메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 55, Issue 2, 2006, Pages

Advances in scanning force microscopy for dimensional metrology

Author keywords

Dimensional; Metrology; Scanning probe microscope

Indexed keywords

CALIBRATION; MEASUREMENT; SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY; SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

EID: 43049112279     PISSN: 00078506     EISSN: 17260604     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cirp.2006.10.010     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (142)

References (310)
  • 1
    • 27744503171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seeing with electrons
    • Neilist, P., 2005, Seeing with electrons, Physics World, 18/11:24-29.
    • (2005) Physics World , vol.18 , Issue.11 , pp. 24-29
    • Neilist, P.1
  • 2
    • 0008096863 scopus 로고
    • reprinted in Caltech's "Engineering and Science", February 1960
    • Feynmann, R., 1959, There is plenty of room at the bottom - reprinted in Caltech's "Engineering and Science", February 1960, 22-36.
    • (1959) There Is Plenty of Room at the Bottom , pp. 22-36
    • Feynmann, R.1
  • 3
    • 0000704117 scopus 로고
    • The topografiner: An instrument for measuring surface microtopography
    • Young, R. Ward, J., Scire, F., 1972, The topografiner: an instrument for measuring surface microtopography, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 43:999.
    • (1972) Rev. Sci. Instrum. , vol.43 , pp. 999
    • Young, R.1    Ward, J.2    Scire, F.3
  • 4
    • 0020881460 scopus 로고
    • CURRENT STATUS IN, and FUTURE TRENDS OF, ULTRAPRECISION MACHINING and ULTRAFINE MATERIALS PROCESSING
    • [4] Taniguchi, N., 1983, Current status in and future trends of ultraprecision machining and ultrafine materials processing, Annals of the CIRP, 32/2:576-582. (Pubitemid 14520341)
    • (1983) CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology , vol.32 , Issue.2 , pp. 573-582
    • Taniguchi, N.1
  • 7
    • 0000006242 scopus 로고
    • Scanning tunneling microscopy
    • Binnig, G., Rohrer, H., 1982, Scanning tunneling microscopy, HeIv. Phys. Acta, 55:726-735;
    • (1982) HeIv. Phys. Acta , vol.55 , pp. 726-735
    • Binnig, G.1    Rohrer, H.2
  • 9
    • 0002408798 scopus 로고
    • Dimensional metrology with scanning probe microscopes
    • Griffith, J. E., Grigg, D. A., 1993, Dimensional metrology with scanning probe microscopes, J. Appl. Phys., 74/9:R83-R109.
    • (1993) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.74 , Issue.9
    • Griffith, J.E.1    Grigg, D.A.2
  • 10
    • 0000358947 scopus 로고
    • Toward accurate metrology with scanning force microscopes
    • Martin, Y, Wickramasinghe, H. K., 1995, Toward accurate metrology with scanning force microscopes, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 13:995-2335.
    • (1995) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B , vol.13 , pp. 995-2335
    • Martin, Y.1    Wickramasinghe, H.K.2
  • 11
    • 0031390745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scanning force microscopy - Calibrative procedures for 'best practice'
    • [10] Gibson, C. T., Watson G. S., Myhra S., 1997, Scanning force microscopy - calibrative procedures for ,Best Practice', Scanning, 19:564-581. (Pubitemid 28303931)
    • (1997) Scanning , vol.19 , Issue.8 , pp. 564-581
    • Gibson, C.T.1    Watson, G.S.2    Myhra, S.3
  • 13
    • 0003483292 scopus 로고
    • Wiesendanger, R. (Ed.), Cambridge University Press
    • Wiesendanger, R. (Ed.), 1994, Scanning probe microscopy and spectroscopy, Cambridge University Press.
    • (1994) Scanning Probe Microscopy and Spectroscopy
  • 14
    • 11044220429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bhushan, B. (Ed.), Springer, Berlin
    • Bhushan, B. (Ed.), 2004, Handbook of nanotechnology, Springer, Berlin.
    • (2004) Handbook of Nanotechnology
  • 15
    • 3042543485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuchatel, Switzerland
    • NanoWorld AG, Neuchatel, Switzerland, .
    • NanoWorld AG
  • 16
    • 73149113446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zelenograd, Moscow, Russia
    • NT-MDT Co., Zelenograd, Moscow, Russia, .
    • NT-MDT Co.
  • 18
    • 0346639193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surfaces in precision engineering, microengineering and nanotechnolgy
    • De Chiffre, L., Kunzmann, H., Peggs, G. N., Lucca, D. A., 2003, Surfaces in precision engineering, microengineering and nanotechnolgy, Annals of the CIRP, 52/2:561-577.
    • (2003) Annals of the CIRP , vol.52 , Issue.2 , pp. 561-577
    • De Chiffre, L.1    Kunzmann, H.2    Peggs, G.N.3    Lucca, D.A.4
  • 20
    • 73149113866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sungnam, Korea
    • PSIA Corp., Sungnam, Korea, .
    • PSIA Corp.
  • 21
    • 73149103373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survey conducted by the German Nanotechnology Competence Centre
    • Braunschweig, not published
    • Survey conducted by the German Nanotechnology Competence Centre "Ultra-precise surface figuring", Braunschweig, 2005; not published.
    • (2005) Ultra-precise Surface Figuring
  • 22
    • 73149115428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GmbH, Herzogenrath, Germany
    • Surface Imaging Systems (S.I.S.) GmbH, Herzogenrath, Germany, «www.sis-gmbh.com».
  • 23
    • 73149091118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6310 Hollister Ave, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA.
    • Asylum Research, 6310 Hollister Ave, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA. .
  • 24
    • 73149102651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • e.g. 6-axes, long-travel piezo nanopositioning/ scanning stage (P-587) from Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH, Karlsruhe/Palmbach, Germany
    • e.g. 6-axes, long-travel piezo nanopositioning/ scanning stage (P-587) from Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH, Karlsruhe/Palmbach, Germany, .
  • 25
    • 0018335226 scopus 로고
    • The Abbe Principle revisited: An updated interpretation
    • Bryan, J.B., 1979, The Abbe Principle revisited: An updated interpretation, Prec. Eng., 1:129-132.
    • (1979) Prec. Eng. , vol.1 , pp. 129-132
    • Bryan, J.B.1
  • 26
    • 0018311395 scopus 로고
    • Design and construction of an ultraprecision 84 inch diamond turning machine
    • Bryan, J.B., 1979, Design and construction of an ultraprecision 84 inch diamond turning machine, Prec. Eng., 1:13-17.
    • (1979) Prec. Eng. , vol.1 , pp. 13-17
    • Bryan, J.B.1
  • 29
    • 14944348796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Traceable calibration of transfer standards for scanning probe microscopy
    • DOI 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2004.06.002, PII S0141635904000911
    • [28] Haycocks, J., Jackson, K., 2005, Traceable calibration of transfer standards for scanning probe microscopy, Prec. Eng., 29:168-175. (Pubitemid 40370710)
    • (2005) Precision Engineering , vol.29 , Issue.2 , pp. 168-175
    • Haycocks, J.1    Jackson, K.2
  • 31
    • 73149111378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual-Probe SPM MultiView3000™ manufactured by Nanonics Imaging Ltd.
    • Dual-Probe SPM MultiView3000™ manufactured by Nanonics Imaging Ltd. .
  • 32
    • 73149119277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VideoSPM™ manufactured by Infinitésima provides real-time imaging at video rates up to 15 frames/s (256×256 pix.)
    • VideoSPM™ manufactured by Infinitésima provides real-time imaging at video rates up to 15 frames/s (256×256 pix.).
  • 35
    • 0035136676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asample scanning system with nanometric accuracy for quantitative SPM measurements
    • Picotto, G.B., M. Pisani, M., 2001, Asample scanning system with nanometric accuracy for quantitative SPM measurements, Ultramicroscopy, 86:247-254.
    • (2001) Ultramicroscopy , Issue.86 , pp. 247-254
    • Picotto, G.B.1    Pisani, M.2
  • 38
    • 0000501234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A metrological scanning force microscope used for coating thickness and other topographical measurements
    • Bienias, M., Gao, S., Hasche, K., Seemann, R., Thiele, K., 1998, A metrological scanning force microscope used for coating thickness and other topographical measurements, J. Appl. Phys. A, 66:837-842.
    • (1998) J. Appl. Phys. A , vol.66 , pp. 837-842
    • Bienias, M.1    Gao, S.2    Hasche, K.3    Seemann, R.4    Thiele, K.5
  • 42
    • 0037390706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncertainty in pitch measurements of one-dimensional grating standards using a nanometrological atomic force microscope
    • DOI 10.1088/0957-0233/14/4/309, PII S0957023303542643
    • [41] Misumi, I., Gonda, S., Kurosawa, T., Takamasu, K., 2003, Uncertainty in pitch measurements of onedimensional grating standards using a nanometrological atomic force microscope, Meas. Sci. Technol., 14:463-471. (Pubitemid 36453936)
    • (2003) Measurement Science and Technology , vol.14 , Issue.4 , pp. 463-471
    • Misumi, I.1    Gonda, S.2    Kurosawa, T.3    Takamasu, K.4
  • 44
    • 27844597148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reliability of parameters of associated base straight line in step height samples: Uncertainty evaluation in step height measurements using nanometrological AFM
    • Misumi, I., Gonda, S., Kurosawa, T., Azuma, Y., Fujimoto, T., Kojima, I., Sakurai, T., Ohmi, T., Takamasu, K., 2006, Reliability of parameters of associated base straight line in step height samples: Uncertainty evaluation in step height measurements using nanometrological AFM; Prec. Eng., 30:13-22.
