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Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 228-247

Dying for a cup of coffee? Migrant death in the US-Mexico border region in a neoliberal age

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BORDER REGION; CRISIS MANAGEMENT; LABOR MIGRATION; MIGRANTS EXPERIENCE; NEOLIBERALISM; POLITICAL BOUNDARY; POPULATION MIGRATION;

EID: 43249138369     PISSN: 14650045     EISSN: 15573028     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14650040601168826     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (71)

References (127)
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    • and the section on border deaths on the website of the Latin American Working Group: http://www.lawg.org/countries/mexico/death-stats.htm. Regarding the difficulties associated with assessing migrant deaths over time, see J. Nevins, 'Thinking Out of Bounds: A Critical Analysis of Academic and Human Rights Writings on Migrant Deaths in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region', Migraciones Internacionales 2/2 (July-Dec. 2003) pp. 171-190.
    • and the section on border deaths on the website of the Latin American Working Group: http://www.lawg.org/countries/mexico/death-stats.htm. Regarding the difficulties associated with assessing migrant deaths over time, see J. Nevins, 'Thinking Out of Bounds: A Critical Analysis of Academic and Human Rights Writings on Migrant Deaths in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region', Migraciones Internacionales 2/2 (July-Dec. 2003) pp. 171-190.
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    • One notable exception is J. Ross, 'They Don't Call it StarBUCKS for Nada', The Texas Observer (20 Dec. 2002).
    • One notable exception is J. Ross, 'They Don't Call it StarBUCKS for Nada', The Texas Observer (20 Dec. 2002).
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    • Growing out of and in reaction to world-systems analysis, a commodity chain approach appreciates that one cannot limit one's analysis of a commodity to a particular nation-state, while the entire world economy (the world-system) is too big an entity to interrogate from a practical perspective (among others). The strengths of such an approach are many: It is heavily empirical; it highlights an international division of labor, while clarifying the division of benefits (and detriments often) associated with the making and selling of a particular commodity
    • Growing out of and in reaction to world-systems analysis, a commodity chain approach appreciates that one cannot limit one's analysis of a commodity to a particular nation-state, while the entire world economy (the "world-system") is too big an entity to interrogate from a practical perspective (among others). The strengths of such an approach are many: It is heavily empirical; it highlights an international division of labor, while clarifying the division of benefits (and detriments often) associated with the making and selling of a particular commodity
  • 28
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    • and it is very much geographical in that it demonstrates the nature of relationships between supposedly discrete locations. See J. M. Talbot, Grounds For Agreement: The Political Economy of the Coffee Commodity Chain Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield 2004
    • and it is very much geographical in that it demonstrates the nature of relationships between supposedly discrete locations. See J. M. Talbot, Grounds For Agreement: The Political Economy of the Coffee Commodity Chain (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield 2004).
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    • Ibid., Chapter 5. For an historical overview of the long-terms shifts in control of the coffee trade see S. Topik, 'The Integration of the World Coffee Market', in S. Topik and W. G. Clarence-Smith (eds.), The Global Coffee Economy In Africa, Asia, And Latin America, 1500-1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2003) pp. 21-49.
    • Ibid., Chapter 5. For an historical overview of the long-terms shifts in control of the coffee trade see S. Topik, 'The Integration of the World Coffee Market', in S. Topik and W. G. Clarence-Smith (eds.), The Global Coffee Economy In Africa, Asia, And Latin America, 1500-1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2003) pp. 21-49.
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    • Introduction: Coffee and Global Development
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    • For an overview of these efforts, see Talbot (note 12) Chapter 3. Significant portions of the rest of this section have previously appeared in J. Nevins, 'Restitution over Coffee: Truth, Reconciliation and Environmental Violence in East Timor', Political Geography, 22/6 (Aug. 2003) pp. 677-701.
    • For an overview of these efforts, see Talbot (note 12) Chapter 3. Significant portions of the rest of this section have previously appeared in J. Nevins, 'Restitution over Coffee: Truth, Reconciliation and Environmental Violence in East Timor', Political Geography, 22/6 (Aug. 2003) pp. 677-701.
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    • Quoted in Talbot (note 12) p. 58.
    • Quoted in Talbot (note 12) p. 58.
