Review of analytical methods for identification and determination of PHEs and tricyclic antidepressants

Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry

Volumn 38, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 50-66

  Madej, Katarzyna ^a   Kościelniak, Paweł ^a,b  

^a JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY   (Poland)

^b INSTITUTE OF FORENSIC RESEARCH   (Poland)

Author keywords

Biological samples; Identification and determination methods; Pharmaceutical preparations; PHEs; Tricyclic antidepressants

Indexed keywords

CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; SPECTROMETRY;

PHENOTHIAZINE DERIVATIVES; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS;

DRUG PRODUCTS;

CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; DRUG PRODUCTS; SPECTROMETRY;

ANALYTICAL METHOD; DRUG; IDENTIFICATION METHOD; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTY;

EID: 43149115412     PISSN: 10408347     EISSN: 15476510     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408340701804343     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Goodman, L. S. and Gilman, A. (2001) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York, NY
2. Winek, C. L., Wahba, W. W., Winek-Balzer Jr., C. L. and Balzer, T. Winek (2001) Drug and chemical blond-level data. Forensic Science International, 122, pp. 107-123.
3. Musshoff, F., Padosch, S., Steinborn, S. and Madea, B. (2004) Fatal blood and tissue concentrations of more than 200 drugs. Forensic Science International, 142, pp. 161-210.
4. Uges, D. R. A. (1996) Therapeutic and toxic drug concentrations. Bulletin of The International Association of Forensic Toxicologists, 26, pp. 1-34.
5. Moffatt, A. C., Osselton, M. D. and Widdop, B. (2004) Clarke's Analysis of Drugs and Poisons, Vol. 2, The Pharmaceutical Press, London
6. Karpinska, J., Starczewska, B. and Puzanowska-Tarasiewicz, H. (1996) Analytical properties of 2-and 1-disubstituted phenothiazine derivatives. Analytical Science, 12, pp. 161-170.
7. Nemcová, I., Nesmerák, K., Rychlovský, P. and Koutníková, J. (2005) FIA titrations of phenothiazine derivatives in aqueous micellar and non-aqueous media. Talanta, 65, pp. 632-637.
8. Iliaszenko, J., Sokolowska, M. and Paruszewski, R. (2001) Gravimetric and spectrophotometric determination of some phenothiazine and imidazole derivatives in coated tablets and tablets. Acta Polonicae Pharmacology, 58, pp. 411-413.
9. Sultan, S. M., Al-Turabi, M. O. Hamad and Hwang, J. S. (2000) Electron spin resonance for quantitative assay of chlorpromazine in drug formulations by oxidation with cerium (IV) in sulfuric acid media. Talanta, 51, pp. 327-331.
10. Misiuk, W. (2000) Spectrophotometry assay of imipramine and desipramine using ammonium metavanadate and its application to pharmaceutical preparations. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 22, pp. 189-196.
11. Nagaraja, P., Silwadi, M. F. and Syed, A. A. (2000) New and sensitive method for the spectrophotometric determination of certain tricyclic antidepressants. Mikrochimica Acta, 135, pp. 185-189.
12. Syeda, A., Mahesh, H. R. K. and Syed, A. A. (2005) 2,2′-Bipyridine as a new and sensitive spectrophotometric reagent for the determination of nanoamounts of certain dibenzazepine class of tricyclic antidepressant drugs. Il Farmaco, 60, pp. 47-51.
13. Nascentes, C. C., Cárdenas, S., Gallego, M. and Valcárcel, M. (2002) Continous photometric method for the screening of human urines for phenothiazines. Analytica Chimica Acta, 462, pp. 275-281.
14. Rama, M. J. R., Medina, A. R. and Díaz, A. M. (2004) Bead injection spectroscopy-flow injection analysis (BIS-FIA): An interesting tool applicable to pharmaceutical analysis. Determination of promethazine and trifluoperazine. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 35, pp. 1027-1034.
15. Basavaiah, K. and Swamy, J. M. (2001) Application of potassium dichromate and iron-thiocyanate in the spectrophotometric investigations of phenothiazines. Il Farmaco, 56, pp. 579-585.