    • (2006) Prec. Eng. , vol.30 , pp. 13-22
    • Misumi, I.1    Gonda, S.2    Kurosawa, T.3    Azuma, Y.4    Fujimoto, T.5    Kojima, I.6    Sakurai, T.7    Ohmi, T.8    Takamasu, K.9
  • 45
    • 0037390706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncertainty in pitch measurements of onedimensional grating standard using nanometrological atomic force microscope
    • Misumi, I., Gonda, S., Kurosawa, T., Takamasu, K., 2003, Uncertainty in pitch measurements of onedimensional grating standard using nanometrological atomic force microscope. Meas. Sci. Technol. 14:463-471.
    • (2003) Meas. Sci. Technol. , vol.14 , pp. 463-471
    • Misumi, I.1    Gonda, S.2    Kurosawa, T.3    Takamasu, K.4
  • 46
    • 0032118306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-range AFM profiler used for accurate pitch measurements
    • [45] Meli, F., Thalmann, R., 1998, Long range AFM profiler used for accurate pitch measurements, Meas. Sci. Technol., 9/7:1087-1092. (Pubitemid 128496090)
    • (1998) Measurement Science and Technology , vol.9 , Issue.7 , pp. 1087-1092
    • Meli, F.1    Thalmann, R.2
  • 47
    • 0012316135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Z-calibration of a metrology AFM scanner using an interferometer and a tilting device with linear stage
    • Lyngby, Denmark, PTB-F
    • Meli, Retal, 1998, Z-calibration of a metrology AFM scanner using an interferometer and a tilting device with linear stage, Proc. of the Third Seminar on Quantitative Microscopy, Lyngby, Denmark, PTB-F34:61-67.
    • (1998) Proc. of the Third Seminar on Quantitative Microscopy , vol.34 , pp. 61-67
    • Meli, R.1
  • 48
    • 0000054325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International comparison in the field of nanometrology: Pitch of 1D gratings (Nano4)
    • Italy
    • nd Int. euspen Conference, Italy, 1: 358-361.
    • (2001) nd Int. Euspen Conference , vol.1 , pp. 358-361
    • Meli, F.1
  • 49
    • 73149123264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lateral and vertical diameter measurements on polymer particles with a metrology AFM
    • G. Wilkening and L. Koenders (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany
    • Meli, F., 2005, Lateral and vertical diameter measurements on polymer particles with a metrology AFM. in: Nanoscale Calibration Standards and Methods, G. Wilkening and L. Koenders (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 361-374.
    • (2005) Nanoscale Calibration Standards and Methods , pp. 361-374
    • Meli, F.1
  • 50
    • 73149090708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Traceable probing with an AFM
    • G. Wilkening and L. Koenders (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany
    • Dirscherl, K., Koops, K.R., 2005, Traceable probing with an AFM; in: Nanoscale Calibration Standards and Methods, G. Wilkening and L. Koenders (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 95-108.
    • (2005) Nanoscale Calibration Standards and Methods , pp. 95-108
    • Dirscherl, K.1    Koops, K.R.2
  • 52
    • 33846039905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison on step height measurements in the nano and micrometre range by Scanning Force Microscopes"
    • Koenders, L., Klapetek, P., Meli, F., Picotto, G.B., 2006, Comparison on step height measurements in the nano and micrometre range by Scanning Force Microscopes", Metrologia Technical Report 43:04001.
    • (2006) Metrologia Technical Report , vol.43 , pp. 04001
    • Koenders, L.1    Klapetek, P.2    Meli, F.3    Picotto, G.B.4
  • 53
    • 36549095714 scopus 로고
    • Single-tube threedimensional scanner for scanning tunneling microscopy
    • Binnig, G., Smith D.P.E., 1986, Single-tube threedimensional scanner for scanning tunneling microscopy, Rev. Sci. Instr., 57:1688-1689.
    • (1986) Rev. Sci. Instr. , vol.57 , pp. 1688-1689
    • Binnig, G.1    Smith, D.P.E.2
  • 54
    • 0000723069 scopus 로고
    • Atomic force microscopy: General principles and a new implementation
    • Thompson, D. O., and Chimenti, D. E., Eds. Plenum, New York
    • McClelland, G. M., Erlandsson, R., Chiang, S., 1987, Atomic force microscopy: General principles and a new implementation, Review of progress in quantitative non-destructive evaluation, Thompson, D. O., and Chimenti, D. E., Eds. Plenum, New York, 6:307.
    • (1987) Review of Progress in Quantitative Non-destructive Evaluation , vol.6 , pp. 307
    • McClelland, G.M.1    Erlandsson, R.2    Chiang, S.3
  • 56
    • 33750306098 scopus 로고
    • Atomic force microscope-force mapping and pro-filing on a sub 100-A scale
    • Martin, Y., Williams, C. C., Wickramasinghe, H. K., 1987, Atomic force microscope-force mapping and pro-filing on a sub 100-A scale, J. Appl. Phys. 61:4723-4729.
    • (1987) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.61 , pp. 4723-4729
    • Martin, Y.1    Williams, C.C.2    Wickramasinghe, H.K.3
  • 59
    • 0000031184 scopus 로고
    • Compact scanning-force microscope using laser diode
    • Sarid, D., lams, D., Weissenberger, V., Bell, L.S., 1988, Compact scanning-force microscope using laser diode, Opt. Lett., 13:1057-1059.
    • (1988) Opt. Lett. , vol.13 , pp. 1057-1059
    • Sarid, D.1    Lams, D.2    Weissenberger, V.3    Bell, L.S.4
  • 61
    • 0026913677 scopus 로고
    • Micromachined atomic force microprobe with integrated capacitive read-out
    • [60] Brugger, J., Buser, RA., Rooij, N.F., 1992, Micromachined atomic force microprobe with integrated capacitive read-out, J. Micromech. Microeng., 2:218. (Pubitemid 23639390)
    • (1992) Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering , vol.2 , Issue.3 , pp. 218-220
    • Brugger, J.1    Buser, R.A.2    De, R.3
  • 62
    • 36549096102 scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous measurement of lateral and normal forces with an optical-beam-deflection atomic force microscope
    • Meyer, G., Amer, N. M., 1988, Simultaneous measurement of lateral and normal forces with an optical-beam-deflection atomic force microscope, Appl. Phys. Lett., 53:1045.
    • (1988) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.53 , pp. 1045
    • Meyer, G.1    Amer, N.M.2
  • 64
    • 36449002421 scopus 로고
    • A detailed analysis of the optical beam deflection technique for use in atomic force microscopy
    • Putman, C.A.J., de Grooth, B., van Hulst, N.F, Grave, J., 1992, A detailed analysis of the optical beam deflection technique for use in atomic force microscopy, J. Appl. Phys., 72/1:6-12.
    • (1992) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.72 , Issue.1 , pp. 6-12
    • Putman, C.A.J.1    De Grooth, B.2    Van Hulst, N.F.3    Grave, J.4
  • 65
    • 0346306096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compensation of cross talk in the optical lever deflection method used in atomic force microscopy
    • Fujisawa, S., Ogiso, H., 2003, Compensation of cross talk in the optical lever deflection method used in atomic force microscopy, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 74/ 12:5115-5117.
    • (2003) Rev. Sci. Instrum. , vol.74 , Issue.12 , pp. 5115-5117
    • Fujisawa, S.1    Ogiso, H.2
  • 66
    • 73149116549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Such probes are available from a number of companies, e.g. .,- Micro-Actuated Silicon Probes" by Veeco Instruments, piezoresistive cantilevers by Seiko Instruments Inc. and Nascatec GmbH
    • Such probes are available from a number of companies, e.g. .,- Micro-Actuated Silicon Probes" by Veeco Instruments, piezoresistive cantilevers by Seiko Instruments Inc. and Nascatec GmbH.
  • 68
    • 0029352255 scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of a cantilever with an integrated deflection sensor
    • Linnemann, R., Gotszalk, T., Hadjiiski, L., Rangelow, I.W., 1995, Characterisation of a cantilever with an integrated deflection sensor, Thin Solid Films, 264:159.
    • (1995) Thin Solid Films , vol.264 , pp. 159
    • Linnemann, R.1    Gotszalk, T.2    Hadjiiski, L.3    Rangelow, I.W.4
  • 69
    • 0043138979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bridge configuration of piezoresistive devices for scanning force microscopes
    • Jumpertz, R., Schelten, J., Ohlsson, O., Saurenbach, F., 1998, Bridge configuration of piezoresistive devices for scanning force microscopes. Sensors and Actuators A, 70:88.
    • (1998) Sensors and Actuators A , vol.70 , pp. 88
    • Jumpertz, R.1    Schelten, J.2    Ohlsson, O.3    Saurenbach, F.4
  • 70
    • 0026899890 scopus 로고
    • Force measurement with a piezoelectric cantilever in a scanning force microscope
    • Tansock, J., Williams, C. C., 1992, Force measurement with a piezoelectric cantilever in a scanning force microscope., Ultramicroscopy, 42:1464.
    • (1992) Ultramicroscopy , vol.42 , pp. 1464
    • Tansock, J.1    Williams, C.C.2
  • 71
    • 0027679006 scopus 로고
    • Development of a force sensor for atomic force microscopy using piezoelectric thin films
    • ltoh, T. C., Suga, T., 1993, Development of a force sensor for atomic force microscopy using piezoelectric thin films, Nanotechnology 4:218-224.
    • (1993) Nanotechnology , vol.4 , pp. 218-224
    • Ltoh, T.C.1    Suga, T.2
  • 73
    • 21544472129 scopus 로고
    • Atomic resolution with an atomic force microscope using piezoresistive detection
    • Tortonese, M. Barrett, R. C. and Quate C. R., 1993, Atomic resolution with an atomic force microscope using piezoresistive detection, Appl. Phys. Lett., 62: 834.