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    • Bates note 20
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    • Quoted in Talbot (note 12) p. 60.
    • Quoted in Talbot (note 12) p. 60.
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    • See Talbot note 12
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    • Quoted in Bates (note 20) p. 128.
    • Quoted in Bates (note 20) p. 128.
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    • and Pendergrast (note 24).
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    • See Talbot note 12
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    • See also Ponte note 20
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    • and Talbot note 12
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    • Ponte note 20
    • Ponte (note 20).
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    • published online by the Americas Program, Interhemispheric Resource Center Feb., available at, accessed 22 Nov. 2005
    • L. Carlsen and E. Cervantes, 'When the Coffee Crisis Hits Home', published online by the Americas Program, Interhemispheric Resource Center (Feb. 2004); available at http://www.americaspolicy.org/ citizen-action/voices/2004/0402coffee.html, accessed 22 Nov. 2005.
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    • Contrasting the scene at a Starbucks in an upscale neighborhood of Mexico City, one observer wrote in 2002 of the grim, daily existence of 360,000 mostly Indian coffee farmers who work small plots carved from the jungle mountains of southern Mexico. Sometimes walking six hours from patch to village with a hundred pounds on their back, Indian farmers produce 5,000,000 sacks (134 pounds each) in a good year .... For recompense, coffee farmers and their families suffer endemic malnutrition; they have the lowest income levels and the worst health and educational statistics in Mexico (Ross, note 7).
    • Contrasting the scene at a Starbucks in an upscale neighborhood of Mexico City, one observer wrote in 2002 of "the grim, daily existence of 360,000 mostly Indian coffee farmers who work small plots carved from the jungle mountains of southern Mexico. Sometimes walking six hours from patch to village with a hundred pounds on their back, Indian farmers produce 5,000,000 sacks (134 pounds each) in a good year .... For recompense, coffee farmers and their families suffer endemic malnutrition; they have the lowest income levels and the worst health and educational statistics in Mexico" (Ross, note 7).
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    • published online by the Americas Program, Interhemispheric Resource Center 13 Dec. 2004, available at, accessed 22 Nov. 2005
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    • See also R. Boudreaux, 'Looking North With Pride, Fear', Los Angeles Times (1 May 2006).
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    • J. M. Lewis, 'Strategies for Survival: Migration and Fair-Trade Organic Coffee Production in Oaxaca, Mexico'(Working Paper 118), (San Diego: Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California, San Diego, June 2005), available at http://www.ccis-ucsd.org/ PUBLICATIONS/wrkg118.pdf. Interestingly, Lewis finds that continued engagement in the coffee sector and out-migration are not mutually exclusive survival strategies. Migration can and often does provide a source of capital that can make coffee production more economically viable.
    • J. M. Lewis, 'Strategies for Survival: Migration and Fair-Trade Organic Coffee Production in Oaxaca, Mexico'(Working Paper 118), (San Diego: Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California, San Diego, June 2005), available at http://www.ccis-ucsd.org/ PUBLICATIONS/wrkg118.pdf. Interestingly, Lewis finds that continued engagement in the coffee sector and out-migration are not mutually exclusive survival strategies. Migration can and often does provide a source of capital that can make coffee production more economically viable.
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    • Varengis (note 35) p. 6
    • Varengis (note 35) p. 6.
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    • Ibid., pp. 6-8.
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    • United States Congress, 'The Coffee Crisis in the Western Hemisphere', Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, July 24, 2002 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office 2002).
    • United States Congress, 'The Coffee Crisis in the Western Hemisphere', Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, July 24, 2002 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office 2002).
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    • Oxfam America, 'The Coffee Crisis Continues: Situation Assessment and Policy Recommendations for Reducing Poverty in the Coffee Sector' (April 2005) p. 24, available at http://www.oxfamamerica.org/ newsandpublications/publications/research_reports/crisis_continues. The report cites as its source R. Rivera et al. El Impacto de la Crisis de Café en El Salvador (San Salvador: Fundación Nacional para el Desarollo [FUNDE] 2003).
    • Oxfam America, 'The Coffee Crisis Continues: Situation Assessment and Policy Recommendations for Reducing Poverty in the Coffee Sector' (April 2005) p. 24, available at http://www.oxfamamerica.org/ newsandpublications/publications/research_reports/crisis_continues. The report cites as its source R. Rivera et al. El Impacto de la Crisis de Café en El Salvador (San Salvador: Fundación Nacional para el Desarollo [FUNDE] 2003).