16. Starczewska, B. (2000) Spectrophotometric studies and application of imipramine-eriochrome cyanine R system for determination of imipramine in pharmaceuticals. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 23, pp. 383-386.
17. Regulska, E., Tarasiewicz, M. and Puzanowska-Tarasiewicz, H. (2002) Extractive-spectrophotometric determination of some phenothiazines with dipicrylamine and picric acid. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 27, pp. 335-340.
18. Karpinska, J. (2001) Simultaneous quantification of promazine hydrochloride and its sulfoxide in pharmaceutical preparations. Analytical Sciences, 17, pp. 249-253.
19. Marques, K. L., Santos, J. L. M. and Lima, J. L. F. C. (2004) Multicommutated flow system for the chemiluminometric determination of clomipramine in pharmaceutical preparations. Analytica Chimica Acta, 518, pp. 31-36.
20. Huang, Y. and Chen, Z. (2002) Chemiluminescence of chlorpromazine hydrochloride based on cerum (IV) oxidation sensitized by rhodamine 6G. Talanta, 57, pp. 953-959.
21. Kojo, A., Michaowski, J. and Woyniec, E. (2000) Chemiluminescence determination of thioridazine hydrochloride by flow-injection analysis. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 22, pp. 85-91.
22. Sultan, S. M., Hassan, Y. A. M. and Abulkibash, A. M. (2003) Chemiluminescence assay of promethazine hydrochloride using acidic permanganate employing flow injection mode operated with syringe and peristaltic pumps. Talanta, 59, pp. 1073-1080.
23. Li, Y., Niu, W. and Lu, J. (2007) Sensitive determination of phenothiazines in pharmaceutical preparation and biological fluid by flow injection chemiluminescence method using luminal-KMnO4 system. Talanta, 71, pp. 1124-1129.
24. Mohamed, F. A., Mohamed, H. A., Hussein, S. A. and Ahmed, S. A. (2005) A validated spectrofluorimetric method for determination of some psychoactive drugs. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 39, pp. 139-146.
25. Acedo-Valenzuela, M. -I., Galeano-Díaz, T., Mora-Díez, N. and Silva-Rodríguez, A. (2005) Response surface methodology for the optimization of flow-injection analysis in situ solvent extraction and fluorimetric assay of tricyclic antidepressants. Talanta, 66, pp. 952-960.
26. Pirola, R., Mundo, E., Bellodi, L. and Bareggi, S. R. (2002) Simultaneous determination of clomipramine and its desmethyl and hydroxy metabolites in plasma of patients by high-performance liquid chromatography after solid-phase extraction. Journal of Chromatography B, 772, pp. 205-210.
27. Olesen, O. V., Plougmann, P. and Linnet, K. (2000) Determination of nortriptyline in human serum by fully automated solid-phase extraction and on-line high-performance liquid chromatography in the presence of antipsychotic drugs. Journal of Chromatography B, 746, pp. 233-239.
28. Song, Q. and Putcha, L. (2001) Quantitation of promethazine and metabolites in urine samples using on-line solid-phase extraction and column-switching. Journal of Chromatography B, 736, pp. 9-20.
29. Trocewicz, J. (2004) Urine sample preparation of tricyclic antidepressants by means of supported liquid membrane technique for high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Journal of Chromatography B, 801, pp. 213-220.
30. Kees, F., Bucher, M., Mair, G. and Grobecker, H. (2001) Determination of opipramol in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with photometric detection using a cyanopropyl column. Journal of Chromatography B, 753, pp. 337-342.
31. Madej, K., Parczewski, A. and Kała, M. (2003) HPLC/DAD screening method for selected psychotropic drugs in blood. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 13, pp. 121-127.
32. Ruiz-Angel, M. J., Carda-Broch, S., Simó-Alfonso, E. F. and García-Alvarez-Coque, M. C. (2003) Optimised procedures for the reversed-phase liquid chromatographic analysis of formulations containing tricyclic antidepressants. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 32, pp. 71-84.