    • (1993) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.62 , pp. 834
    • Tortonese, M.1    Barrett, R.C.2    Quate, C.R.3
  • 74
    • 0038196357 scopus 로고
    • Atomic force microscopy
    • Meyer, E., 1992, Atomic force microscopy, Prog. Surf. Sci. 41:3-49.
    • (1992) Prog. Surf. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 3-49
    • Meyer, E.1
  • 75
    • 0141990921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advances in atomic force microscopy
    • Giessibl, F. J., 2003, Advances in atomic force microscopy, Rev. Mod. Phys., 75:949-983.
    • (2003) Rev. Mod. Phys. , vol.75 , pp. 949-983
    • Giessibl, F.J.1
  • 76
    • 0001105231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3 microcantilever for dynamic scanning force microscopy
    • [75] Itoh.T.C., Lee, C., Suga, T., 1996, Deflection detection and feedback actuation using a self-excited piezoelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 microcantilever for dynamic scanning force microscopy, Appl. Phys. Lett., 69:2036-2038. (Pubitemid 126620392)
    • (1996) Applied Physics Letters , vol.69 , Issue.14 , pp. 2036-2038
    • Itoh, T.1    Lee, C.2    Suga, T.3
  • 77
    • 0000368410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Micro-fabricated piezoelectric cantilever for atomic force microscopy
    • Watanabe, S., Fujii, T, 1996, Micro-fabricated piezoelectric cantilever for atomic force microscopy. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 67:3898.
    • (1996) Rev. Sci. Instrum. , vol.67 , pp. 3898
    • Watanabe, S.1    Fujii, T.2
  • 78
    • 0029307989 scopus 로고
    • Atomic force microscope lithography using amorphous silicon as a resist and advances in parallel operation
    • Minne, S. C., Flueckiger, Ph., Soh, H. T., Quate C. F., 1995, Atomic force microscope lithography using amorphous silicon as a resist and advances in parallel operation, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 13:1380-1385.
    • (1995) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B , vol.13 , pp. 1380-1385
    • Minne, S.C.1    Flueckiger, Ph.2    Soh, H.T.3    Quate, C.F.4
  • 80
    • 20744442768 scopus 로고
    • Parallel atomic force microscopy using cantilevers with integrated piezoresistive sensors and integrated piezoelectric actuators
    • Minne, S. C., Manalis, S.R., Quate C. F., 1995, Parallel atomic force microscopy using cantilevers with integrated piezoresistive sensors and integrated piezoelectric actuators, Appl. Phys. Lett., 67:3918-3920.
    • (1995) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.67 , pp. 3918-3920
    • Minne, S.C.1    Manalis, S.R.2    Quate, C.F.3
  • 81
    • 0032733299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-excited piezoelectric PZT microcantilevers for dynamic SFMwith inherent sensing and actuating capabilities
    • Lee, C., ltoh T., Suga, T., 1999, Self-excited piezoelectric PZT microcantilevers for dynamic SFMwith inherent sensing and actuating capabilities, Sensors and Actuators A, 72:179-188.
    • (1999) Sensors and Actuators A , vol.72 , pp. 179-188
    • Lee, C.1    Ltoh, T.2    Suga, T.3
  • 82
    • 0034317532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrated atomic force microscopy array probe with metal-oxide- semiconductor field effect transistor stress sensor, thermal bimorph actuator, and on-chip complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor electronics
    • T. Akiyama, U. Staufer, N. F. de Rooij, D. Lange, C. Hagleitner, O. Brand, H. Baltes, A. Tonin, and H. R. Hidber, 2000, Integrated atomic force microscopy array probe with metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor stress sensor, thermal bimorph actuator, and on-chip complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor electronics, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 18:2669.
    • (2000) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B , vol.18 , pp. 2669
    • Akiyama, T.1    Staufer, U.2    De Rooij, N.F.3    Lange, D.4    Hagleitner, C.5    Brand, O.6    Baltes, H.7    Tonin, A.8    Hidber, H.R.9
  • 85
    • 0028058449 scopus 로고
    • Contactless surface measurement with a new acoustic sensor
    • Goch, G., Volk, R., 1994, Contactless surface measurement with a new acoustic sensor, Annals of CIRP, 43/1:487-490.
    • (1994) Annals of CIRP , vol.43 , Issue.1 , pp. 487-490
    • Goch, G.1    Volk, R.2
  • 86
    • 0037285923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symmetrically arranged quartz tuning fork with soft cantilever for intermittent contact mode atomic force microscopy
    • Akiyama, T. Staufer, U. de Rooij, N. F. Frederix, P. and Engel A., 2003, Symmetrically arranged quartz tuning fork with soft cantilever for intermittent contact mode atomic force microscopy, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 74:112.
    • (2003) Rev. Sci. Instrum. , vol.74 , pp. 112
    • Akiyama, T.1    Staufer, U.2    De Rooij, N.F.3    Frederix, P.4    Engel, A.5
  • 88
    • 25844495362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a virtual probe tip with an application to high aspect ratio microscale features
    • Bauza, M.B., Hocken, R. J., Smith, S. T., Woody, S.C., 2005, Development of a virtual probe tip with an application to high aspect ratio microscale features, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76:095112.
    • (2005) Rev. Sci. Instrum. , vol.76 , pp. 095112
    • Bauza, M.B.1    Hocken, R.J.2    Smith, S.T.3    Woody, S.C.4
  • 89
    • 0010714253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fastscanning shear-force microscopy using a highfrequency dithering probe
    • Seo, Y., Park, J.H., Moon, J.B., Jhe, W., 2000, Fastscanning shear-force microscopy using a highfrequency dithering probe, Appl. Phys. Lett., 77:4274-4276.
    • (2000) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.77 , pp. 4274-4276
    • Seo, Y.1    Park, J.H.2    Moon, J.B.3    Jhe, W.4
  • 90
    • 24144485430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scanning probe microscopy with quartz crystal cantilever
    • DOI 10.1063/1.2031937, 074102
    • [89] Ono, T., Lin, Y-C., Esashi, M., 2005, Scanning probe microscopy with quartz crystal cantilever, Appl. Phys. Lett., 87:074102. (Pubitemid 41230687)
    • (2005) Applied Physics Letters , vol.87 , Issue.7 , pp. 1-3
    • Ono, T.1    Lin, Y.-C.2    Esashi, M.3
  • 93
    • 73149084780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phoenix Mars Lander 2007:
    • (2007)
  • 95
    • 77952760920 scopus 로고
    • Microfabrication of cantilever styli for the atomic force microscope
    • Albrecht.T.R., Akamine, S., Carver, T. E., Quate, C. F., 1990, Microfabrication of cantilever styli for the atomic force microscope, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 8/4:3386-3396.
    • (1990) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A , vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp. 3386-3396
    • Albrecht, T.R.1    Akamine, S.2    Carver, T.E.3    Quate, C.F.4
  • 96
    • 21544458820 scopus 로고
    • Improved atomic force microscope images using microcantilevers with sharp tips
    • Akamine, S., Barrett, R.C., Quate C. F., 1990, Improved atomic force microscope images using microcantilevers with sharp tips, Appl. Phys. Lett., 57/3:316-318.
    • (1990) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.57 , Issue.3 , pp. 316-318
    • Akamine, S.1    Barrett, R.C.2    Quate, C.F.3
  • 97
    • 84881605956 scopus 로고
    • Micromachined silicon sensors for scanning force microscopy
    • Wolter, O., Bayer, Th., Greschner, J., 1991, Micromachined silicon sensors for scanning force microscopy, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 9:1353.
    • (1991) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B , vol.9 , pp. 1353
    • Wolter, O.1    Bayer, Th.2    Greschner, J.3
  • 98
    • 0030123676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tapping-mode scanning force microscopy: Metallic tips and samples
    • DOI 10.1016/0927-0256(96)00003-1, PII S0927025696000031
    • [97] Sarid, D., 1996, Tapping-mode scanning force microscopy: Metallic tips and samples, Computational Materials Science, 5/4:291-297. (Pubitemid 126412253)
    • (1996) Computational Materials Science , vol.5 , Issue.4 , pp. 291-297
    • Sarid, D.1
  • 100
  • 101
    • 0033534977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spring constants of composite ceramic/gold cantilevers for scanning probe microscopy
    • Hazel, J.L., Tsukruk, V.V., 1999, Spring constants of composite ceramic/gold cantilevers for scanning probe microscopy, Thin Solid Films, 339/1-2:249-257.
    • (1999) Thin Solid Films , vol.339 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 249-257
    • Hazel, J.L.1    Tsukruk, V.V.2
  • 107
    • 0029489749 scopus 로고
    • Development of a flexure-hinged translation mechanism driven by two piezoelectric stacks
    • Furokawa, E., Mizuno, M., Doi, D., 1995, Development of a flexure-hinged translation mechanism driven by two piezoelectric stacks, JSME Int. Journ. C., 38:743-748.
    • (1995) JSME Int. Journ. C. , vol.38 , pp. 743-748
    • Furokawa, E.1    Mizuno, M.2    Doi, D.3
  • 109
    • 0004205155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GmbH, Karlsruhe/Palmbach, Germany
    • Nanopositioning 1998; Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH, Karlsruhe/Palmbach, Germany, .
    • (1998) Nanopositioning
  • 110
    • 0033296732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanical performance of a symmetrical, monolithic three-dimensional fine-motion stage for nanometrology
    • Gonda, S., Kurosawa, T., Tanimura, Y., 1999, Mechanical performance of a symmetrical, monolithic three-dimensional fine-motion stage for nanometrology, Meas. Sci. Technol., 10:986-993.
