism in Labor Law," Maryland Law Review 43 (1984): 23, 30-31;
7. Karl E. Klare, "Traditional Labor Law Scholarship and the Crisis of Collective Bargaining Law: A Reply to Professor Finkin," Maryland Law Review 44 (1985): 731, 818-19.
8. Cf. Staughton Lynd, "Introduction," in We Are All Leaders, ed. Staughton Lynd (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996), 1, 5-6, 16.
9. James Gray Pope, "The Thirteenth Amendment versus the Commerce Clause: Labor and the Shaping of American Constitutional Law, 1921-1957," Columbia Law Review 102 (2002): 1, 96.
10. Robert M. Cover, "Foreword: Nomos and Narrative," Harvard Law Review 97 (1983): 1, 53.
11. See, e.g., John Austin, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined, ed. H. L. A. Hart (New York: Noonday Press, 1954), xliii.
12. J. Griffiths, "Four Laws of Interaction in Circumstances of Legal Pluralism: First Steps toward an Explanatory Theory," in People's Law and State Law, ed. Antony Allot and Gordon R. Woodman (Dordrecht: Foris Publications, 1985), 217, 217.
13. Ruth McKenny, Industrial Valley (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1939), 261-62.
14. Alfred Winslow Jones, Life, Liberty, and Property (1941; New York: Octagon, 1964), 99;
15. Daniel Nelson, American Rubber Workers and Organized Labor, 1900-1941 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 181-82.
16. Tom Owens, Firestone Local 7 activist, to Adolph Germer, CIO organizer, Adolph Germer Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Microform edition [hereafter Germer Papers], reel 3, frame 344.
17. John R. Commons, Legal Foundations of Capitalism (1923; Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968), 301-5. Quotations are at 304, 301-2, and 305.
18. David Montgomery, Workers' Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology, and Labor Struggles (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 15-18;
19. David Montgomery, The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865-1925 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 9-13;
20. Daniel T. Rodgers, The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 1850-1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 165-66;
21. Lloyd Ulman, The Rise of the National Trade Union (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1955), 526, 541-42, 545-46, 551-52;
22. Benson Soffer, "A Theory of Trade Union Development: The Role of the 'Autonomous' Workman," Labor History 1 (1960): 141, 152-53.
23. Sumner H. Slichter, Union Policies and Industrial Management (Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1941), 1;
24. Carter Goodrich, The Miner's Freedom (Boston: Marshall Jones, 1925), 58-61;
25. Stanley B. Mathewson, Restriction of Output among Unorganized Workers (New York: Viking Press, 1931);
26. Montgomery, Workers' Control, 13-15;
27. Ronald W. Schatz, The Electrical Workers: A History of Labor at General Electric and Westinghouse, 1923-1960 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 42-44;
28. Frederick Winslow Taylor, Scientific Management (New York: Harper, 1947), 79-85.
29. David Brody, Workers in Industrial America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 205.
30. See John D. House, Birth of A Union, Microform (unpublished book manuscript, Ohio Historical Society), 7-8, 12-14;
31. Mathewson, Restriction of Output, 54-56;
32. Nelson, American Rubber Workers, 86-87, 93-94.
33. Irving Bernstein, Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941 (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1971), 95, 100;
34. First Constitution of the United Rubber Workers of America, secs. 18(b) 2, 18(b)(11), November 7, 1935, American Labor Unions' Constitutions, Proceedings, Officers' Reports and Supplementary Documents (Microform) (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International, 1986) [hereafter American Labor Unions' Constitutions], Part II, Reel 120.
35. United Mine Workers of America, Proceedings of the 28th Consecutive and 5th Biennial Convention 2 (1921), 628;
36. see generally Joseph E. Finley, The Corrupt Kingdom: The Rise and Fall of the United Mine Workers (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972).