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    • 'Cahabón en la miseria y olvido,' Prensa Libre (2 May 2003). Quoted in G. Grandin, The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2004) p. 191.
    • 'Cahabón en la miseria y olvido,' Prensa Libre (2 May 2003). Quoted in G. Grandin, The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2004) p. 191.
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    • United States Congress (note 49) p. 11.
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    • Regarding coffee production in Guatemala, see M. Laslett, 'A Bitter Taste: Struggling for Just the Minimum', NACLA's Report on the Americas 34/6 (May/June 2001) pp. 8-11
    • Regarding coffee production in Guatemala, see M. Laslett, 'A Bitter Taste: Struggling for Just the Minimum', NACLA's Report on the Americas 34/6 (May/June 2001) pp. 8-11
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    • and F. J. Daniel, 'Guatemala Farm Rape Clouds Free Trade Debate,' Reuters (29 July 2004), available at http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/fairtrade/coffee/2402.html, accessed 15 Nov. 2005.
    • and F. J. Daniel, 'Guatemala Farm Rape Clouds Free Trade Debate,' Reuters (29 July 2004), available at http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/fairtrade/coffee/2402.html, accessed 15 Nov. 2005.
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    • See also D. McCreery, 'Coffee and Indigenous Labor in Guatemala, 1871-1980', in S. Topik and W. G. Clarence-Smith (eds.), The Global Coffee Economy in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, 1500-1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2003) pp. 191-208
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    • and D. Wilkinson, Silence on the Mountain: Stories of Terror, Betrayal, and Forgetting in Guatemala (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin 2002) pp. 68-69, 76-77.
    • and D. Wilkinson, Silence on the Mountain: Stories of Terror, Betrayal, and Forgetting in Guatemala (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin 2002) pp. 68-69, 76-77.
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    • For a broad discussion of neoliberalism, see S. Sawyer, Crude Chronicles: Indigenous Politics, Multinational Oil, and Neoliberalism in Ecuador (Durham, NC: Duke University Press 2004). For a brief overview of the development of neoliberalism in Mexico, see G. Otero, 'Mexico's Double Movement: Neoliberal Globalism, the State and Civil Society', in G. Otero, Mexico in Transition: Neoliberal Globalism, the State and Civil Society (Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing and London: Zed Books 2004) pp. 1- 17.
    • For a broad discussion of neoliberalism, see S. Sawyer, Crude Chronicles: Indigenous Politics, Multinational Oil, and Neoliberalism in Ecuador (Durham, NC: Duke University Press 2004). For a brief overview of the development of neoliberalism in Mexico, see G. Otero, 'Mexico's Double Movement: Neoliberal Globalism, the State and Civil Society', in G. Otero, Mexico in Transition: Neoliberal Globalism, the State and Civil Society (Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing and London: Zed Books 2004) pp. 1- 17.
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    • Survival Strategies in Neoliberal Markets: Peasant Organizations and Organic Coffee in Chiapas
    • See, G. Otero, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing and London: Zed Books
    • See M. E. Martínez Torres, 'Survival Strategies in Neoliberal Markets: Peasant Organizations and Organic Coffee in Chiapas', in G. Otero, Mexico in Transition: Neoliberal Globalism, the State and Civil Society (Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing and London: Zed Books 2004) 169-185.
    • (2004) Mexico in Transition: Neoliberal Globalism, the State and Civil Society , pp. 169-185
    • Martínez Torres, M.E.1
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    • D. Papademetriou et al, eds, Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Nov, available at, accessed 29 Nov. 2006
    • S. Polaski, 'Jobs, Wages, and Household Income,' in D. Papademetriou et al. (eds.), NAFTA's Promise and Reality: Lessons from Mexico for the Hemisphere (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Nov. 2003) pp. 17-19; available at http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/nafta1.pdf, accessed 29 Nov. 2006.
    • (2003) NAFTA's Promise and Reality: Lessons from Mexico for the Hemisphere , pp. 17-19
    • Polaski, S.1
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    • One estimate states that US corn was sold in Mexico between 1999 and 2001 at 30 percent or more below the cost of production. See Polaski (note 59) p. 17.