    • (1999) Meas. Sci. Technol. , vol.10 , pp. 986-993
    • Gonda, S.1    Kurosawa, T.2    Tanimura, Y.3
  • 111
    • 0343932629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Micromachined actuator for nanopositioning in two dimensions
    • DOI 10.1016/S0924-4247(99)00010-2
    • [110] Ayela, F., Chaussy, J., Fournier, T., Menegaz, E., 1999, A micromachined actuator for nanopositioning in two dimensions, Sens. &Act., 76:459-462. (Pubitemid 30543204)
    • (1999) Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical , vol.76 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 459-462
    • Ayela, F.1    Chaussy, J.2    Fournier, T.3    Menegaz, E.4
  • 113
    • 0022782910 scopus 로고
    • Wide-range, low-operating-voltage, bimorph STM; Application as potentiometer
    • Murait, P., Pohl, D.W., Denk, W., 1986, Wide-range, low-operating- voltage, bimorph STM; Application as potentiometer; IBM J. Res. Develop, 30:443-450.
    • (1986) IBM J. Res. Develop , vol.30 , pp. 443-450
    • Murait, P.1    Pohl, D.W.2    Denk, W.3
  • 115
    • 0030262921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A fully integrated near-field optical, far-field optical and normal-force scanned probe microscope
    • Lieberman, K., Ben-Ami, N., Lewis, A., 1996, A fully integrated near-field optical, far-field optical and normal-force scanned probe microscope, Rev. Sci. Instr., 67:3567-3572.
    • (1996) Rev. Sci. Instr. , vol.67 , pp. 3567-3572
    • Lieberman, K.1    Ben-Ami, N.2    Lewis, A.3
  • 116
    • 0004094273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Capacitive sensor for micropositioning in two dimensions
    • KoIb, P.W., Decca, R.S., Drews H.D., 1998, Capacitive sensor for micropositioning in two dimensions, Rev. Sci. Instr., 69:310-312.
    • (1998) Rev. Sci. Instr. , vol.69 , pp. 310-312
    • Koib, P.W.1    Decca, R.S.2    Drews, H.D.3
  • 118
    • 73149103372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dl'new'Metrology head
    • Dl'new'Metrology head.
  • 119
    • 73149086533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Older Park head with optical sensor for z-axis
    • Older Park head with optical sensor for z-axis.
  • 120
    • 73149084321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Traunreut, Germany
    • E.g. Dr. Johannes Heidenhain GmbH, Traunreut, Germany .
  • 121
    • 84957235244 scopus 로고
    • A dual tunneling unit scanning tunneling microscope
    • Kawakatsu, H., Higuchi, T., 1990, A dual tunneling unit scanning tunneling microscope, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 8:319-323.
    • (1990) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. , vol.8 , pp. 319-323
    • Kawakatsu, H.1    Higuchi, T.2
  • 122
    • 0012712149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long atomic imaging over a 5μu-long region using an ultralow thermally drifted dual-tunneling-unit scanning tunneling microscope in athermostabilizedcell
    • Aketagawa, M., Takada, K., Takeshina, N., Yamada, K., Lee, J.-D, 1999, Long atomic imaging over a 5μu-long region using an ultralow thermally drifted dual-tunneling-unit scanning tunneling microscope in athermostabilizedcell, Rev. Sci. Instr., 70:133-136.
    • (1999) Rev. Sci. Instr. , vol.70 , pp. 133-136
    • Aketagawa, M.1    Takada, K.2    Takeshina, N.3    Yamada, K.4    Lee, J.-D.5
  • 123
    • 31644441163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Real-time atomic encoder using scanning tunnelling microscope and regular crystalline surface
    • Aketagawa, M., Takada, K., Rerkkumsup, R.Togawa, Y., Honda, H., 2006, Real-time atomic encoder using scanning tunnelling microscope and regular crystalline surface, Meas. Sci. Technol.; 17:513-518.
    • (2006) Meas. Sci. Technol. , vol.17 , pp. 513-518
    • Aketagawa, M.1    Takada, K.2    Rerkkumsup, R.3    Togawa, Y.4    Honda, H.5
  • 124
    • 73149118819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • various, not published applications in NMIs
    • various, not published applications in NMIs.
  • 125
    • 73149088728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linear interferometers and plane mirror interferometers are available from a number of suppliers
    • Linear interferometers and plane mirror interferometers are available from a number of suppliers.
  • 127
    • 0025466344 scopus 로고
    • X-ray optics in metrological application
    • Becker, P., Stümpel, J., 1990, X-ray optics in metrological application, Metrologia, 27: 127-132.
    • (1990) Metrologia , vol.27 , pp. 127-132
    • Becker, P.1    Stümpel, J.2
  • 128
    • 11944250146 scopus 로고
    • Atomic force microscopy
    • Rugar, D., Hansma, P., 1990, Atomic force microscopy, Phys. Today, 43/10:23-30.
    • (1990) Phys. Today , vol.43 , Issue.10 , pp. 23-30
    • Rugar, D.1    Hansma, P.2
  • 131
    • 0038981463 scopus 로고
    • Frequency modulation detection using high-q cantilevers for enhanced force microscope sensitivity
    • Albrecht, T.R., Grütter, P., Hörne, D., Rugar, D., 1991, Frequency modulation detection using high-q cantilevers for enhanced force microscope sensitivity., J. Appl. Phys., 69/2:668-673.
    • (1991) J. Appl. Phys. , vol.69 , Issue.2 , pp. 668-673
    • Albrecht, T.R.1    Grütter, P.2    Hörne, D.3    Rugar, D.4
  • 132
    • 1442336217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stability considerations and implementation of cantilevers allowing dynamic force with optimal resolution: The qPlus sensors
    • Giessibl, F. J., Hembacher, S., Herz, M., Schiller, C. Mannhart, J., 2004, Stability considerations and implementation of cantilevers allowing dynamic force with optimal resolution: the qPlus sensors, Nanotechnology, 15:79-86.
    • (2004) Nanotechnology , vol.15 , pp. 79-86
    • Giessibl, F.J.1    Hembacher, S.2    Herz, M.3    Schiller, C.4    Mannhart, J.5
  • 134
    • 73149112972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commercial supplier of EBD tips: NT-MDT (www.ntmdt.ru )
    • Commercial supplier of EBD tips: NanoTools . NT-MDT (www.ntmdt.ru ).
  • 135
    • 0026860091 scopus 로고
    • Imaging steep, high structures by scanning force microscopy with electron beam deposited tips
    • Keller, D. J.,Chin-Chung, C., 1992, Imaging steep, high structures by scanning force microscopy with electron beam deposited tips, Surf. Sci., 268:333-339.
    • (1992) Surf. Sci. , vol.268 , pp. 333-339
    • Keller, D.J.1    Chin-Chung, C.2
  • 136
    • 0029911943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nanotubes as nanoprobes in scanning probe microscopy
    • DOI 10.1038/384147a0
    • [135] Dai, H. J., Hafner, J.H., Rinzler,A.G., Colbert, DT., Smalley, R.E., 1996, Nanotubes as nanoprobes in scanning probe microscopy, Nature, 384/6605:147-150. (Pubitemid 26386465)
    • (1996) Nature , vol.384 , Issue.6605 , pp. 147-150
    • Dai, H.1    Hafner, J.H.2    Rinzler, A.G.3    Colbert, D.T.4    Smalley, R.E.5
  • 137
    • 0034819152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-yield assembly of individual single-walled carbon nanotube tips for scanning probe microscopies
    • Hafner, J.H., Cheung, C. L., Oosterkamp, T. H., Lieber, C.M., 2001, High-yield assembly of individual single-walled carbon nanotube tips for scanning probe microscopies, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105/4:743-746.
    • (2001) J. Phys. Chem. B , vol.105 , Issue.4 , pp. 743-746
    • Hafner, J.H.1    Cheung, C.L.2    Oosterkamp, T.H.3    Lieber, C.M.4
  • 138
    • 0036471817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electricfield-enhanced growth of carbon nanotubes for SPM
    • Ono T, Miyashita H, and Esashi M., 2002, Electricfield-enhanced growth of carbon nanotubes for SPM, Nanotechnology, 13:62.
    • (2002) Nanotechnology , vol.13 , pp. 62
    • Ono, T.1    Miyashita, H.2    Esashi, M.3
  • 140
    • 0035442319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon nanotube tip probes: Stability and lateral resolution in scanning probe microscopy and application to surface science in semiconductors
    • DOI 10.1088/0957-4484/12/3/326, PII S0957448401252787, 8th Foresight Confernce on Molecular Nanotechnology
    • [139] Nguyen, C.V., Chao, K.J., Stevens, R.M.D, Delzeit, L., Cassell, A., Han, J., Meyyappan, M., 2001, Carbon nanotube tip probes: stability and lateral resolution in scanning probe microscopy and application to surface science in semiconductors, Nanotechnology, 12:363-367. (Pubitemid 32962332)
    • (2001) Nanotechnology , vol.12 , Issue.3 , pp. 363-367
    • Nguyen, C.V.1    Chao, K.-J.2    Stevens, R.M.D.3    Delzeit, L.4    Cassell, A.5    Han, J.6    Meyyappan, M.7
  • 141
    • 27344459104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon nanotube tips for scanning probe microscopy: Fabrication and high aspect ratio nanometrology
    • DOI 10.1088/0957-0233/16/11/003, PII S0957023305948182
    • [140] Nguyen, C.V., Ye, Q., Meyyappan, M., 2005, Carbon nanotube tips for scanning probe microscopy: fabrication and high aspect ratio nanometrology., Meas. Sci. Technol., 16:2138-2146. (Pubitemid 41526887)
    • (2005) Measurement Science and Technology , vol.16 , Issue.11 , pp. 2138-2146
    • Nguyen, C.V.1    Ye, Q.2    Meyyappan, M.3
  • 142
    • 79957967645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of wear characteristics of etched-silicon and carbon nanotube atomic-force microscopy probes
    • DOI 10.1063/1.1452782
    • [141] Larsen, T., Moloni, K., Flack, F., Eriksson, M. A., Lagally, M.G., Black, C. T., 2002, Comparison of wear characterisitics of etched-silicon and carbon nanotube atomic force microscopy probes, Appl. Phys. Lett., 50:1996-1998. (Pubitemid 34326265)
    • (2002) Applied Physics Letters , vol.80 , Issue.11 , pp. 1996
    • Larsen, T.1    Moloni, K.2    Flack, F.3    Eriksson, M.A.4    Lagally, M.G.5    Black, C.T.6
  • 143
    • 0042991471 scopus 로고
    • Two-dimensional atomic force microprobe trench metrology system
    • Nyyssonen, D., Landstein, L., Coombs, E., 1991, Two-dimensional atomic force microprobe trench metrology system, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 9/6:3612-3616
    • (1991) J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B , vol.9 , Issue.6 , pp. 3612-3616
    • Nyyssonen, D.1    Landstein, L.2    Coombs, E.3
  • 144
    • 0001488964 scopus 로고
    • Methods of imaging sidewalls by atomic force microscopy
    • Martin, Y., Wickramasinghe, H. K., 1994, Methods of imaging sidewalls by atomic force microscopy, Appl. Phys. Lett., 64/19, 2498-2500.