37. Bernstein, Turbulent Years, 382-83;
38. Jones, Life, Liberty, and Property, 86-87;
39. ABJ, Feb. 22, 1936, 15;
40. McKenny, Industrial Valley, 301-2;
41. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., What is Happening in Akron (May 29, 1936) [hereafter Goodyear Sit-Down Report], in Germer Papers, reel 26, frame 369, 4-5;
42. ABJ, July 14, 1936, 1, 6;
43. Goodyear Sit-Down Report, 4-6;
44. Goodyear Sit-Down Report, 1, 4-6. The quotation is at 1.
45. Louis Adamic, "Sitdown," Nation, Dec. 5, 1936, 654 (quoting workers);
46. Melvin J. Vincent, "The Sit-Down Strike," Sociology and Social Research 21 (July-Aug. 1937): 524, 527;
47. United Automobile Worker, Jan. 22, 1937, 5;
48. see also Sidney Fine, Sit-Down: The General Motors Strike of 1936-1937 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1969), 122;
49. Herbert Harris, American Labor (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1939), 289.
50. Oral History Interview of Nick DiGaetano by William A. Sullivan, University of Michigan - Wayne State University Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, April 29 & May 7, 1959, 22.
51. On the auto workers' legislation of production limits, see Brecher, Strike!, 204-5;
52. David Gartman, Auto Slavery: The Labor Process in the American Automobile Industry, 1897-1950 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1986), 155-58;
53. Fine, Sit-Down, 116;
54. Roger Keeran, The Communist Party and the Auto Workers Union (New York: International Publishers, 1980), 155;
55. Fred W. Thompson and Patrick Murfin, The IWW - Its First Seventy Years, 1905-1975 (Chicago: IWW, 1976), 166-69.
56. Walter Galenson, The CIO Challenge to the AFL (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960), 134;
57. see also Edward Levinson, Labor on the March (New York: University Books, 1938), 149;
58. Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine, John L. Lewis: A Biography (New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1977), 254;
59. Monthly Labor Review, Aug. 1938, 360-62.
60. See Hartley W. Barclay, "We Sat Down with the Strikers and General Motors," Mill & Factory (Feb. 1937): 33, 37, 40;
61. Frank Marquart, An Auto Worker's Journal: The UAW from Crusade to One-Party Union (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1975), 77;
62. Mary Heaton Vorse, "Detroit Has the Jitters," New Republic, April 7, 1937, 256, 257;
63. Keeran, Communist Party, 168;
64. Levinson, Labor on the March, 177-78;
65. George Morris, "The Sit-Down and How It Grew," New Masses (May 4, 1937): 17, 18;
66. Stuart Messan, "The State of Cadillac," Workers Age, Feb. 20, 1937, 2;
67. Dodge Main News, March 14, 1937, 1;
68. Steve Jefferys, Management and Managed: Fifty Years of Crisis at Chrysler (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 72.
69. Kirk W. Fuoss, Striking Performances/ Performing Strikes (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1997), 56;
70. Morris, "The Sit-Down and How It Grew," 17, 18.
71. DN, Feb. 19, 1937, 1;
72. Constitution of the International Union, United Automobile Workers of America, art. 2 (1936), American Labor Unions' Constitutions (Microform);
73. August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, Black Detroit and the Rise of the UAW (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 34-35.
74. According to Steven Jefferys, the Daily Worker was eventually excluded from the Dodge Main plant. Jefferys, Management and Managed, 78.
75. See Henry Kraus, Heroes of Unwritten Story: The UAW, 1934-39 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993), 91-92;
76. Messan, "The State of Cadillac," 2;
77. PP No. 6, n.d. (c. Jan. 27, 1937), 1.
78. Morris, "The Sit-Down," 2;
79. see also George Morris, "Sitdown Strategy," Daily Worker, Mar. 3, 1937, 6;
80. PP No. 6, n.d. (c. Jan. 27, 1937), 1;
81. Hy Fish, "With the Striking Auto Workers in Fisher Body Plant No. 1," Socialist Call, Feb. 13, 1937, 2;
82. Fuoss, Striking Performances/ Performing Strikes, 54.
83. Hudson-News, Mar. 26, 1937, 7;
84. PP No. 7, n.d., 2;
85. PP No. 7, n.d., 1. For examples of hostile observers acknowledging orderliness of strikers, see Edwin H. Cassels, Attorney for Bendix Products Corp., to Perkins, Nov. 28, 1936, Office Files of Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, Records of the Department of Labor, Record Group 174, National Archives II, College Park, Md.;
86. Barclay, "We Sat Down with the Strikers," 33.
87. Frank H. Bowen, Director, NLRB, Seventh Region, Sit-Down Strikes in the Detroit Area (typescript report, March. 25, 1937), Robert F. Wagner Papers, Georgetown University Special Collections, Washington, D.C., Labor Series, Box 5.