33. Karpinska, J., Starczewska, B. and Simultaneous, L. C. (2002) determination of some antidepressants combined with neuroleptics. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 29, pp. 519-525.
34. Bhushan, R. and Gupta, D. (2006) HPLC resolution of thioridazine enantiomers from pharmaceutical dosage form using cyclodextrin-based chiral stationary phase. Journal of Chromatography B, 837, pp. 133-137.
35. Zhao, J. and Olesik, S. V. (2001) Reversed-phase separation of basic tricyclic antidepressants using buffered and fluoroform-enhanced fluidity liquid mobile phases. Journal of Chromatography A, 923, pp. 107-117.
36. Diehl, G. and Karst, U. (2000) Post-column oxidative derivatization for the liquid chromatographic determination of phenothiazines. Journal of Chromatography A, 890, pp. 281-287.
37. Yoshida, H., Hidaka, K., Ishida, J., Yoshikuni, K., Nohta, H. and Yamaguchi, M. (2000) Highly selective and sensitive determination of tricyclic antidepressants in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column tris (2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium (III) chemiluminescence detection. Analytica Chimica Acta, 413, pp. 137-145.
38. Bose, D., Durgbanshi, A., Martinavarro-Domínguez, A., Capella-Peiró, M. -E., Carda-Broch, S., Esteve-Romero, J. and Gil-Agustí, M. (2005) Amitriptyline and nortriptyline serum determination by micellar liquid chromatography. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods, 52, pp. 323-329.
39. Ivandini, T. A., Sarada, B. V., Terashima, C., Rao, T. N., Tryk, D. A., Ishiguro, H., Kubota, Y. and Fujishima, A. (2002) Electrochemical detection of tricyclic antidepressant drugs by HPLC using highly boron-doped diamond electrodes. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 521, pp. 117-126.
40. Mizuno, Y., Sato, K., Sano, T., Kurihara, R., Kojima, T., Yamakawa, Y., Ishii, A. and Katsumata, Y. (2002) Identification and characterization of 17 phenothiazine compounds by capillary high-performance liquid chromatography/fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Legal Medicine, 4, pp. 207-216.
41. Badenhorst, D., Sutherland, F. C. W., de Jager, A. D., Scanes, T., Hundt, H. K. L., Swart, K. J. and Hundt, A. F. (2000) Determination of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin in human plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B, 742, pp. 91-98.
42. Ventura, R., Casasampere, M., Bergés, R., Fernández-Morán, J. and Segura, J. (2002) Quantification of perphenazine in Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra lutra) urine samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B, 769, pp. 79-87.
43. Shen, M., Xiang, P., Wu, H., Shen, B. and Huang, Z. (2002) Detection of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs in human hair. Forensic Science International, 126, pp. 153-161.
44. Martínez, M. A., de la Torre, C. Sánchez and Almarza, E. (2003) A comparative solid-phase extraction study for the simultaneous determination of fluoxetine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline, trimipramine, maprotiline, clomipramine, and trazodone in whole blood by capillary gas-liquid chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 27, pp. 353-358.
45. Wiater, I., Madej, K., Parczewski, A. and Kała, M. (1998) Optimum TLC system for identification of phenothiazines and tri- and tetracyclic antidepressants. Mikrochimica Acta, 129, pp. 121-126.
46. Wójcik-Kosior, M., Skalska, A. and Matysik, A. (2006) Determination of phenothiazine derivatives by high performance thin-layer chromatography combined with densitometry. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41, pp. 286-289.
47. Asselin, W. M. and Leslie, J. M. (1990) Use of the EMITTOX serum tricyclic antidepressant assay for the analysis of urine samples. Journal Analytical Toxicology, 14, pp. 168-171.