    • (1994) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.64 , Issue.19 , pp. 2498-2500
    • Martin, Y.1    Wickramasinghe, H.K.2
  • 145
    • 73149106506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
    • Team Nanotec GmbH, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany, .
  • 147
    • 73149105413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Huntsville, U.S.A.
    • Micro Star Technologies, Huntsville, U.S.A., www.microstartech.com.
  • 148
    • 73149096615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scanning near field optical microscopy, in Scanning Probe Microscopy
    • R. Wiesendanger (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin
    • U.C. Fischer, 1998, Scanning near field optical microscopy, in Scanning Probe Microscopy. Analytical Methods, R. Wiesendanger (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
    • (1998) Analytical Methods
    • Fischer, U.C.1
  • 149
    • 23444459499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cantilever spring constants via dimensional methods for nanomechanical analysis
    • Clifford, C. A., Seah, M. P., 2005, Cantilever spring constants via dimensional methods for nanomechanical analysis, Nanotechnology, 16:1666-1680.
    • (2005) Nanotechnology , vol.16 , pp. 1666-1680
    • Clifford, C.A.1    Seah, M.P.2
  • 150
    • 0000815047 scopus 로고
    • Lateral, normal, and longitudinal spring constants of atomic force microscopy cantilevers
    • Neumeister, J. M., Ducker, W. A,1994, Lateral, normal, and longitudinal spring constants of atomic force microscopy cantilevers, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 65:2527.
    • (1994) Rev. Sci. Instrum. , vol.65 , pp. 2527
    • Neumeister, J.M.1    Ducker, W.A.2
  • 151
    • 0001426753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Method of characterising micro mechanical beams and its calibration for the application in micro force measurement systems
    • Hoffmann, W., Loheide, S., Kleine -Besten, T., Brand, U., Schlachetzki, A., 2000, Method of characterising micro mechanical beams and its calibration for the application in micro force measurement systems, Proc. MicroTec, 819-823.
    • (2000) Proc. MicroTec , pp. 819-823
    • Hoffmann, W.1    Loheide, S.2    Kleine-Besten, T.3    Brand, U.4    Schlachetzki, A.5
  • 152
    • 33846051028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calibration of micro force setting standards using a new nano force calibration device
    • Doering, L., Brand, U., Peiner, E., Behrens, I., 2003, Calibration of micro force setting standards using a new nano force calibration device. In: Proc. of Micro System Technologies MST, 492-494.
    • (2003) Proc. of Micro System Technologies MST , pp. 492-494
    • Doering, L.1    Brand, U.2    Peiner, E.3    Behrens, I.4
  • 153
    • 0038441770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Piezoresistive cantilever as portable micro force calibration standard
    • Behrens, I., Doering, L., Peiner, E., 2003, Piezoresistive cantilever as portable micro force calibration standard. J. Micromech. Microeng., 13:171-177.
    • (2003) J. Micromech. Microeng. , vol.13 , pp. 171-177
    • Behrens, I.1    Doering, L.2    Peiner, E.3
  • 154
    • 3242689013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative analytical atomic force microscopy: A cantilever reference device for easy and accurate AFM spring-constant calibration
    • DOI 10.1088/0957-0233/15/7/016, PII S0957023304748377
    • [153] Cumpson, P. J., Clifford, C. A., Hedley, J., 2004, Quantitative analytical atomic force microscopy: a cantilever reference device for easy and accurate AFM spring-constant calibration, Meas. Sci. Technol., 15:1337-1346. (Pubitemid 38945749)
    • (2004) Measurement Science and Technology , vol.15 , Issue.7 , pp. 1337-1346
    • Cumpson, P.J.1    Clifford, C.A.2    Hedley, J.3
  • 155
    • 14044277480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calibration of silicon atomic force microscope cantilevers
    • DOI 10.1088/0957-4484/16/2/009
    • [154] Gibson, C. T., Smith, D.A., Roberts, C. J., 2005, Calibration of silicon atomic force microscope cantilevers, Nanotechnology, 16:234-238. (Pubitemid 40274849)
    • (2005) Nanotechnology , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 234-238
    • Gibson, C.T.1    Smith, D.A.2    Roberts, C.J.3
  • 157
    • 0038515129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Silicon standards for assessment and calibration of stylus probes
    • Frühauf, J., Trumpold, H., 2002 Silicon standards for assessment and calibration of stylus probes. Annals of the CIRP, 51:475-478.
    • (2002) Annals of the CIRP , vol.51 , pp. 475-478
    • Frühauf, J.1    Trumpold, H.2
  • 158
    • 27444432899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of SI traceable force metrology for instrumented indentation and atomic force microscopy
    • DOI 10.1088/0957-0233/16/11/002, PII S0957023305966101
    • [157] Pratt, J.R., Kramař, J.A., Newell, D.B., Smith, D. T., 2005, Review of SI traceable force metrology for instrumented indentation and atomic force microscopy, Meas. Sci. Technol., 16:2129-2137. (Pubitemid 41528778)
    • (2005) Measurement Science and Technology , vol.16 , Issue.11 , pp. 2129-2137
    • Pratt, J.R.1    Kramar, J.A.2    Newell, D.B.3    Smith, D.T.4
  • 159
    • 0000478707 scopus 로고
    • Scanning tunneling microscopy on rough surfaces: Deconvolution of constant current images
    • Reiss, G., Schneider, F., Vancea, J., Hoffmann, H., 1990, Scanning tunneling microscopy on rough surfaces: Deconvolution of constant current images, Appl. Phys. Lett., 57:867.
    • (1990) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.57 , pp. 867
    • Reiss, G.1    Schneider, F.2    Vancea, J.3    Hoffmann, H.4
  • 160
    • 0026206391 scopus 로고
    • Reconstruction of STM and AFM images distorted by finite-size tips
    • DOI 10.1016/0039-6028(91)90606-S
    • [159] Keller, D., 1991, Reconstruction of STM and AFM images distorted by finite-size tips, Surf. Sci., 253:353. (Pubitemid 21721712)
    • (1991) Surface Science , vol.253 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 353-364
    • Keller, D.1
  • 164
    • 8744234038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Algorithms for scanned probe microscope image simulation, surface reconstruction, and tip estimation
    • Villarubia, J.S., 1997, Algorithms for scanned probe microscope image simulation, surface reconstruction, and tip estimation, J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., 102:425-454.
    • (1997) J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. , vol.102 , pp. 425-454
    • Villarubia, J.S.1
  • 165
    • 0029284583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of neural networks to the reconstruction of scanning probe microscope images distorted by finite-size tips
    • Wang, W.L., Whitehouse, D. J., 1997, Application of neural networks to the reconstruction of scanning probe microscope images distorted by finite-size tips, Nanotechnology, 6:45-51.
    • (1997) Nanotechnology , vol.6 , pp. 45-51
    • Wang, W.L.1    Whitehouse, D.J.2
  • 166
    • 0344519544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Downwards to metrology in nanoscale: Determination of the AFM tip-shape with wellknown sharp-edged calibration structures"
    • Huebner, U., Morgenroth, W., Meyer, H.G., Sulzbach, T, Brendel, B., Miranda, W., 2003, Downwards to metrology in nanoscale: determination of the AFM tip-shape with wellknown sharp-edged calibration structures", Appl. Phys. A, 76:913-917.
    • (2003) Appl. Phys. A , vol.76 , pp. 913-917
    • Huebner, U.1    Morgenroth, W.2    Meyer, H.G.3    Sulzbach, T.4    Brendel, B.5    Miranda, W.6
  • 169
    • 0027199086 scopus 로고
    • Colloidal gold particles as an incompressible atomic force microscope imaging standard for assessing the compressibility of biomolecules
    • Vesenka, J., Manne, S., Giberson, R., Marsh, T., Henderson, E., 1993, Colloidal gold particles as an incompressible atomic force microscope imaging standard for assessing the compressibility of biomolecules Biophys. J., 65:992-997.
    • (1993) Biophys. J. , vol.65 , pp. 992-997
    • Vesenka, J.1    Manne, S.2    Giberson, R.3    Marsh, T.4    Henderson, E.5
  • 170
    • 84889620190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of different methods of SFM tip shape determination for various characterisation structures and types of tip
    • G. Wilkening and L. Koenders (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany
    • Czerkas, S., Dziomba, T., Bosse, H., 2005, Comparison of different methods of SFM tip shape determination for various characterisation structures and types of tip. in: Nanoscale Calibration Standards and Methods, G. Wilkening and L. Koenders (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 311-320.