88. See Nelson Lichtenstein, The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit (New York: Basic Books,1995), 70.
89. DLN, Dec. 18, 1936, 1;
90. see also Paper Makers' Journal, April 1937, 20, 22;
91. Seamen's Journal, Feb. 1, 1937, 27.
92. Dubofsky and Van Tine, John L. Lewis, 262;
93. United Mine Workers Journal, Jan. 15, 1937, 3.
94. Sherman H. Dalrymple, "Sit-Down Strikes - An Editorial," United Rubber Worker, May 1936, 12;
95. Oil Workers International Union, Proceedings of the Eighth Convention, June 7-12, 1937, 62 (quoting CIO organizer Adolph Germer);
96. International Union, United Automobile Workers of America, Proceedings of the Second Annual Convention, Aug. 23-29, 1937, 131 [hereafter UAW Proceedings 1937] (quoting ILGWU President David Dubinsky).
97. Galenson, CIO Challenge, 145 (quoting Lewis);
98. UNS, April 12, 1937, 1.
99. John M. Carlisle, "Lid Clamped on Sit-Downs," DN, April 8, 1937, 1;
100. NYT, April 8, 1937, 1, 18.
101. Charles P. Howard, "President," Typographical Journal, Apr. 1937, 327.
102. American Federationist, August 1936, 834-37.
103. See Christopher Tomlins, The State and the Unions: Labor Relations, Law, and the Organized Labor Movement in America, 1880-1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 172;
104. AFL EC Minutes, Feb. 8-19, 1937, 42-43;
105. Proceedings of Conference of Representatives of National and International Unions Affiliated with the American Federation of Labor, May 24-25, 1937, 17-20.
106. Telegram from John P. Frey to H. W. Anderson, GM, Jan. 7, 1937, reprinted in ibid., 43.
107. CIO, The Case for Industrial Organization (March 1936), 39;
108. UNS, Feb. 10, 1936, 1;
109. Brody, Workers in Industrial America, 27.
110. Tomlins, The State and the Unions, 32 (quoting Gompers).
111. AFL EC Minutes, Aug. 3, 1936, 4, 128, 129.
112. DLN, March 5, 1937, 5;
113. NYT, Mar. 29, 1937, 1.
114. U.S. Congress, House, Special Committee on Un-American Activities, Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States, Hearings before a Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives on H. Res. 282, 75th cong., 3d sess., 1938, vol. 2, 1614 (reprinting list of sit-downs in Detroit compiled by the Detroit Police Department) [hereafter Detroit Police Sit-Down List];
115. Dorothy Sue Cobble, Dishing It Out: Waitresses and Their Unions in the Twentieth Century (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991), 99 (quoting Flore);
116. CR, Mar. 17, 1937, 2338 (Sen. King);
117. Carlos A. Schwantes, "'We've Got 'em on the Run, Brothers': The 1937 Non-Automotive Sit Down Strikes in Detroit," Michigan History 56 (1972): 179, 195;
118. George Gallup, "America Speaks: Majority Would Outlaw Sit-Down Strikes," DN, Mar. 21, 1937, 10.
119. Irving Howe and B. J. Widick, The UAW and Walter Reuther (New York: Random House, 1949), 51;
120. Benjamin Stolberg, The Story of the CIO (New York: Viking Press, 1938), 161-62;
121. see also Dubofsky and Van Tine, John L. Lewis, 259;
122. Lichtenstein, Most Dangerous Man, 112.
123. Mr. Martin's Speech at Pontiac, Michigan, May 1, 1937 (typescript), Homer Martin Collection, Wayne State Archives, Box 3, at 1;
124. see also speeches at Racine, Wisconsin and Newark, New Jersey, also in Box 3. On the narrative tradition of labor's freedom constitution, see James Gray Pope, "Labor's Constitution of Freedom," Yale Law Journal 106 (1997): 978-80.
125. A. F. Whitney, President, Bro. of Railroad Trainmen, "Thinking Clearly on Property Rights," Railroad Trainman, March 1937, 136-37;
126. United Rubber Workers, Proceedings of the First Convention, Sept. 15-20, 1936 [hereafter URW Proceedings 1936], 425.