48. Nebinger, P. and Koel, M. (1990) Specificity data of the tricyclic antidepressants assay by fluorescent polarization immunoassay. Journal of Anaytical Toxicology, 14, pp. 219-221.
49. Asselin, W. M. and Leslie, J. M. (1991) Direct detection of therapeutic concentrations of tricyclic antidepressants in whole hemolized blood using the EMITtox serum tricyclic antidepressant assay. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 15, pp. 167-173.
50. Lappenberg-Pelzer, M., Roscher, S. and Lemm-Ahlers, U. (1994) Vergleichende untersuchungen zur bestimmung von antidepressiva und phenothiazinen. Rechtsmedizin, 4, pp. 99-102.
51. Lappenberg-Pelzer, M. and Tenczer, J. (1998) Identification and determination of opipramol metabolites in plasma and urine. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 22, pp. 215-219.
52. Banger, M., Hermes, B., Härtter, S. and Hiemke, C. (1997) Monitoring serum concentrations of clomipramine and metabolites: fluorescence polarization immunoassay versus high performance liquid chromatography. Phramacopsychiatry, 30, pp. 128-132.
53. Kimura, H., Mukaida, M., Wang, G., Yuan, J. and Matsumoto, K. (2000) Dual-label time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay of psychopharmaceuticals and stimulants in serum. Forensic Science International, 113, pp. 345-351.
54. rdrug of abuse panel plus tricyclic antidepressants. Clinica Chimica Acta, 328, pp. 31-38.
55. Wang, J., Rivas, G., Cai, X., Shiraishi, H., Farias, P. A. M., Dontha, N. and Luo, D. (1996) Accumulation and trace measurement of phenothiazine drugs at DNA-modified electrodes. Analytica Chimica Acta, 332, pp. 139-144.
56. Vaničková, M., Bučková, M. and Labuda, J. (2000) Voltametric determination of azepine and phenothiazine drugs with DNA biosensors. Chem. Anal., 45, pp. 125-133.
57. Ferancová, A., Korgová, E., Mikó, R. and Labuda, J. (2000) Determination of tricyclic antidepressants using a carbon paste electrode modified with β -cyclodextrin. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 492, pp. 74-77.
58. Ferancová, A., Korgová, E., Buzinkaiov́, T., Kutner, W., Štepánek, I. and Labuda, J. (2001) Electrochemical sensors using screen-printed carbon electrode assemblies modified with the β-cyclodextrin or carboxymethylated β-cyclodextrin polymer films for determination of tricyclic antidepressive drugs. Analytica Chimica Acta, 447, pp. 47-54.
59. Kataky, R., Palmer, S., Parker, D. and Spurling, D. (1997) Alkylated cyclodextrin-based potentiometric and amperometric electrodes applied to the measurement of tricyclic antidepressants. Electroanalysis, 9, pp. 1267-1272.
60. Petit, C., Murakami, K., Erdem, A., Kiline, E., Borondo, G. O., Liegeois, J.-F. and Kauffmann, J.-M. (1998) Horseradish peroxidase immobilized electrode for phenothiazine analysis. Electroanalysis, 10, pp. 1241-1248.
61. El-Ragehy, N. A., El-Kosasy, A. M., Abbas, S. S. and El-Khateeb, S. Z. (2000) Polymeric membrane electrodes for selective determination of the central nervous system acting drugs fluphenazine hydrochloride and nortriptyline hydrochloride. Analytica Chimica Acta, 418, pp. 93-100.
62. Wang, H., Xu, G. and Dong, S. (2003) Electroluminescence sensor using tris (2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) immobilized in Eastman-AQ55D-silica composite thin-films. Analytica Chimica Acta, 480, pp. 285-290.
63. Ni, Y., Wang, L. and Kokot, S. (2001) Voltametric determination of chlorpromazine hydrochloride and promethazine hydrochloride with the use of multivariate calibration. Analytica Chimica Acta, 439, pp. 159-168.
64. Belal, F., El.-Ashry, S. M., Shehata, I. M., El-Sherbeny, M. A. and El-Sherbeny, D. T. (2000) Differential-pulse polarographic determination of some N-substituted phenothiazine derivatives in dosage forms and urine through treatment with nitrous acid. Microchimica Acta, 135, pp. 147-154.
65. Dell'Aquila, C. (2002) Separation of tricyclic antidepressants by capillary zone electrophoresis with N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,3-butanediamine (TMBD) as an active electrolyte additive. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 30, pp. 341-350.
