Global communication and political culture in the semi-periphery: The rise of the Globo corporation

Review of International Studies

Volumn 34, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2008, Pages 93-113

  Wilkin, Peter ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 43149093136     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: 14699044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S026021050800781X     Document Type: Article

References (119)

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2. Luis Felipe Miguel and Paolo Simoes, 'The Globo Television Network and the Election of 1998', Latin American Perspectives, 27:115, no. 6 (2000), p. 69.
3. Soros quoted by Steven Dudley, 'Lula Needs a Miracle', The Progressive, October 2002: 〈http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/ mi_m1295/is_10_66/ai_93457090〉, last viewed 18 April 2006.
4. On the theoretical limitations of neorealism and neoliberalism, see Peter Wilkin, 'Global Poverty and Orthodox Security', Third World Quarterly, 23:4 (2002), pp. 633-45.
5. Fernand Braudel Center, Newsletter no. 30, November 2006.
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7. For a critical view on WSA, see Robert J. Holton, Globalisation and the Nation State (London: Macmillan, 1998).
8. Sue Branford and Bernard Kucinski, The Debt Squads (London: Zed Books, 1988), p. 95.
9. Michael Hudson, Super Imperialism (London: Pluto Press, 2003).
10. Hamid Mowlana, Global Communication in Transition (London Sage, 1996), ch. 1;
11. Dayan Thussu, International Communication (London: Arnold, 2000), ch. 1.
12. Philip M. Taylor, Munitions of the Mind (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003).
13. Jose Marques de Melo, 'Development of the Audiovisual Industry in Brazil', Canadian Journal of Communication, 20:3 (1995), 〈http://www.cjc-online.ca/viewarticle.php?id = 303&layout=html〉, last viewed 20 April 2006.
14. Emir Sader and Ken Silverstein, Without Fear of Being Happy: Lula, The Workers Party and Brazil (London: Verso, 1991), p. 12; Robert J. Alexander, The ABC Presidents (London: Greenwood Press, 1992), pp. 91-116;
15. Thomas E. Skidmore, Politics in Brazil 1930-64 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), pp. 3-142.
16. Alfredo Saad-Filho, 'New Dawn or False Start in Brazil?', Historical Materialism, 11:1 (2003), p. 8.
17. De Melo, 'Development of the Audiovisual Industry in Brazil'.
18. The Archdiocese of São Paolo, Torture in Brazil: A. Shocking Report on the Pervasive use of Torture by Brazilian Military Governments, 1964-1979 (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1998), p. 41.
19. James S. Henry, The Blood Bankers: Tales from the Underground. Global Economy (New York: Four Eight Walls, 2003), p. 137.
20. See also John Sinclair, Latin American Television: A Global View (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 66-9.
21. Allesandra Dalevi, 'The Owners of Brazil', Brazzil Magazine, January 2000, (http:// www.brazzil.com/cvrjan00.htm), last viewed 18 April 2006.
22. Ibid.
23. Henry, The Blood Bankers, pp. 132-7.
24. Thomas Skidmore, The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil, 1964-1985 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).
25. The Archdiocese of São Paolo, Torture in Brazil, pp. 49-52;
26. Henry, The Blood Bankers, pp. 134-5.
27. Timothy J. Power, The Political Right in Post-Authoritarian Brazil (Pennsylvania, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000).
28. Henry, The Blood Bankers, ch. 4
29. Peter Evans, Dependent Development: The Alliance of Multinational, State and Local Capital in Brazil (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979).
30. Luis Carlos Bresser Pereira, Economic Crisis and State Reform in Brazil (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996), pp.210-11.
31. Craig L. Arcenaux, Bounded Missions (Pennsylvania, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001), ch. 5.
32. Skidmore, Politics in Brazil, chs. 7-8.
33. Henry, The Blood Bankers, pp. 137-8.
34. Joseph D. Straubhaar, 'Television and Video in the Transition from Military to Civilian Rule in Brazil', Latin American Research Review, 24:1 (1989), p. 141.
35. John Sinclair, Latin American Television: A Global View (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 67.
36. Helen Sousa, 'Crossing the Atlantic: Globo's Wager in Portugal', 〈http://ubista.ubi.pt/~comum/ sousa-helena-globo-wager-mexico.html〉, last viewed 20 April 2006.