127. On the role of the thirteenth amendment in labor's constitutional thinking, see William A. Forbath, Law and the Shaping of the American Labor Movement (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), 136-39;
128. Pope, "Labor's Constitution of Freedom," 962-66;
129. Pope, "Thirteenth Amendment," 15-24.
130. see also Flint Auto Worker, Jan. 12, 1937, 8;
131. Wyndham Mortimer, "History of the Sit-Down Strike," United Auto Worker, Jan. 22, 1937, 3.
132. SCLN, Feb. 12, 1937, 1;
133. PP no. 8(1), n.d. [c. late Jan. 1937], 2;
134. American Teacher, May-June 1937, 26;
135. The Hosiery Worker, Mar. 10, 1939, 2;
136. Martin's Speech at Newark, New Jersey, Feb. 26, 1937 (typescript), Homer Martin Collection, Box 3, at 6.
137. Substitute For Resolutions Nos. 203 and 238 Sit-Down Strikes, UAW Proceedings 1937, 189-90;
138. The Lamp Maker (newspaper of UAW Local 146), April 15, 1937, 4;
139. Letter from Raymond McCoy to Editor, DN, Jan. 31, 1937, 22;
140. "Text of Martin Letter," 16;
141. On the roots of this claim, see John Fitch, The Causes of Industrial Unrest (New York: Harper & Bros., 1924), 221-23;
142. Sidney and Beatrice Webb, Industrial Democracy, 559-63 (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1902).
143. Louis Stark, "Sit-Down," Survey Graphic, June 1937, 316, 320;
144. see also William Allen White, "Sit-Down: Harbinger of a New Revolution?" DN, April 5, 1937, 1.
145. see also J. B. Livengood, "Human Rights Have Precedence," Typographical Journal, April 1937, 338;
146. Whitney, "Thinking Clearly on Property Rights," 136-37;
147. Speech Given by Mr. Martin to the Sit-Down Strikers in the Dodge Plant, Detroit, March 15, 1937, Homer Martin Collection, Box 3, at 3-4;
148. cf. O'Brien v. O'Brien, 66 N.Y.2d 576, 489 N.E.2d 712, 498 N.Y.S.2d 743 (Ct. App. 1985) (marital property interest in professional education);
149. C. Edwin Baker, "Property and Its Relation to Constitutionally Protected Liberty," University of Pennsylvania Law Review 134 (1986): 741, 745-46.
150. PP No. 8(1), n.d. [c. late Jan. 1937], 2;
151. CR, Mar. 23, 1937, 2642 (Rep. Bernard);
152. cf. Joseph Singer, "The Reliance Interest in Property," Stanford Law Review 40 (1987): 611, 711-18;
153. Margaret Jane Radin, "Property and Personhood," Stanford Law Review 34 (1982): 957.
154. Local 157, UAW, Resolution on Sit-Down Strike Legislation (typescript), FMCS Records, RG 280, Entry 14, Box 419;
155. see also DLN, April 9, 1937, 1;
156. Paper Makers'Journal, April 1937, 20.
157. Staughton Lynd, "Communal Rights," Texas Law Review 62 (1984): 1417, 1423-24.
158. See The Oakmar, 20 F. Supp. 650 (D. Md. 1937);
159. The Losmar, 20 F. Supp. 887 (D. Md. 1937);
160. Plecity v. Local No. 37, International Union of Bakery and Confectionery Workers of America, Superior Ct., Los Angeles County, Cal., 4 U.S.L.W. 898, C.C.H. 16357;
161. General Motors Corp. v. International Union, United Automobile Workers of America, Cir. Ct. Genesee County, Mich., 4 U.S.L.W. 678 (1937), C.C.H. 16354;