    • (2005) Nanoscale Calibration Standards and Methods , pp. 311-320
    • Czerkas, S.1    Dziomba, T.2    Bosse, H.3
  • 171
    • 2042497467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical dimension (CD) measurements using a metrology AFM profiler
    • Hasche, K., Miranda, W., Wilkening, G., (Eds.), PTBBericht, PTB-F-
    • Meli, F., 2000, Critical dimension (CD) measurements using a metrology AFM profiler, Proc. of the 4th Seminar on Quantitative Microscopy, Hasche, K., Miranda, W., Wilkening, G., (Eds.), PTBBericht, PTB-F-39:58-65.
    • (2000) Proc. of the 4th Seminar on Quantitative Microscopy , vol.39 , pp. 58-65
    • Meli, F.1
  • 172
    • 0001349677 scopus 로고
    • Direct observation of the atomic force microscopy tip using inverse atomic force microscopy imaging
    • Montelius, L., Tegenfeldt, J.O., van Heerens, P., 1994, Direct observation of the atomic force microscopy tip using inverse atomic force microscopy imaging, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 12:2222.
    • (1994) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B , vol.12 , pp. 2222
    • Montelius, L.1    Tegenfeldt, J.O.2    Van Heerens, P.3
  • 173
    • 0000270159 scopus 로고
    • Fabrication of arrays of nanometer size test structures for scanning probe microscope tips characterization
    • Bogdanov, A.L., Erts, D., Nilsson, B., Olin, H., 1994, Fabrication of arrays of nanometer size test structures for scanning probe microscope tips characterization, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 12:3681.
    • (1994) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B , vol.12 , pp. 3681
    • Bogdanov, A.L.1    Erts, D.2    Nilsson, B.3    Olin, H.4
  • 176
    • 29044438927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tip characterization and surface reconstruction of complex structures with critical dimension atomic force microscopy
    • Dahlen, G., Osborn, M., Okulan, N., Foremann, W., Chand, A., Foucher, J., 2005 Tip characterization and surface reconstruction of complex structures with critical dimension atomic force microscopy, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 23/6:2297-2303.
    • (2005) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B , vol.23 , Issue.6 , pp. 2297-2303
    • Dahlen, G.1    Osborn, M.2    Okulan, N.3    Foremann, W.4    Chand, A.5    Foucher, J.6
  • 177
    • 0036030728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tip characterization for CD-AFM: Getting to 2 nm, 3 sigma, metrology, inspection, and process for microlithography XVI
    • D. J. C. Herr (Ed)
    • Miller, K., Chand, A., Dahlen, G., Todd, B., 2002, Tip characterization for CD-AFM: getting to 2 nm, 3 sigma, metrology, inspection, and process for microlithography XVI, D. J. C. Herr (Ed), Proc. SPIE, 4689:863-868.
    • (2002) Proc. SPIE , vol.4689 , pp. 863-868
    • Miller, K.1    Chand, A.2    Dahlen, G.3    Todd, B.4
  • 178
    • 33244465211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconstruction and geometric assessment of AFM tips, in: Nanoscale calibration standards and methods
    • G. Wilkening and L. Koenders (Eds.), Germany
    • Machleidt, T., Kästerner, R., Franke, K. Reconstruction and geometric assessment of AFM tips, in: Nanoscale calibration standards and methods, G. Wilkening and L. Koenders (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 297-310.
    • Wiley-VCH, Weinheim , pp. 297-310
    • Machleidt, T.1    Kästerner, R.2    Franke, K.3
  • 179
    • 0033104775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality assessment of atomic force microscopy probes by scanning electron microscopy: Correlation of tip structure with rendered images
    • DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19990301)44:5<312::AID-JEMT2>3.0.CO;2-P
    • [177] Taatjes, D., Quinn, A., Lewis, M., Bovill, E, 1999, Quality assessment of atomic force microscopy probes by scanning electron microscopy: Correlation of tip structure with rendered Images, Micros Res. and Tech., 44:312-326. (Pubitemid 29122767)
    • (1999) Microscopy Research and Technique , vol.44 , Issue.5 , pp. 312-326
    • Taatjes, D.J.1    Quinn, A.S.2    Lewis, M.R.3    Bovill, E.G.4
  • 180
    • 73149120155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis and comparison of CD-SEM edge oparators: A contribution to feature width metrology
    • G. Wilkening and L. Koenders (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany
    • Frase, CG., Häßler-Grohne, W., Buhr, E., Hahm, K., Bosse, H. Analysis and comparison of CD-SEM edge oparators: A contribution to feature width metrology, in: Nanoscale calibration standards and methods, G. Wilkening and L. Koenders (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 385-403.
    • Nanoscale Calibration Standards and Methods , pp. 385-403
    • Frase, C.G.1    Häßler-Grohne, W.2    Buhr, E.3    Hahm, K.4    Bosse, H.5
  • 181
    • 73149110748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of a metrologyAFM profiler for various dimensional measurands
    • Czech Republic, ISSN 0447-6441, Vol.
    • Meli, F., 2002, Application of a metrologyAFM profiler for various dimensional measurands, JMO, Fine mechanics and optics, Czech Republic, ISSN 0447-6441, Vol.47/6-7:180-189.
    • (2002) JMO, Fine Mechanics and Optics , vol.47 , Issue.6-7 , pp. 180-189
    • Meli, F.1
  • 182
    • 0000661712 scopus 로고
    • Theory of van der Waals microscopy
    • Hartmann, U., 1991, Theory of van der Waals microscopy, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 9:465-469.
    • (1991) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B , vol.9 , pp. 465-469
    • Hartmann, U.1
  • 183
    • 73149091336 scopus 로고
    • Scanning Force Microscopy
    • Institut für Festkörperforschung, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
    • Robrock, K.H, 1990, Scanning Force Microscopy, IFF Bulletin, Institut für Festkörperforschung, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 1990:37.
    • (1990) IFF Bulletin , vol.1990 , pp. 37
    • Robrock, K.H.1
  • 184
    • 3342922749 scopus 로고
    • Effect of tip profile on atomic-force microscope images: A model study
    • Abraham, F.F., Batra, I.P., Ciraci, S., 1988, Effect of tip profile on atomic-force microscope images: A model study, Phys. Rev. Lett., 60:1314-1317.
    • (1988) Phys. Rev. Lett. , vol.60 , pp. 1314-1317
    • Abraham, F.F.1    Batra, I.P.2    Ciraci, S.3
  • 186
    • 84859081156 scopus 로고
    • Structural and dynamical consequences of interactions in interfacial systems
    • Landman, U., Luedtke, W. D., Ribarsky, M. W., 1989, Structural and dynamical consequences of interactions in interfacial systems, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 7:2829-2839.
    • (1989) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A , vol.7 , pp. 2829-2839
    • Landman, U.1    Luedtke, W.D.2    Ribarsky, M.W.3
  • 188
    • 84934701192 scopus 로고
    • Über die Berührung fester elastischer Körper
    • Hertz, H., 1881, Über die Berührung fester elastischer Körper. J. Reine Angew. Math. 92:156-171.
    • (1881) J. Reine Angew. Math. , vol.92 , pp. 156-171
    • Hertz, H.1
  • 190
    • 33244484721 scopus 로고
    • Effect of contact deformations on the adhesion of particles
    • Derjaguin, B.V., Muller, V. M., Toporov. Y.P.J., 1975, Effect of contact deformations on the adhesion of particles. Coll. Interface Sci., 53:314-326.
    • (1975) Coll. Interface Sci. , vol.53 , pp. 314-326
    • Derjaguin, B.V.1    Muller, V.M.2    Toporov, Y.P.J.3
  • 191
    • 33751360590 scopus 로고
    • Adhesion of spheres: The JKRDMT transition using a Dugdalemodel
    • Maugis, D.J., 1992, Adhesion of spheres: the JKRDMT transition using a Dugdalemodel. Coll. Interface Sci., 150:243-269.
    • (1992) Coll. Interface Sci. , vol.150 , pp. 243-269
    • Maugis, D.J.1
  • 192
    • 0347147095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acontinuum mechanics model of adhesion and friction in a single asperity contact
    • Ed. B. Bhushan, Kluwer Academic, Dordrechts
    • Johnson, K.L., 1997, Acontinuum mechanics model of adhesion and friction in a single asperity contact, in micro/nanotribology, 151, Ed. B. Bhushan, Kluwer Academic, Dordrechts.
    • (1997) Micro/nanotribology , vol.151
    • Johnson, K.L.1
  • 193
    • 0033558810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A general equation for fitting contact area and friction vs load measurements
    • Carpick, R. W., Ogletree, D. F., Salmeron, M., 1999, A general equation for fitting contact area and friction vs load measurements. J. Coll. Interface Sci., 211:395.
    • (1999) J. Coll. Interface Sci. , vol.211 , pp. 395
    • Carpick, R.W.1    Ogletree, D.F.2    Salmeron, M.3
  • 197
    • 0347653361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theories of scanning probe microscopes at the atomic scale
    • Hofer, W.A., Foster, A.S., Shluger, A.L., 2003, Theories of scanning probe microscopes at the atomic scale, Rev. Mod. Phys., 75:1287-1331.
    • (2003) Rev. Mod. Phys. , vol.75 , pp. 1287-1331
    • Hofer, W.A.1    Foster, A.S.2    Shluger, A.L.3
  • 199
    • 0032045425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observation of liquid neck formation with scanning force microscopy techniques
    • [197] Colchero, J., Storch, A., Luna, M., Herrero, J.G., and Baro', A.M., 1998, Observation of liquid neck formation with scanning force microscopy techniques, Langmuir, 14:2230. (Pubitemid 128567680)
    • (1998) Langmuir , vol.14 , Issue.9 , pp. 2230-2234
    • Colchero, J.1    Storch, A.2    Luna, M.3    Gomez, H.4    Baro, A.M.5
  • 201
    • 0034668528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theoretical investigation of the distance dependence of capilary and van der Waals forces in SFM
    • Stifter, T., Marti, O., Bhushan, B., 2000, Theoretical investigation of the distance dependence of capilary and van der Waals forces in SFM, Phys. Rev. B, 62/ 13:667.
