"Corriendo": Hard boundaries, human rights and the undocumented immigrant

Geopolitics

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 330-349

  Scarpellino, Martha ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRITICAL ANALYSIS; HUMAN RIGHTS; IMMIGRANT POPULATION; IMMIGRATION POLICY; MIGRANTS EXPERIENCE; POLITICAL BOUNDARY; SOCIAL THEORY;

EID: 43249134574     PISSN: 14650045     EISSN: 15573028     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14650040601169048     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Lecia de Guerra, as told to Martha Scarpellino, 2003.
2. A note on terminology: The terms "border" and "boundary" are synonymous in the English language, and are used interchangeably in the literature on border (boundary) issues. Lamont and Molnar refer to boundaries and borders as twin concepts (Michele Lamont and Virag Molnar, 'The Study of Boundaries in the Social Sciences', Annual Review of Sociology 28 (2002) pp. 167-95). They are not identical twins, however. "Boundary" carries a slightly heavier connotation of limitation and restriction. For this reason, when discussing increasing impediments to freedom of movement, or "hardening", "boundary" is the term I have chosen to employ.
3. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), available at www.un.org/Overview/rights.html, accessed 6 Oct. 2004.
4. Robert Jackson, The Global Covenant: Human Conduct in a World of States (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000) p. 316.
5. For excellent studies of these processes in particular border areas, see Ansi Paasi, Territories, Boundaries and Consciousness: The Changing Geographies of the Finnish-Russian Border (New York: John Wiley and Sons 1996)
6. and Peter Sahlins, Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees (Berkeley: University of California Press 1989).
7. Peter Andreas, Border Games: Policing the U.S.-Mexico Divide (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 2000)
8. Sahlins (note 4).
9. Malcolm Anderson, Frontiers: Territory and State Formation in the Modern World (Cambridge: Polity Press 1996) p. 1. In a deviation from standard terminology, Anderson employs "frontier" rather than "boundary" or "border."
10. Robert McCorquodale, "International Law, Boundaries, and Imagination", in David Miller and Sohail Hashimi (eds.), Boundaries and Justice: Diverse Ethical Perspectives (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2002) pp. 136-163.
11. Loren Lomansky, "Toward a Liberal Theory of National Boundaries", in David Miller and Sohail Hashimi (eds.), Boundaries and Justice: Diverse Ethical Perspectives (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2002) p. 56.
12. Liz Fekete, "Deaths at Europe's borders", Race and Class 45/4 (2004) pp. 75-83
13. Andreas (note 5).
14. Kitty Calavita, "Immigration, Law, and Marginalization in a Global Economy: Notes from Spain", Law and Society Review 32/3 (1998) pp. 529-566.
15. Declaration (note 2).
16. Emma Haddad, 'Refugee Protection: A Clash of Values', The International Journal of Human Rights 7/1 (Autumn 2003) pp. 1-26
17. Anderson (note 6).
18. Joseph Nevins, 'Thinking Out of Bounds: A Critical Analysis of Academic and Human Rights Writings on Migrant Deaths in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region', Migraciones Internacionales 2/2 (July-Dec. 2003) p. 5.
19. Anderson (note 6) p. 132.
20. Peter and Renata Singer, "The Ethics of Refugee Policy", in Mark Gibney (ed.), Open Borders? Closed Societies? The Ethical and Political Issues (New York: Greenwood Press 1988) p. 114.
21. Haddad (note 12) p. 9.
22. Ibid., p. 5.
23. Will Kymlicka, 'Territorial Boundaries: A Liberal Egalitarian Perspective', in D. Miller and S. H. Hashimi (eds.), Boundaries and Justice: Diverse Ethical Perspectives (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2002) p. 249.
24. Ibid.
25. Haddad (note 12)
26. Lomansky (note 8)
27. Anderson (note 6)
28. Michael Walzer, 'The Distribution of Membership', in Peter Brown and Henry Shue (eds.), Boundaries: National Autonomy and its Limits (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield 1981) pp. 1-35.
29. Anderson (note 6) p. 8.
30. Joseph H. Carens, 'Aliens and Citizens: The Case for Open Borders', Review of Politics 49/1 (Winter 1987) pp. 251-273.
31. Ibid., p. 251.
32. Ibid., p. 252.
33. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, rev. ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1999).
34. Ibid., pp. 6-7.
35. Ibid., p. 7.
36. Ibid., p. 11.