162. Chrysler Corp. v. International Union, UAW, Cir. Ct., Wayne County, Mich., 4 U.S.L.W. 858 (1937), C.C.H. 16358;
163. Apex Hosiery Co. v. Leader, 90 F.2d 144 (3d Cir. 1937), appeal dismissed, 302 U.S. 656 (1937).
164. PP No. 16, Feb. 12, 1937, 2;
165. Chicago Daily News, Feb. 19, 1937, 1, 4;
166. In re Matter of Fansteel Metallurgical Corporation, 5 N.L.R.B. 930, 942-13 (1938).
167. Voice of Labor (newspaper of UAW Local 206), March 27, 1937, 4;
168. Livengood, "Human Rights Have Precedence," 338;
169. Draft of Plymouth Local 51 Strike Bulletin, Kraus Papers, Reel 5, Wayne State Archives (1st quotation); Paper Makers'Journal, April 1937, 20;
170. Local 157, UAW, Resolution on Sit-Down Strike Legislation (typescript), FMCS Records, RG 280, Entry 14, Box 419 (second and third quotations); Typographical Journal, Feb. 1937, 103;
171. Luigi Antonini, "Apropos 'Sit-Downs,'" Justice, April 15, 1937, 6;
172. Resolution No. 238, Submitted by Kermit Johnson, Local No. 156, Flint, Mich., UAW Proceedings 1937, Appendix III, 97.
173. See Fortune, July 1937, 96 (reporting that only 20.1 percent of all respondents and 32.9 percent of executives expressed the opinion that sit-downs "should be stopped, even if bloodshed is necessary").
174. See Roger Baldwin, "Organized Labor and Political Democracy," in Roger Baldwin and Clarence Randall, Civil Liberties and Industrial Conflict (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938), 37;
175. American Civil Liberties Union, Let Freedom Ring: The Story of Civil Liberty, 1936-1937 (New York: ACLU, 1938), 25, 75;
176. Jerold S. Auerbach, Labor and Liberty: The LaFollette Committee and the New Deal (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1966), 110-15, 129-30;
177. Stephen H. Norwood, Strike-breaking and Intimidation: Mercenaries and Masculinity in Twentieth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 205.
178. Leon Green, "The Case for the Sit-Down Strike," New Republic, Mar. 24, 1937, 90;
179. Eisenberg, "Government Policy," 67,
180. U.S. Senate, Subcommittee of the Committee on Education and Labor, Hearings Pursuant to S. Res. 266, Violations of Free Speech and Rights of Labor, 74th-76th Congs., 1936-1940, Part 45, Exhibit No. 7821, dated July 21, 1936, at 17072 (resolution of Goodyear Local 2).
181. URW Proceedings 1936, 440 (resolution submitted by Goodyear Local 2);
182. James Keller, "The Rubber Front in Akron," The Communist, Mar. 1937, 241, 242.
183. See UAW Proceedings 1937, 225;
184. Minutes of the 90th Regular Meeting, Feb. 7, 1937, Local 5 Minutebook, 21, 24, Local 5 United Rubber Workers Collection, University of Akron Archives, Akron, Ohio, Box F-1;
185. UAW Local 155, Midland Shop Rules, reprinted in Barclay, "We Sat Down with the Strikers," 46.
186. Local 157, UAW, Resolution on Sit-Down Strike Legislation (typescript), FMCS Records, RG 280, Entry 14, Box 419.
187. Paper Makers' Journal, April 1937, 20, 22;
188. see also Luigi Antonini, "Apropos 'Sit-Downs,'" 6.
189. Resolution Adopted By Goodrich Local # 5, U.R. WA., C.April 17, 1937, Lewis CIO Files, Part I, Reel 11, Frame 353;
190. Lawrence Lucey, "Labor and Law," The Commonweal (July 3, 1936): 347.
191. E. L. Oliver, Vice President, Labor's Non-Partisan League, to Congressmen and Senators, Feb. 17, 1937, Lewis CIO Papers, Reel 26, Frame 1096;
192. Richard C. Cortner, The Wagner Act Cases (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1964), 175;
193. Drew D. Hansen, "The Sit-Down Strikes and the Switch in Time," Wayne State Law Review 46 (2000): 49, 109-10, 118-19.