    • (2000) Phys. Rev. B , vol.62 , Issue.13 , pp. 667
    • Stifter, T.1    Marti, O.2    Bhushan, B.3
  • 202
    • 0034299950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation of humiditydependent capillary force
    • Xiao, X.-D., Qian, L., 2000, Investigation of humiditydependent capillary force, Langmuir 16:8153-8158.
    • (2000) Langmuir , vol.16 , pp. 8153-8158
    • Xiao, X.-D.1    Qian, L.2
  • 203
    • 0037109830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Capillary forces in tapping mode atomic force microscopy
    • Zitzler, L., Herminghaus, S., Mugele, F., 2002, Capillary forces in tapping mode atomic force microscopy, Phys. Rev. B, 66:155436.
    • (2002) Phys. Rev. B , vol.66 , pp. 155436
    • Zitzler, L.1    Herminghaus, S.2    Mugele, F.3
  • 204
    • 73149121691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Currently, an 'interaction SFM' is being set up within a co-operation between NPL and PTB
    • Currently, an 'interaction SFM' is being set up within a co-operation between NPL and PTB.
  • 205
    • 0036029767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a dual-probe Caliper™ CD-AFM for near modelindependent nanometrology
    • Mancevski, V., McClurem, P. F., 2003, Development of a dual-probe Caliper™ CD-AFM for near modelindependent nanometrology. Proc. SPIE 4689, 83.
    • (2003) Proc. SPIE , vol.4689 , pp. 83
    • Mancevski, V.1    McClurem, P.F.2
  • 206
    • 33646400332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel atomic force probe for sidewall scanning of nano and micro structures
    • Dai, G., Wolff, H., Pohlenz, F., Danzebrink, H.U., Wilkening, G., 2006, Novel atomic force probe for sidewall scanning of nano and micro structures, Appl. Phys. Lett., 88: 171908.
    • (2006) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.88 , pp. 171908
    • Dai, G.1    Wolff, H.2    Pohlenz, F.3    Danzebrink, H.U.4    Wilkening, G.5
  • 207
    • 0141816973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design note: From nanometre to millimetre: a feasibility study of the scanning probe microscopy and the combined optical x-ray interferometre
    • Yacoot, A., Koenders, L., 2003, Design note: from nanometre to millimetre: a feasibility study of the scanning probe microscopy and the combined optical x-ray interferometre, Measurement Science Technology, 14:59-63.
    • (2003) Measurement Science Technology , vol.14 , pp. 59-63
    • Yacoot, A.1    Koenders, L.2
  • 209
    • 73149117466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Troy, USA
    • RHK Technology Inc., Troy, USA, .
  • 211
    • 73149085422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ISO 5436-5442:2000 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) - Surface Texture: Profile method; Measurement standards - Part 2: Software measurement standards. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland
    • ISO 5436-5442:2000 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) - Surface Texture: Profile method; Measurement standards - Part 2: Software measurement standards. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • 212
    • 73149094628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The scanning probe image processor software from Image Metrology A/S, Diplomvej 376, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
    • The scanning probe image processor software from Image Metrology A/S, Diplomvej 376, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark, .
  • 213
    • 73149112971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-commercial software WSxM by Nanotec Electronica
    • Non-commercial software WSxM by Nanotec Electronica .
  • 214
    • 73149118383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • .
  • 216
    • 73149097109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ASTM E 1813-1896 (Reapproved 2002) Standard practice for measuring and reporting probe tip shape in scanning probe microscopy
    • ASTM E 1813-1896 (Reapproved 2002) Standard practice for measuring and reporting probe tip shape in scanning probe microscopy.
  • 217
    • 2042480066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a combined interference microscope objective and scanning probe microscope
    • Tyrrell, J.W.G., Dal Savio, C., Krüger-Sehm, R., Danzebrink, H.-U., 2004, Development of a combined interference microscope objective and scanning probe microscope. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 75/ 4:1120-1126.
    • (2004) Rev. Sci. Instrum. , vol.75 , Issue.4 , pp. 1120-1126
    • Tyrrell, J.W.G.1    Dal Savio, C.2    Krüger-Sehm, R.3    Danzebrink, H.-U.4
  • 218
    • 84889615635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined optical and SPM probe sensor for nano-coordinate metrology
    • G. Wilkening and L. Koenders (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany
    • Sokolov, D.V.; Kasantzev, D.V., Tyrrell, J.W.G., Hasek, T. und Danzebrink, H.-U., 2005, Combined optical and SPM probe sensor for nano-coordinate metrology, in: Nanoscale calibration standards and methods, G. Wilkening and L. Koenders (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 131-143.
    • (2005) Nanoscale Calibration Standards and Methods , pp. 131-143
    • Sokolov, D.V.1    Kasantzev, D.V.2    Tyrrell, J.W.G.3    Hasek, T.4    Danzebrink, H.-U.5
  • 219
    • 0026899342 scopus 로고
    • Scanning tunneling microscope coaxially arranged with an optical microscope
    • Suzuki, M., Fujii, T., Onuki, T., Miyashita, M., Matsushiro, M., 1992, Scanning tunneling microscope coaxially arranged with an optical microscope, Ultramicroscopy, 42-44:1553-1557.
    • (1992) Ultramicroscopy , vol.42-44 , pp. 1553-1557
    • Suzuki, M.1    Fujii, T.2    Onuki, T.3    Miyashita, M.4    Matsushiro, M.5
  • 221
    • 0036538953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A compact sensor head for simultaneous scanning force and near-field optical microscopy
    • DOI 10.1016/S0141-6359(01)00116-7, PII S0141635901001167
    • [219] Dal Savio, C., Wolff, H., Dziomba, T., Fuß, H.A., Danzebrink, H.-U, 2002, Acompact sensor-head for simultaneous scanning force and near-field optical microscopy, Precision Engineering, 26:199-203. (Pubitemid 34506105)
    • (2002) Precision Engineering , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 199-203
    • Dal, S.1    Wolff, H.2    Dziomba, T.3    Fuss, H.-A.4    Danzebrink, H.-U.5
  • 222
    • 0032028873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel low profile atomic force microscope compatible with optical microscopes
    • [220] Nakano, K., 1998 A novel low profile atomic force microscope compatible with optical microscopes, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 69/3:1406-1409. (Pubitemid 128579307)
    • (1998) Review of Scientific Instruments , vol.69 , Issue.3 , pp. 1406-1409
    • Nakano, K.1
  • 223
    • 0346281216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a scanning probe microscope compact sensor head featuring a diamond probe mounted on a quartz tuning fork
    • Tyrrell, J.W.G., Sokolov, D.V., Danzebrink, H.-U., 2003, Development of a scanning probe microscope compact sensor head featuring a diamond probe mounted on a quartz tuning fork., Meas. Sci. Technol., 14:2139-2143.
    • (2003) Meas. Sci. Technol. , vol.14 , pp. 2139-2143
    • Tyrrell, J.W.G.1    Sokolov, D.V.2    Danzebrink, H.-U.3
  • 224
    • 73149120629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DME - Danish Micro Engineering A/S, Herlev, Denmark
    • DME - Danish Micro Engineering A/S, Herlev, Denmark, .
  • 225
    • 73149085178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WITec GmbH, Ulm, Germany
    • WITec GmbH, Ulm, Germany,
  • 226
    • 73149123263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CSM Instruments SA, Peseux, Switzerland
    • CSM Instruments SA, Peseux, Switzerland, .
  • 227
    • 73149104771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combinated SEM/SAFM available from different companies: e.g. Nanonics Imaging Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel
    • Combinated SEM/SAFM available from different companies: e.g. Nanonics Imaging Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel, .
  • 228
    • 0013166803 scopus 로고
    • Atomic force microscope using piezoresistive cantilevers and combined with a scanning electron microscope
    • Stahl, U., Yuan, C. W. , de Lozanne, A. L., Tortonese, M., 1994, Atomic force microscope using piezoresistive cantilevers and combined with a scanning electron microscope, Appl. Phys. Lett., 65:2878.
    • (1994) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.65 , pp. 2878
    • Stahl, U.1    Yuan, C.W.2    De Lozanne, A.L.3    Tortonese, M.4
  • 229
    • 0037270609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A universal scanning-probe-microscope-based hybrid system
    • Joachimsthaler, I., Heiderhoff R., Balk L. J., 2003, A universal scanning-probe-microscope-based hybrid system, Meas. Sci. Technol., 14/1:87-96.
    • (2003) Meas. Sci. Technol. , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 87-96
    • Joachimsthaler, I.1    Heiderhoff, R.2    Balk, L.J.3
  • 231
    • 0001349074 scopus 로고
    • An x-ray interferometer
    • Bonse, U., Hart, M., 1965, An x-ray interferometer., Appl. Phys. Lett., 6:155-156.
    • (1965) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.6 , pp. 155-156
    • Bonse, U.1    Hart, M.2
  • 232
    • 34250930764 scopus 로고
    • Principles and design of Laue case X-ray interferometers
    • Bonse, U., Hart, M., 1965, Principles and design of Laue case X-ray interferometers. Z. Phys, 88.154-164.
    • (1965) Z. Phys , vol.88 , pp. 154-164
    • Bonse, U.1    Hart, M.2
  • 233
    • 36149072944 scopus 로고
    • An Angstrom ruler
    • Hart, M., 1968, An Angstrom ruler., Br. J. Appl. Phys., 1:1405-1408.