37. Henry, The Blood Bankers, pp. 137-8;
38. Sinclair, Latin American Television, p. 68.
39. Sergio Mattos, The Impact of the 1964 Revolution on Brazilian Television (San Antonio: Klingensmith, 1982).
40. Straubhaar, 'Television and Video in the Transition', p. 144.
41. Michael Kepp and Mike Zellner, 'The Empire Strikes Again', Latin Trade (April 2000), 〈http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BEK/ is_4_8/ai_61601027), last viewed 16 April 2006.
42. Straubhaar, 'Television and Video in the Transition', p. 149.
43. Ibid., p. 142; Sinclair, Latin American Television, p. 69.
44. De Melo, 'Development of the Audiovisual Industry in Brazil'.
45. Edmar L. Bacha and Pedro S. Malan, 'Brazil's Debt', in Alfred Stepan (ed.), Democratising Brazil.
46. Bertha K. Becker and Claudio A. G. Egler, Brazil: A New Regional Power in the World-Economy, ch. 6.
47. Margaret E. Keck, The Workers' Party and Democratisation in Brazil (London: Yale University Press), ch. 2.
48. Straubhaar, "Television and Video in the Transition', p. 145;
49. Luis Felipe Miguel and Paolo Simoes, 'The Globo Television Network and the Election of 1998'. Latin American Perspectives, 27:6 (November 2000), p. 71.
50. Straubhaar, "Television and Video in the Transition', p. 146.
51. Ibid.
52. Roberto Amaral, 'Mass Media in Brazil', in Elizabeth Fox and Silvio Waisbord, Latin Politics, Global Media, p. 39.
53. Straubhaar, "Television and Video in the Transition', p. 147.
54. BBC News, 'Brazilian Media Magnate Dies', 7 August 2003, 〈http://news.bbc.co.uk/l/hi/world/ americas/3130983.stm〉, last viewed 17 April 2006.
55. Venicio A. de Lima, "The State, Television and Political Power in Brazil', Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 5 (1988), pp. 108-28.
56. Fernando Rodrigues, 'Brazil: Corruption Notebook', 6 July 2004, Global Integrity Report 2004, 〈http://www.globalintegrity.org/2004/country.aspx? cc=br&act "notebook〉, last viewed 20 April 2006. On Globo's political power,
57. see Venicio A. de Lima, 'The State, Television and Political Power in Brazil'.
58. Keck, The Workers' Party and Democratisation in Brazil.
59. Pablo Ortellado, 'Brazil: Between Hope and Fear', Znet, 25 November 2002, 〈http://www.zmag.org/ content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID = 2665〉, last viewed 20 April 2006.
60. Sader and Silverstein, Without Fear of Being Happy, ch. 1.
61. Robert McChesney, 'Global Media, Neoliberalism and Imperialism', Monthly Review (March 2001).
62. Venicio A. de Lima, 'Brazilian Television in the 1989 Presidential Election: Constructing a President', in Thomas Skidmore (ed.), Television, Politics and the Transition to Democracy in Latin America (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Centre Press), pp. 97-117.
63. Pablo Ortellado, 'Brazil: Between Hope and Fear'.
64. De Lima, 'Brazilian Television in the 1989 Presidential Election';
65. Armando Boito and Laura Randall, 'Neo Liberal Hegemony and Unionism in Brazil', Latin American Perspectives, 25:1 (1998), pp. 71-93.
66. Luis Felipe Miguel, 'The Globo TV Network and the Election of 1988', Latin American Perspectives, 27:6 (2000), pp. 65-84;
67. John Sinclair, Latin American Television: A Global View, p. 69.
68. Venicio A. de Lima, 'Brazilian Television in the 1989 Presidential Election: Constructing a President', in Skidmore (ed.), Television, Politics and the Transition, pp. 105-6.
69. Miguel and Simoes, 'The Globo Television Network and the Election of 1998', p. 71.
70. Allesandra Dalevi, 'The Owners of Brazil'. Unlike other South American countries the Brazilian TV market is dominated by domestic programmes rather than imports. Globo shows 98 per cent domestic content during its primetime. Jo Johnson, "The United States of Television', The Financial Times, 21 July 2003.