194. Carter v. Carter Coal, 298 U.S. 238, 309 (1936);
195. United Rubber Worker, Dec. 1936, 5.
196. See Felix Frankfurter and Nathan Greene, The Labor Injunction (New York: MacMillan,1930), 106-8;
197. DN, Feb. 2, 1937, 1, 23.
198. I.J.A. Bull. Mar. 1937, 101-2.
199. See, e.g, Apex Hosiery Co. v. Leader, 90 F.2d 144, 158 (3d Cir. 1937), rev'd as moot, 302 U.S. 656 (1937);
200. The Losmar, 20 F. Supp. 887, 891 (D. Md. 1937);
201. Ohio Leather Co. v. De Chant, Ohio, 4 U.S.L.W. 951 (Court of Common Pleas, Trumbull County, Ohio 1937);
202. I.J.A. Bull., Feb. 1938, 103.
203. The Losmar, 20 F. Supp. 887, 890 (D. Md. 1937);
204. Fansteel Metallurgical Corp. v. Lodge 66, Amalgamated Ass'n of Iron Workers (Lake County Circuit Court, No. 37551, June 8, 1937),
205. reprinted in Transcript of Record, NLRB v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corp., 306 U.S. 240 (1939), 1724, 1726, 1732.
206. Maurice Sugar, "Is the Sit-Down Legal?" New Masses (May 4, 1937): 19, 21.
207. Art Preis, Labor's Giant Step (New York: Pathfinder, 1964), 60;
208. Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States, 1680.
209. Schwantes, "'We've Got 'em on the Run,'" 179, 197-98;
210. Barry Cushman, Rethinking the New Deal Court: The Structure of a Constitutional Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 32 n.156.
211. See Monthly Labor Review, Aug. 1938, 360, 361, 362;
212. Hansen, "The Sit-Down Strikes and the Switch in Time," 85-86.
213. Miles Arnold, "What a Strike Means to a Police Department," City Manager Magazine 19 (Feb. 1937): 44;
214. Donald C. Stone, "What Is the City's Role in Labor Disputes?" Public Management 19 (Feb. 1937): 40.
215. I.J.A. Bulletin, Jan. 1938, 85.
216. Steve Babson, Building the Union: Skilled Workers and Anglo-Gaelic Immigrants in the Rise of the UAW (New Brunswick: Rutgers University. Press, 1991), 186;
217. Norwood, Strike-breaking and Intimidation, 214;
218. Russell B. Porter, "6,000 Chrysler Sit-ins Defy Gov. Murphy to Use Troops," NYT, Mar. 21, 1937, 1;
219. Daily Worker, April 14, 1937, 3.
220. Mr. Homer Martin's Speech in Cadillac Square, March 23, 1937, UAW Local 9 Collection, Box 3, Wayne State Archives.
221. Detroit Police Sit-Down List, 1614;
222. Local 205 Union Action, April 1, 1937, 1.
223. James T. Patterson, Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress, 1933-1939 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1967), 135-36;
224. David Plotke, Building a Democratic Political Order: Reshaping American Liberalism in the 1930s and 1940s (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 128, 148.
225. Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (New York: Viking Press, 1946), 321-22;
226. Patterson, Congressional Conservativism, 135.
227. See CR, Mar. 23, 1937, 2642 (Rep. Bernard);
228. CR, Apr. 2, 1937, 3074 (Sen. Brown).
229. see also CR, Mar. 19, 1937, 2491 (Sen. O'Mahoney).
230. CR, April 7, 1937, 3242-43 (Sen. Wagner);
231. see also CR, Mar. 30, 1937, 2921 (Rep. Scott);
232. CR, Mar. 23, 1937, 2639 (Rep. Harlan).
233. see also CR, Mar. 23, 1937, 2637 (Rep. Dies).
234. CR, Mar. 19, 1937, 2522 (Rep. Hoffman);
235. see also CR, Apr. 2, 1937, 3072 (Sen. Bailey);
236. CR, Mar. 17, 1937, 2337 (Sen. Johnson);
237. CR, Mar. 23, 1937, 2639 (Rep. Harlan);
238. CR, Mar. 18, 1937, 2379 (Sen. Brown);
239. CR, Apr. 8, 1937, Appendix, 829-30 (Rep. Ellenbogen);
240. CR, Apr. 8, 1937, Appendix, 758-59 (Rep. Engel).
241. Turner Catledge, "Senate Denounces Sit-Ins and Spies," NYT, April 8, 1937, 1;
242. Business Week, May 1, 1937, 8.
243. NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U.S. 1, 41 (1937) (distinguishing A. L. A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 [1935],
244. and Carter v. Carter Coal Company, 298 U.S. 238 [1936]).