    • One estimate states that US corn was sold in Mexico between 1999 and 2001 at 30 percent or more below the cost of production. See Polaski (note 59) p. 17.
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    • See E. Fitting, 'Importing Corn, Exporting Labor: The Neoliberal Corn Regime, GMOs, and the Erosion of Mexican Biodiversity' Agriculture and Human Values 23 (March 2006) pp. 16-17
    • See E. Fitting, 'Importing Corn, Exporting Labor: The Neoliberal Corn Regime, GMOs, and the Erosion of Mexican Biodiversity' Agriculture and Human Values 23 (March 2006) pp. 16-17
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    • and A. Nadal, 'The Environmental and Social Impacts of Economic Liberalization on Corn Production in Rural Mexico' (Oxford, UK and Gland, Switzerland: Oxfam Great Britain and WWF International, Sep. 2000), available at http://ase.tufts.edu/gdae/Pubs/rp/ NadalOxfamWWFMaizeMexico2000.pdf.
    • and A. Nadal, 'The Environmental and Social Impacts of Economic Liberalization on Corn Production in Rural Mexico' (Oxford, UK and Gland, Switzerland: Oxfam Great Britain and WWF International, Sep. 2000), available at http://ase.tufts.edu/gdae/Pubs/rp/ NadalOxfamWWFMaizeMexico2000.pdf.
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    • See, also, 7 Nov
    • See, also, B. Lambrecht, 'Displaced Mexican Corn Farmers Are Streaming into Missouri', St. Louis Post-Dispatch (7 Nov. 2005)
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    • and J. H. Cohen, 'Community, Economy and Social Life in Oaxaca, Mexico: Rural Life and Cooperative Logic in the Global Economy', in G. Otero, Mexico in Transition: Neoliberal Globalism, the State and Civil Society Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing and London: Zed Books 2004 pp. 154-168.
    • and J. H. Cohen, 'Community, Economy and Social Life in Oaxaca, Mexico: Rural Life and Cooperative Logic in the Global Economy', in G. Otero, Mexico in Transition: Neoliberal Globalism, the State and Civil Society (Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing and London: Zed Books 2004 pp. 154-168.
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    • The Shifting Expectations of Free Trade and Migration
    • For a contrary analysis of the relationship between the Mexican corn sector and NAFTA, see, D. Papademetriou et al, eds, Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Nov, available at, accessed 30 Nov. 2006
    • For a contrary analysis of the relationship between the Mexican corn sector and NAFTA, see D. Papademetriou, 'The Shifting Expectations of Free Trade and Migration,' in D. Papademetriou et al. (eds.), NAFTA's Promise and Reality: Lessons from Mexico for the Hemisphere (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Nov. 2003) pp. 51-52, available at http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/ nafta1.pdf, accessed 30 Nov. 2006.
    • (2003) NAFTA's Promise and Reality: Lessons from Mexico for the Hemisphere , pp. 51-52
    • Papademetriou, D.1
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    • Also see, note 61, pp
    • Also see D. Papademetriou (note 61), pp. 39-59.
    • Papademetriou, D.1
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    • See
    • See P. Andreas, 'The Escalation of U.S. Immigration Control in the Post-NAFTA Era', Political Science Quarterly 113/4 (1998-1999) pp. 591-615
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    • and D. S. Massey, and K. E. Espinosa. 'What's Driving Mexico-U.S. Migration? A Theoretical, Empirical, and Policy Analysis', American Journal of Sociology 102/4 (Jan. 1997) pp. 939-999.
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    • At the same time, however, the Clinton administration claimed that the passage of NAFTA would actually help realise the goal of boundary enforcement: By creating better, high-paying jobs in Mexico, so went the argument, NAFTA would lead to less immigration from Mexico to the United States. See, for example, J. Reno, Consider NAFTA a Border Control Tool, Los Angeles Times (22 Oct. 1993) p. B11
    • At the same time, however, the Clinton administration claimed that the passage of NAFTA would actually help realise the goal of boundary enforcement: By creating better, high-paying jobs in Mexico - so went the argument - NAFTA would lead to less immigration from Mexico to the United States. See, for example, J. Reno, 'Consider NAFTA a Border Control Tool', Los Angeles Times (22 Oct. 1993) p. B11.
