Defending "our beautiful freedom": State formation and local autonomy in Oaxaca, 1930-1940

Mexican Studies - Estudios Mexicanos

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 125-153

  Smith, Benjamin ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cargo system; Lazaro Cardenas; Local autonomy; Oaxaca; Post revolution; Sierra Ju rez; Socialist education; State formation; Zapotecs

Indexed keywords

EID: 43249145467     PISSN: 07429797     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/msem.2007.23.1.125     Document Type: Review

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63. See Vaughan's appreciation of the difference between the state of 1934 and 1940. Vaughan, Cultural Politics in Revolution, 199
64. Ben Fallaw, Cárdenas Compromised: The Failure of Reform in Postrevolutionary Yucatán (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001)
65. Adrian A. Bantjes, As if Jesus Walked the Earth, Cardenismo, Sonora and the Mexican Revolution (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1998)
66. Victor de la Cruz, El General Charis, y la Pacificación del México postrevoluciónario (Mexico: CIESAS, 1993), 121
67. Justicia! Clamor del Proletariado de Oaxaca (Oaxaca: np, 1934), 3
68. El Oaxaqueño, 9 December 1935
69. El Oaxaqueño, 23 April 1934; AGN, Dirección General de Gobierno, 2.315 EL (17)-1, Memorandum Sobre el Conflito del Estado 1935; Rafael Márquez Toro to President Cárdenas, 2 January 1936
70. Tamayo, Oaxaca en el Siglo XX, 69
71. Ruben García, En La Comitiva del Presidente Cárdenas (Mexico: np, 1937), 25
72. El Oaxaqueño, 14 March 1937
73. Oaxaca Nuevo, 30 January 1938
74. Oaxaca en México, (revista), April 1937
75. Frente Popular Oaxaqueño, Datos para la historia de Nuestro Desventurado Estado (Oaxaca: np, 1938), 1
76. El Momento, 26 December 1939
77. Jorge F. Iturribarria, Oaxaca en la historia: de la epoca precolumbina a los tiempos actuates (Mexico: Editorial Stylo, 1955), 235
78. J. Guadalupe García, La Sierra de Huautla en la Gesta Oaxaqueña (Mexico: 1955), 89
79. Alfonso Francisco Ramírez, Por los Caminos de Oaxaca (Mexico: Editorial Porrua, 1958), 355-7
80. La Prensa, 1 April 1936
81. Guillermo Rosas Solaegui, Un Hombre en el Tiempo (Mexico: Costa Amic, 1971), 110
82. El Oaxaqueño, 6 March 1936; AGN, Dirección General de Gobierno, 3.311.D.F (17) 1, Inspector to Secretario de Gobierno, 26 July 1936
83. Francisco José Ruiz Cervantes La Revolución en Oaxaca, El Movimiento de la Soberania (1915-1920) (Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económico, 1986)
84. Alan Knight, The Mexican Revolution (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990) 1: 115-22
85. Paul Garner, "Federalism and Caudillismo in the Mexican Revolution: The Genesis of the Oaxaca Sovereignty Movement, (1915-1920)," Journal of Latin American Studies 17 (1985): 111-133
86. Paul Garner, La Revolución en la Provincia: Soberania Estatal y Caudillismo Serrano en Oaxaca, 1910-1920 (Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económico, 2003)
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88. Paul Garner, "Oaxaca, The Rise and Fall of State Sovereignty," in Thomas Benjamin and Mark Wasserman, eds., Provinces of the Revolution, Essays on Regional Mexican History, 1910-1929 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1990), 163-183
89. Patrick J. McNamara, "Sons of the Sierra: Memory, Patriarchy, and Rural Political Culture in Mexico, 1855-1911," unpublished Phd dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2002
90. C. M. Young argues that Ibarra ran Zaragoza against Chapital because of a previous argument over the governorship in 1920. She is mistaken; Ibarra came into conflict with another Constantino Chapital in 1920. C. M. Young, "The Social Setting of Migration: Factor affecting Migration from a Sierra Zapotec Village in Oaxaca, Mexico," unpublished PhD dissertation, University of London, 1976, 251