245. NLRB v. Fruehauf Trailer Company, 301 U.S. 49 (1937);
246. NLRB v. Friedman-Harry Marks Clothing Company, 301 U.S. 58 (1937);
247. Jones & Laughlin, 301 U.S. at 43;
248. See James A. Gross, The Making of the National Labor Relations Board: A Study in Economics, Politics, and the Law (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1974), 194 (quoting oral history interview with NLRB chairman Warren Madden).
249. Peter Irons, The New Deal Lawyers (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), 263 (quoting Fahy);
250. Letter from Charles Wyzanski, Labor Solicitor, to Felix Frankfurter (Apr. 14, 1937), John Knox Papers, Harvard Law Library Manuscript Div., box 1.
251. Fred W. Cousins, "Girls of Cleared Plant Are Dubbed 'Gas Eaters,'" DN, April 15, 1937, 1;
252. Local 205 Union Action, April 17, 1937, 4.
253. see also Arthur Krock, "Wagner Act Decisions Viewed from Political Angle," NYT, April 13, 1937, 24;
254. Monthly Labor Review, Aug. 1938, 360, 361.
255. Art Dobrzynski, "One Eviction - Two Sit-Downs" (poem), Local 205 Union Action, April 17, 1937, 4;
256. Germer to Lewis, July 9, 1937, The CIO Files of John L. Lewis (ed. M. Dubofsky), Microform, reel 1, frame 793 [hereafter Lewis CIO Papers];
257. William Z. Foster, "The Significance of the Sit-Down Strike," The Communist, Apr. 1937, 339;
258. see also McAlister Coleman, "Law to Order," Socialist Call, Feb. 13, 1937, 5;
259. George F. Miles, "Trade Union Notes," Workers Age (official organ of the Communist Party-Opposition),' Feb. 20, 1937, 2.
260. Jefferys, "'Matters of Mutual Interest': The Unionization Process at Dodge Main, 1933-1939," in On the Line: Essays in the History of Auto Work, ed. Nelson Lichtenstein and Stephen Meyer (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 100, 114;
261. James B. Atleson, "Wartime Labor Regulation, the Industrial Pluraliste, and the Law of Collective Bargaining," in Industrial Democracy in America: The Ambiguous Promise, ed. Nelson Lichtenstein and Howell John Harris (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 142, 153 (quotation).
262. Minutes of the Regular Business Meeting, Dodge Local No. 3, April 24, 1938, UAW Local 3 Collection,Wayne State Archives, at 5;
263. "Text of GM-Union Constitution," DN, March 13, 1937, 4, sections I.A , I.C and V.
264. see also Ronald Edsforth, Class Conflict and Cultural Consensus: The Making of a Mass Consumer Society in Flint, Michigan (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 177-78.
265. Adolph Germer to Lewis, July 18, 1937, Lewis CIO Papers, reel 1, frame 694;
266. Ted Morgan, A Covert Life: Jay Lovestone, Communist, Anti-Communist, and Spy Master (New York: Random House, 1999), 124 (1999).
267. Bert Cochran, Labor and Communism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977), 138-39;
268. Galenson, CIO Challenge, 158.
269. See Nelson Lichtenstein, "Great Expectations: The Promise of Industrial Jurisprudence and Its Demise," in Industrial Democracy in America, ed. Lichtenstein and Harris, 113, 138;
270. NLRB v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corp., 306 U.S. 240, 247-48 (1939);
271. Fansteel Metallurgical Corp., 5 N.L.R.B. 930, 931, enforcement denied,
272. Fansteel Metallurgical Corp v. NLRB, 98 F.2d 375 (7th Cir. 1938), reversed in part, 306 U.S. 240 (1939).
273. Transcript of Record, NLRB v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corp., 306 U.S. 240 (1939), at 302, 1413-14, 523;
274. 5 N.L.R.B. 945, 949, 952-53 (1938);