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    • U.S. Congress, Subcommittee on International Law, Immigration, and Refugees of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 103rd Congress. Immigration-related Issues in the North American Free Trade Agreement, Nov. 3, 1993 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office 1994) p. 36.
    • U.S. Congress, Subcommittee on International Law, Immigration, and Refugees of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 103rd Congress. Immigration-related Issues in the North American Free Trade Agreement, Nov. 3, 1993 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office 1994) p. 36.
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    • Nevertheless, upon ending her tenure as INS head in November 2000, Meissner wondered aloud, What drives people from one place to somewhere else, taking all kinds of risks? It's one of the fundamental questions of our time (quoted in Migration News, Dec. 2000, available at http://migration.ucdavis.edu.mn/more.php?id=2251_0_2_0, accessed 6 Dec. 2005).
    • Nevertheless, upon ending her tenure as INS head in November 2000, Meissner wondered aloud, "What drives people from one place to somewhere else, taking all kinds of risks? It's one of the fundamental questions of our time" (quoted in Migration News, Dec. 2000, available at http://migration.ucdavis.edu.mn/more.php?id=2251_0_2_0, accessed 6 Dec. 2005).
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    • That said, the actual extent to which NAFTA in and of itself has fueled rural out-migration is a subject of considerable debate. Demetrios Papademetriou (note 61, p. 52) concludes that NAFTA has only played a minor role. Larger structural factors processes that predate NAFTA, such as the longer-term liberalisation and deregulation of the rural economy, are far more important, he contends.
    • That said, the actual extent to which NAFTA in and of itself has fueled rural out-migration is a subject of considerable debate. Demetrios Papademetriou (note 61, p. 52) concludes that NAFTA has only played a "minor role." Larger structural factors processes that predate NAFTA, such as the longer-term liberalisation and deregulation of the rural economy, are far more important, he contends.
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    • For an overview of those phenomena and developments, see, note 4
    • For an overview of those phenomena and developments, see Nevins, Operation Gatekeeper (note 4).
    • Operation Gatekeeper
    • Nevins1
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    • Thanks to Aaron Bobow-Strain of Whitman College for making me appreciate the need to ask such questions
    • Thanks to Aaron Bobow-Strain of Whitman College for making me appreciate the need to ask such questions.
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    • and the website of Just Coffee at http://www.justcoffee.org.
    • and the website of Just Coffee at http://www.justcoffee.org.
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    • Regarding the complex and often contradictory relationship between the simultaneous opening and closing of the boundary, see, note 4
    • Regarding the complex and often contradictory relationship between the simultaneous "opening" and "closing" of the boundary, see Andreas, Border Games (note 4)
    • Border Games
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    • Regarding structural violence, see J. Galtung, 'Violence, Peace, and Peace Research', Journal of Peace Research 6/3 (1969) pp. 167-191
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    • A Beating Worse than Death: Imagining and Contesting Violence in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands
    • For a discussion of boundary enforcement as a form of violence, see, available at
    • For a discussion of boundary enforcement as a form of violence, see J. Nevins, 'A Beating Worse than Death: Imagining and Contesting Violence in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands', AmeriQuests 2/1 (2006) pp. 25, available at http://ejournals.library.vanderbilt.edu/ameriquests/ viewarticle.php=id=73&layout=abstract.
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    • See A. Paasi, 'The Social Construction of Peripherality: The Case of Finland and the Finnish-Russian Border Area', in H. Eskelinen and F. Snickars (eds.), Competitive European Peripheries (Berlin and New York: Springer 1995) pp. 236-258
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    • and A. Paasi, Territories, Boundaries and Consciousness: The Changing Geographies of the Finnish-Russian Border (Chichester, UK and New York: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 1996). Paasi borrows the concept of social spatialisation from R. Shields, Places on the Margin: Alternative Geographies of Modernity (London and New York: Routledge 1991).
    • and A. Paasi, Territories, Boundaries and Consciousness: The Changing Geographies of the Finnish-Russian Border (Chichester, UK and New York: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 1996). Paasi borrows the concept of social spatialisation from R. Shields, Places on the Margin: Alternative Geographies of Modernity (London and New York: Routledge 1991).


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