91. AGPEO, Gobernación 1936, Miguel Ortiz to Secretario del Despacho, 23 August 1936; AGPEO, Gobernación, Manuel Martínez, 25 April 1941; AGPEO, Gobernación 1939, Union Fraternal de Ayuntamientos de la Sierra Juárez to Secretaria de Despacho, 14 January 1940
92. Oaxaca en México (revista), 12 August 1936
93. Martínez Medina, Historia de una crisis political local, 54
94. AGPEO, Gobernación, Presidente Municipal de Ixtlán to Secretario del Despacho, 1 December 1936; Michael Kearney, The Winds of Ixtepeji, World View and Society in a Zapotec Town (New York: Waveland Press, 1972), 42
95. See letters in AGN, Dirección General de Gobierno, 312 (17) Caja 11 29
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102. Francisco José Ruiz Cervantes, "El Movimiento de la Soberania en Oaxaca, (1915-1920)," in Victor Raúl Martínez Vásquez, La Revolución en Oaxaca, 1900-1930 (Oaxaca: CONACULTA, 1985), 225-308
103. Garner, "Federalism and Caudillismo in the Mexican Revolution"
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109. AGPEO, Gobernación, Francisco I. Ramírez to Secretario del Despacho, 6 October 1937
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111. Cruz Cruz, "Surgimiento de la Escuela Rural," 167
112. Cruz Cruz, "Surgimiento de la Escuela Rural," 165
113. Young, "The Social Setting of Migration," 145
114. AGPEO, Gobernacion 1928, Men of Yagavia to Governor Genaro V. Vasquez, 8 August 1928; Onofre Jiménez to Secretario del Despacho, 21 August 1928
115. Olga Montes García, "Las Politicas Indigenistas y Educativas en la Sierra Juárez: 1930-1940", Paper given at UABJO Seminar on the History of Oaxaca, nd; AHSEP, 176.2 Informe anual de Ramón Robles, 9 December 1933; "Informe de Profesor Francisco Hernández y Hernández, Ixtlán, March-July 1932", SEP, Las Misiones Culturales (Mexico: SEP, 1933), 215; AHSEP, 181.1, Informe de Ramón Robles, 5 August 1935
116. AHSEP, 176.2 Informe anual de Ramón Robles, 9 December 1933; I am aware of debate on the purpose of mayordomias. However, I believe in the case of the Sierra Juárez, where there was a noticeable equality of wealth distribution, it was the main root of the system. For a précis of the various arguments see James B. Greenberg, Santiago's Sword, Chatino Peasant Religion and Economics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), 1-22
117. Interview with David Eloy Morales Jiménez, October 2003
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119. Avance, 4 August 1935
120. A similar committee was also set up in Talea, Villa Alta. AHSEP Misiones Culturales, C56 exp 6 ff 29-32, Informe de la Liga de Mejoramiento Social del Pueblo de Talea, 1931. For the assumption of tequio by the schools see, Pérez García, La Sierra Juárez, 333
121. La Libertad, 7 January 1934
122. AGPEO, Gobernación, Recaudador de Rentas de Ixtlán to Governor Chapital, 12 January 1937
123. García, En La Comitiva, 25-6
124. Interview with Benito Torres Pérez, Ixtlán, October 2004
125. For the history of the boarding school see Alexander S. Dawson, Indian and Nation in Revolutionary Mexico (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2005), 59-66
126. Everado Escarcega López, "El Principio de La Reforma Agraria," in Everado Escarcega López, Saul Escobar Toledo, Historia de la Cuestión Agraria Mexicana, El Cardenismo: Un Parteaguas Histórico en el Proceso Agrario 1934-1940 (2 vols.) (Mexico: Siglo Veintiuno, 1990), I: 39-251, 187
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128. AGPEO, Gobernacion, Rosendo Pérez to Governor Vasconcelos, 3 March 1947
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147. This creation of autonomous political zones in the 1930s, followed by repression and control during the 1950s, offers a historical reason for the early resistance to the PRI state in all three areas. See Ramón "Tianguis" Pérez, Diary of a guerrilla (translated by Dick J. Reavis) (Houston, Arte Público Press, 1999)
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