71. BBC News, "Brazilian Media Magnate Dies', 7 August 2003, 〈http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/ americas/3130983.stm〉, last viewed 17 April 2006.
72. Abril is the largest publishing company in South America, controlling around 67 per cent of the Brazilian publishing market. See John Sinclair, 'The Globalisation of Latin American media', NACLA, 37:4 (January/February 2004), p. 16.
73. Sinclair, Latin American Television: A Global View, pp. 74-5;
74. Kepp and Zellner, 'The Empire Strikes Again'.
75. Alexandra Kirkman, "Brazil's Big Picture', Forbes.com, 〈http://www.forbes.com/global/2000/0501/ 0309042a.html〉, last viewed 20 April 2006.
76. Kepp and Zellner, 'The Empire Strikes Again'.
77. Amaral, 'Mass Media in Brazil'.
78. Saad-Filho, 'New Dawn or False Start in Brazil?', p. 11.
79. Paul Flannigan, 'Lula, Brazil and the Future of the Left', Socialist Democracy (June 2004), 〈http://www.socialistdemocracy.org/Brazil/ BrazilChapter1.htm〉last viewed 20 April 2006.
80. Peter R. Kingstone, Crafting Coalitions for Reform: Business Preferences, Political Institutions and Neoliberal Reform in Brazil (Pennsylvania, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999), chs. 2, 5 and 6.
81. Robert W. McChesney and Ed Herman, The Global Media (London: Cassell, 1997), ch. 1.
82. Elizabeth Fox and Silvio Waisbord, 'Latin Politics, Global Media", in their Latin Politics, Global Media (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2000), p. 10.
83. David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (London: Blackwell, 1989), p. 240.
84. Saad-Filho, 'New Dawn or False Start in Brazil?", pp. 3-21;
85. Henry, The Blood Bankers, p. 141.
86. Raymond Collitt, 'Investment in Brazil's Media Set to Open Up', The Financial Times, 29 May 2002.
87. Carlos Castilho, 'Globo: Death of a Brazilian Media Empire?', MediaChannel.org, 6 July 2004, 〈http://www.mediachannel.org/views/ dissector/affalert167.shtml), last viewed 20 April 2006.
88. Saad-Filho, 'New Dawn or False Start in Brazil?', pp. 3-21.
89. See the UN Development Report 2003, 'Millennium Development Goals' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003) for an analysis of the impact of economic globalisation. Brazil is second only to South Africa in the World System in terms of income inequality, World Bank Country Brief, December 2005, 〈http://web.worldbank.org/ WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/BRAZILEXTN/ 0"menuPK:322351~ pagePK: 141132~ iPK:141107~theSitePK:322341,00.html).
90. Arthur Ittuassu, 'Lula and Brazil', Open Democracy, 19 May 2005, 〈http://www.opendemocracy.net/ debates/article.jsp?id = 3&debateId = 33&articleId=2521〉, last viewed 20 April 2006.
91. Miguel and Simoes, 'The Globo Television Network and the Election of 1998', pp. 68-82.
92. Saad-Filho, 'New Dawn or False Start in Brazil?', pp. 3-21. William Perry, 'Brazil Alert', Center for Strategic and International Studies, 9:7 (30 October 2001), 〈http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/ hf_v09_07.pdf〉; Burbach, 'Another World is Possible'.
93. Comment, 'Brazil: Lula Starts to Purge the Workers' Party', Workers Liberty, 2 June 2003, 〈http://www.workersliberty.org/node/966〉, last viewed 18 April 2006.
94. Comment, 'A Political Purge in Brazil', The Economist, 18 December 2003, 〈http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm? Story_ID = S%27%298%20%2CP%217%25%21%20%21%5C%0A), last viewed 18 April 2006.
95. Charles Andre LTdry, 'The Workers' Party in power', Workers' Liberty, 22 February 2003, 〈http://www.workersliberty.org/node/ 669〉, last viewed 18 April 2006.
96. Saad-Filho, 'New Dawn or False Start in Brazil?', pp. 3-21, argues that Lula's programme is more nationalist than socialist.