66. Maier, V., Horáková, J., Petr, J., Drahočovský, D. and Ševčík, J. (2006) Using S-(-)-2-hydroxymethyl-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate as additive to the background electrolyte in capillary electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatography A, 1103, pp. 337-343.
67. Lara, F. J., García-Campaña, A. M., Alés-Barrero, F. and Bosque-Sendra, J. M. (2005) Determination of thiazinamium, promazine and promethazine in pharmaceutical formulations using a CZE method. Analytica Chimica Acta, 535, pp. 101-108.
68. Le, D. C., Morin, C. J., Beljean, M., Siouffi, A. M. and Desbène, P. L. (2005) Electrophoretic separations of twelve phenothiazines and N-demethyl derivatives by using capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography with non ionic surfactant. Journal of Chromatography A, 1063, pp. 235-240.
69. Chen, C. -C., Wu, S. -M., Huang, Y. -H., Ko, W. -K., Kou, H. -S. and Wu, H. -L. (2004) On-line field-amplified sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis for analysis of amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline in plasma. Analytica Chimica Acta, 517, pp. 103-110.
70. Martínez-Gómez, M. A., Sagrado, S., Villanueva-Camañas, R. M. and Medina-Hernández, M. J. (2007) Enantioseparation of phenothiazines by affinity electrokinetic chromatography using human serum albumin as chiral selector. Application to enantiomeric quality control in pharmaceutical formulations. Analytica Chimica Acta, 582, pp. 223-228.
71. Cantú, M. D., Hillebrand, S., Queiroz, M. E. C., Lanças, F. M. and Carrilho, E. (2004) Validation of non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis for simultaneous determination of four tricyclic antidepressants in pharmaceutical formulations and plasma samples. Journal of Chromatography B, 799, pp. 127-132.
72. Veraart, J. R. and Brinkman, U. A. T. (2001) Dialysis-solid-phase extraction combined on-line with non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis for improved detectability of tricyclic antidepressants in biological samples. Journal of Chromatography A, 922, pp. 339-346.
73. Jinno, K., Kawazoe, M., Saito, Y., Takeichi, T. and Hayashida, M. (2001) Sample preparation with fiber-in-tube solid-phase microextraction for capillary electrophoretic separation of tricyclic antidepressant drugs in human urine. Electrophoresis, 22, pp. 3785-3790.
74. Madej, K., Woźniakiewicz, M. and Kała, M. (2005) Method for screening and quantification of seven phenothiazines in whole blood samples by non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis. Chromatographia, 61, pp. 259-263.
75. Madej, K., Kała, M. and Wozniakiewicz, M. (2005) LC and non-Aqueous CE determination of phenothiazines in autopsy samples. Chromatographia, 62, pp. 533-538.
76. Madej, K., Marczyk, A. and Wozniakiewicz, M. (2007) Non-aqueous CE screening method for fourteen psychotropic drugs in whole blood samples. Chromatographia, 65, pp. 313-317.
77. Peri-Okonny, U. L., Kenndler, E., Stubbs, R. J. and Guzman, N. A. (2003) Characterization of pharmaceutical drugs by a modified nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry method. Electrophoresis, 24, pp. 139-150.
78. Li, J., Zhao, F. and Ju, H. (2006) Simultaneous determination of psychotropic drugs in human urine by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection. Analytica Chimica Acta, 575, pp. 57-61.
79. Liu, D. and Jin, W. (2003) Amperometric detection of perphenazine at a carbon fiber micro-disc bundle electrode by capillary zone electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatography B, 789, pp. 411-415.
80. Wang, R., Lu, X., Wu, M. and Wang, E. (1999) Separation of promethazine and thioridazine using capillary electrophoresis with end-column amperometric detection. Journal of Chromatography B, 721, pp. 327-332.