275. See In re McNeely & Price Co., 6 N.L.R.B. 800 (1938);
276. In re Kuehne Mfg. Co., 7 N.L.R.B. 304 (1938);
277. In re Electric Boat Co., 7 N.L.R.B. 572, 573 (1938);
278. In re Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., 10 N.L.R.B. 242, 248 (1938);
279. In re Swift & Co., 10 N.L.R.B. 991 (1939);
280. Note, "Termination of Relation of Master and Servant," Chicago-Kent Law Review 17 (1939): 290, 293.
281. Brief for Fansteel Metallurgical Corporation, NLRB v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corporation, 306 U.S. 240 (1939), 26
282. (quoting Associated Press v. NLRB, 301 U.S. 103, 132 [1937]);
283. NLRB v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corp., 306 U.S. 240, 252, 253, 255, 259 (1939);
284. Henry M. Hart, Jr., and Edward F. Pritchard, Jr., "The Fansteel Case: Employee Misconduct and the Remedial Powers of the National Labor Relations Board," Harvard Law Review 52 (1939): 1275, 1280-81.
285. 300 U.S. 379 (1937);
286. Laurence H. Tribe, American Constitutional Law, 2d ed., (Mineola, N.Y.: Foundation Press, 1988), 567.
287. J. Denson Smith, "From Nose-Thumbing to Sabotage," Louisiana Law Review 1 (1939): 577, 577, 580;
288. see also Frank Thomas Miller, Jr., "Sit-Down Strikes-Reinstatement of Employees under the Wagner Act," North Carolina Law Review 17 (1939): 438, 439;
289. Note, "Power of the National Labor Relations Board to Order Reinstatement of Sit-Down Strikers," California Law Review 27 (1939): 470, 473;
290. Arthur Krock, "Implications in the Dissents of Reed and Black," NYT, March 1, 1939, 20.
291. Willard Wirtz, "Dean Green," Texas Law Review 56 (1978): 571, 574;
292. Donald A. Ritchie, James M. Landis: Dean of the Regulators (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), 84.
293. See, e.g., Shipyard Worker, Mar. 10, 1939, 4;
294. Len De Caux, "Looking Ahead," UNS, March 3, 1939, 1;
295. Henry C. Fleisher, "See Wagner Act Amended by Court Ruling," UNS, March 3, 1939, 1.
296. NYT, Mar. 3, 1939, 18;
297. Federated Press, Nov. 3, 1949, 2;
298. Federated Press, Jan. 8, 1954, 2;
299. Craig Becker, "'Better Than a Strike': Protecting New Forms of Collective Work Stoppages under the National Labor Relations Act," University of Chicago Law Review 61 (1994): 351, 368-69 nn.77, 83.
300. Finkin, "Revisionism in Labor Law," 32;
301. Preis, Labor's Giant Step, 103-6.
302. James B. Atleson, Labor and the Wartime State: Labor Relations and Law during World War II (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 57-66;
303. Judith Stepan-Norris and Maurice Zeitlin, "'Red' Unions and 'Bourgeois' Contracts?" American Journal of Sociology 96(1991): 1151, 1186.
304. See James R. Zetka, Jr., Militancy, Market Dynamics, and Workplace Authority: The Struggle over Labor Process Outcomes in the U.S. Automobile Industry, 1946 to 1973 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), 34-36;
305. Nelson Lichtenstein, "Life at the Rouge: A Cycle of Workers' Control," in Life and Labor: Dimensions of American Working-Class History, ed. Charles Stephenson and Robert Asher (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986), 237, 242-43;
306. Harold S. Roberts, The Rubber Workers (New York: Harper & Bros., 1944), 254;
307. James W. Kuhn, Bargaining in Grievance Settlement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961), 139.
308. Stephen Amberg, "The Triumph of Industrial Orthodoxy: The Collapse of Studebaker-Packard," in On the Line, ed. Lichtenstein and Meyer, 190, 202;
309. Zetka, Militancy, Market Dynamics, and Workplace Authority, 113-17;
310. Sumner H. Slichter, James J. Healy, and E. Robert Livernash, The Impact of Collective Bargaining on Management (Washington: Brookings, 1960), 667, 670.
311. Brody, Workers in Industrial America, 206, 199-207;
312. see also Gartman, Auto Slavery, 268-80.
313. Jefferys, Management and Managed, 111, 112-14.
314. David Brody, "Workplace Contractualism in Comparative Perspective," in Industrial Democracy in America, ed. Lichtenstein and Harris, 176, 204.
315. DiGaetano Oral History Interview, 14, 74, 71.