97. Desmond Lachman, 'Lula Still Needs the IMF', American Enterprise Institute, 31 July 2003, 〈http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.18911. filter.economic/pub_detail.asp〉, last viewed 19 April 2006.
98. Bill Vann, 'Brazil's Lula Reassures Wall Street, Warns Workers of Austerity', World Socialist Web site, 31 October 2002, 〈http://www.wsws.org/articles/2002/oct2002/braz-o31_prn.shtml〉, last viewed 19 April 2006.
99. Immanuel Wallerstein, 'Hope Conquered Fear', Commentary No. 100, 1 November 2002, 〈http://www.binghamton.edu/fbc/100en.htm), last viewed 17 April 2006.
100. Gilles De Staal, 'Brazil: No Economy without Democracy' Le Monde Diplomatique, December 2003, 〈http://mondediplo.com/2003/12/ 11brazil〉, last viewed 15 August 2007.
101. Ibid. Roger Burbach, 'Another World is Possible', Z Magazine, October 2002, (http:// zmagsite.zmag.org/oct2002/burbach1002.htm〉, last viewed 15 August 2007.
102. Reuters, 'Don't Worry, Be Patient, says Brazil's Lula', ABC News, 5 July 2004. Comment, 'Brazil's economy', The Economist, 27 May 2004.
103. Andreas Hernandez, "Brazil's New Deal Foreign Policy', Peace Work, February 2004, 〈http:// www.afsc.org/pwork/0402/040211.htm〉, last viewed 18 April 2006.
104. Norman Madarasz, 'The Choking of Brazil's Worker Party', Counterpunch, 9/10 July 2005, 〈http://www.counterpunch.org/ madarasz07092005.html〉.
105. Hilary Wainwright, 'Lula's Lament', Red Pepper, October 2005.
106. Joao Pedro Stedile of the MST, 'Three Directions in Brazil', Znet, 22 October 2003, 〈http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID = 4380〉, last viewed 18 April 2006.
107. Chris Harman, 'Revolution in the Air', Socialist Review, December 2005, 〈http:// www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber= 9617〉.
108. Roger Burbach, 'Rebuffing the IMF', Counterpunch, 25 March 2004, (http:// www.counterpunch.org/burbach03252004.html〉.
109. Alex Bellos, 'Roberto Marinho', The Guardian Newspaper, 8 August 2003, (http:// www.guardian.co.uk/brazil/story/0"1014553,00.html), last viewed 20 April 2006.
110. Richard Adams, 'American Presidents all Mixed Up', The Guardian Newspaper, 6 July 2004.
111. Sue Branford, 'The Bankers Think they've Tamed Lula', The Guardian Newspaper, 10 July 2003.
112. LatAm, 'Brazilian TV O Globo HQ declares Chapter 11 to Get Rid of Debts', Digest.Liderdigital.com, 7 November 2002, (http://www.digest. liderdigital.com/noticias/ detalle_noticia.php?id_noticia = 15〉, last viewed 17 April 2006.
113. Carlos Castilho, 'Globo: Death of a Brazilian Media Empire?', Mediachannel, 1 April 2004, 〈http://www.mediachannel.org/views/ dissector/affalert167.shtml〉, last viewed 15 August 2007.
114. Mike Kepp, 'Massive M and A Madness?', Latin Trade, 10 October 2002, 〈http:// www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BEK/is_10_10/ ai_93230207), last viewed 14 April 2006.
115. On changes to Brazil's laws on mergers and acquisitions, see the interview with Paulo Cezar of Barbosa Müssnich and Aragão in International Financial Law Review, July 2004.
116. Eliana Maria Filippozzi, 'Foreign Investments in Brazilian Media Approved', International Financial Law Review, April 2002.
117. Kepp, 'Massive M and A Madness?'.
118. Economist Intelligence Unit, 'Media: Brazil', 9 May 2005. Private report purchased from the Economist Intelligence Unit, 1 March 2006, order invoice number #1580213358.
119. Brazil's international debts stand at SUS300 bn and the government has another $US250 bn in domestic liabilities. Burbach, 'Another World is Possible'.