37. Ibid.
38. Carens (note 22) p. 255.
39. Rawls (note 25) p. 7.
40. Carens (note 22) p. 255.
41. Ibid., p. 258.
42. Ibid.
43. Carens (note 22) p. 260.
44. Joseph H. Carens, 'Nationalism and the Exclusion of Immigrants: Lessons from Australian Immigration Policy', in Mark Gibney (ed.), Open Borders? Closed Societies? The Ethical and Political Issues (New York: Greenwood Press 1988) pp. 41-60.
45. Ibid., p. 43.
46. Joseph H. Carens, "A Reply to Meilander: Reconsidering Open Borders". International Migration Review 33/4 (Winter 1999) pp. 1082-1097.
47. Frederick G. Whelan, "Citizenship and Freedom of Movement: An Open Admission Policy?" in Mark Gibney (ed.), Open Borders? Closed Societies? The Ethical and Political Issues (New York: Greenwood Press 1988) p. 7.
48. Walzer (note 20)
49. Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality (New York: Basic Books, Inc. 1983).
50. John A. Scanlon and O.T. Kent, "The Force of Moral Arguments for a Just Immigration Policy in a Hobbesian Universe: The Contemporary American Example", in Mark Gibney (ed.), Open Borders? Closed Societies? The Ethical and Political Issues (New York: Greenwood Press 1988) pp. 62-107.
51. Ibid.
52. Lomansky (note 8) p. 57.
53. Judith Lichtenberg, 'National Boundaries and Moral Boundaries: A Cosmopolitan Approach', in Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue (eds.), Boundaries: National Autonomy and its Limits (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield 1981) pp. 79-100.
54. Ibid., p. 83.
55. Enrique Krauze, Mexico: Biography of Power (New York: Harper Collins 1997).
56. Andreas (note 5).
57. Kevin Johnson, "Open Borders?" UCLA Law Review 51/143 (2003) pp. 230.
58. United States Citizenship and Immigration Service, "Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: 1990 to 2000," Table B, available at www.uscis.gov, accessed 31 Jan. 2005.
59. Leslie Berestein, 'Tightened border in S.D. shifts strain to areas west', The San Diego Union-Tribune (1 Aug. 2004), available at web.lexis-nexis.com, accessed 21 Oct. 2004
60. Roger Riley, 'Student volunteers', The Denver Post (22 Aug. 2004), available at web.lexis-nexis.com, accessed 21 Oct. 2004.
61. John W. Fountain with Jim Yardley, 'Skeletons in Rail Car in Iowa Tell Tale of Gamble by Immigrants', The New York Times (16 Oct. 2002), available at http://blue.utb.edu//abad/skeletonsin_rail_car_in_iowa.htm, accessed 31 Jan. 2005.
62. Joseph Nevins, 'From a Boundary of Death to One of Life', available at www.commondreams.org, accessed 1 Nov. 2005.
63. Joseph Nevins, Operation Gatekeeper: The Rise of the "Illegal Alien" and the Making of the U.S.-Mexico Boundary (New York: Routledge 2002)
64. Mark Purcell and Joseph Nevins, 'Pushing the boundary: State restructuring, state theory, and the case of U.S.-Mexico Border Enforcement in the 1990s', Political Geography 24/2 (Feb. 2005) pp. 211-235.
65. Andreas (note 5).
66. Ibid., p. 148.
67. Ibid., p. 92.
68. Ibid.
69. Purcell and Nevins (note 53)
70. Pia M. Orrenius, 'The Effect of U.S. Border Enforcement on the Crossing Behavior of Mexican Migrants' in Jorge Durrand and Douglas S. Massey (eds.), Crossing the Border: Research from the Mexican Migration Project (New York: Russell Sage Foundation 2004) pp. 281-298.
71. Johan Galtung, 'Cultural Violence', Journal of Peace Research 27/3 (Aug. 1990) pp. 292.
72. Rawls (note 25) p. 302.
73. Nevins (note 13).
74. Ibid., p. 12.
75. Walzer (note 40).
76. Joseph A. Maxwell, Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications 1996) p. 45.
77. Julian Samora, Los Mojados: The Wetback Story (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press 1971) p. 60. Although today the term "wetback" is considered a derogatory term and rarely appears in the literature, at the time Samora was writing, it was much more common.
78. Age, marital status, number of children, level of education, size of family of origin, place of origin, and date of immigration to the United States.
79. Jorge Ramos, Morir en el Intento (New York: Harper Collins 2005).
80. Ken Ellingwood, Hard Line: Life and Death on the U.S.-Mexico Border (New York: Vintage Books 2004).
81. Dr. Guillermo Alonso Meneses, "Human Rights and Undocumented Migration Along the Mexican-U.S. Border", UCLA Law Review 51/267 (2003) pp. 267-281.
82. Ibid., p. 281.
83. Roger Nett, 'The Civil Right We Are Not Ready For: The Right of Free Movement of People on the Face of the Earth', Ethics 81 (1971) pp. 212-227.
84. Ibid., p. 218.
85. Ibid., p. 212.
86. Meneses (note 69) p. 281.