    • (1968) Br. J. Appl. Phys. , vol.1 , pp. 1405-1408
    • Hart, M.1
  • 234
    • 84889629903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metrological applications of X-ray interferometry
    • G. Wilkening and L. Koenders (Eds.) Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany
    • Yacoot, A., 2005, Metrological applications of X-ray interferometry, in: Nanoscale calibration standards and methods, G. Wilkening and L. Koenders (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 38-44.
    • (2005) Nanoscale Calibration Standards and Methods , pp. 38-44
    • Yacoot, A.1
  • 235
    • 0034341602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CODATA recommended values for the fundamental physical constants
    • Mohr, P.J., Taylor, B.P., 2000, CODATA recommended values for the fundamental physical constants., Rev. Mod. Phys., 72/2:351-435.
    • (2000) Rev. Mod. Phys. , vol.72 , Issue.2 , pp. 351-435
    • Mohr, P.J.1    Taylor, B.P.2
  • 236
    • 73149090472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation and industrial application of AFM, Ph. D Thesis, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, Technical University of Denmark and Danish Fundamental Metrology
    • Kofod, N., 2002, Validation and industrial application of AFM, Ph. D Thesis, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, Technical University of Denmark and Danish Fundamental Metrology.
    • (2002)
    • Kofod, N.1
  • 237
    • 0032689328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface topography characterization using an atomic force microscope mounted on a coordinate measuring machine
    • De Chiffre, L., Hansen, H.N., Kofod, N., 1999, Surface topography characterization using an atomic force microscope mounted on a coordinate measuring machine, Annals of CIRP, 48/1: 463-466.
    • (1999) Annals of CIRP , vol.48 , Issue.1 , pp. 463-466
    • De Chiffre, L.1    Hansen, H.N.2    Kofod, N.3
  • 240
    • 0032064127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large field of view, high spatial resolution, surface measurements
    • PII S0890695597001193
    • [238] Wyant, J.C., Schmit, J., 1998, Large field of view, high spatial resolution, Surface Measurements, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 38/5-6:691-698. (Pubitemid 128388854)
    • (1998) International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture , vol.38 , Issue.5-6 , pp. 691-698
    • Wyant, J.C.1    Schmit, J.2
  • 241
    • 34247133463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acomputational method for stitching a series of 3D surface topography data measured by microscope-type surface profiling instruments
    • Yanagi, K., Hasegawa, M., Hara, S., 2002, Acomputational method for stitching a series of 3D surface topography data measured by microscope-type surface profiling instruments, Proc. of 3rd euspen Int. Conference, 2:653-656.
    • (2002) Proc. of 3rd Euspen Int. Conference , vol.2 , pp. 653-656
    • Yanagi, K.1    Hasegawa, M.2    Hara, S.3
  • 242
    • 0037274002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative method of image analysis when drift is present in a scanning probe microscope
    • Huerth, S.H., Hallen, H.D., 2003, Quantitative method of image analysis when drift is present in a scanning probe microscope, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 21/2:714-718.
    • (2003) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. , vol.21 , Issue.2 , pp. 714-718
    • Huerth, S.H.1    Hallen, H.D.2
  • 243
    • 73149122458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimensional metrology for microtechnology", Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, Technical University of Denmark
    • Bariani, P., 2004, Dimensional metrology for microtechnology", Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, Technical University of Denmark.
    • (2004)
    • Bariani, P.1
  • 244
    • 0005072217 scopus 로고
    • The National Institute of Standards and Technology molecular measuring machine project:, metrology and precision engineering design
    • Teague, E. C., 1989, The National Institute of Standards and Technology molecular measuring machine project:, metrology and precision engineering design, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 7/6:1898-1902.
    • (1989) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B , vol.7 , Issue.6 , pp. 1898-1902
    • Teague, E.C.1
  • 245
    • 27444444618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nanometre resolution metrology with the Molecular Measuring Machine
    • John A Kramar, Nanometre resolution metrology with the Molecular Measuring Machine, Meas. Sci. Technol., 16/11:2121-2128.
    • Meas. Sci. Technol. , vol.16 , Issue.11 , pp. 2121-2128
    • Kramar, J.A.1
  • 246
    • 0034223812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-range scanning stage: A novel platform for scanned-probe microscopy
    • DOI 10.1016/S0141-6359(99)00044-6
    • [244] Holmes, M., Hocken, R., Trumper D., 2000, The long-range scanning stage: a novel platform for scanned-probe microscopy, Precision Engineering, Volume 24, Issue 3, 191-209. (Pubitemid 30942065)
    • (2000) Precision Engineering , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 191-209
    • Holmes, M.1    Hocken, R.2    Trumper, D.3
  • 248
    • 73149094186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Key Comparison Data Base, BIPM, France,
    • Key Comparison Data Base, BIPM, France,
  • 249
    • 33745866288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Entwicklung einer kalibrierrichtlinie für rastersondenmikroskope
    • DOI 10.1524/teme.72.5.295.64806
    • [247] Dziomba, T., Koenders, L., Wilkening, G., Flemming, M., Duparre, A., 2005, Development of a calibration guideline for scanning probe microscopes, Technisches Messen, 72:295-307. (Pubitemid 44033676)
    • (2005) Technisches Messen , vol.72 , Issue.5 , pp. 295-306
    • Dziomba, T.1    Koenders, L.2    Wilkening, G.3    Flemming, M.4    Duparre, A.5
  • 250
    • 33244497116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standardization in dimensional nanometrology: Development of a calibration guideline for Scanning Probe Microscopy
    • DOI 10.1117/12.626018, Optical Fabrication, Testing, and Metrology II
    • [248] Dziomba, T. Koenders, L., Wilkening, G., 2005, Standardization in dimensional nanometrology: development of a calibration guideline for Scanning Probe Microscopy, Proc. SPIE, 5965, to be published. (Pubitemid 43274904)
    • (2005) Proceedings of SPIE - the International Society for Optical Engineering , vol.5965
    • Dziomba, T.1    Koenders, L.2    Wilkening, G.3
  • 251
    • 33244469026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scanning force microscopy for optical surface metrology
    • Flemming, M., Roder, K., Duparre, A., 2005, Scanning force microscopy for optical surface metrology, Proc. SPIE59650A/1:10
    • (2005) Proc. SPIE59650A/1 , vol.10
    • Flemming, M.1    Roder, K.2    Duparre, A.3
  • 252
    • 73149105838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ReviewStandards.pdf.
    • ReviewStandards.pdf. .
  • 253
    • 73149109410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ASTM E 2383-2404 Guide to scanner and tip related artifacts in scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy
    • ASTM E 2383-2404 Guide to scanner and tip related artifacts in scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy.
  • 257
    • 0037348312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct measurement instrument for lattice spacing on regular crystalline surfaces using a scanning tunneling microscope and laser interferometry
    • Rerkkumsup, P., Aketagawa, M., Takada, K., Watanabe, T.,Sadakata , S., 2003, Direct measurement instrument for lattice spacing on regular crystalline surfaces using a scanning tunneling microscope and laser interferometry, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 74:1205-1210.
    • (2003) Rev. Sci. Instrum. , vol.74 , pp. 1205-1210
    • Rerkkumsup, P.1    Aketagawa, M.2    Takada, K.3    Watanabe, T.4    Sadakata, S.5
  • 258
    • 73149110497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Atomic Flat" silicon surface for the calibration of stylus instruments
    • G. Wilkening and L. Koenders (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany
    • Gröger, S., Dietsch, M., 2005, "Atomic Flat" silicon surface for the calibration of stylus instruments, in: Nanoscale calibration standards and methods, G. Wilkening and L. Koenders (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 259-268.
    • (2005) Nanoscale Calibration Standards and Methods , pp. 259-268
    • Gröger, S.1    Dietsch, M.2
  • 261
    • 40549123672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lateral metrology using scanning probe microscopes, 2D pitch standards & image processing
    • Joergensen, J., Jensen, J., Garnaes J., 1998, Lateral metrology using scanning probe microscopes, 2D pitch standards & image processing, Appl. Phys. A, 66:847-852.
    • (1998) Appl. Phys. A , vol.66 , pp. 847-852
    • Joergensen, J.1    Jensen, J.2    Garnaes, J.3
  • 264
    • 33846039905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison on step height measurements in the nano and micrometre range by Scanning Force Microscopes"
    • CMI report in Koenders
    • CMI report in Koenders, L., Klapetek, P., Meli, F., Picotto, G.B., 2006, Comparison on step height measurements in the nano and micrometre range by Scanning Force Microscopes", Metrologia Technical Report, 43:04001.
    • (2006) Metrologia Technical Report , vol.43 , pp. 04001
    • Klapetek, L.1    Picotto, G.B.2
  • 265
    • 0030685226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International comparison of depthsetting standards
    • Haitjema, H., International comparison of depthsetting standards, Metrologia, 34:161-167.
    • Metrologia , vol.34 , pp. 161-167
    • Haitjema, H.1
  • 267
    • 0037222064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calibration of the step heights and roughness mesurements with atomic force microscopes
    • Garneas, J., Kofod, N., Kühle, A., Nielsen, C., Dirscherl, K., Blunt, L., 2003, Calibration of the step heights and roughness mesurements with atomic force microscopes, Precision Eng., 27:91-98.
    • (2003) Precision Eng. , vol.27 , pp. 91-98
    • Garneas, J.1    Kofod, N.2    Kühle, A.3    Nielsen, C.4    Dirscherl, K.5    Blunt, L.6
  • 268
    • 84940604933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geometrical product specification (GPS) - Surface texture
    • ISO 4287:1997, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland
    • ISO 4287:1997, Geometrical product specification (GPS) - Surface texture: Profile method - Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
    • Profile Method - Terms, Definitions and Surface Texture Parameters
  • 270
    • 0028494170 scopus 로고
    • Design and three dimensional calibration of a measuring scanning tunneling microscope for metrology applications
    • Jusko, O., Zhao, X., Wolff, H., Wilkening, G., 1994, Design and three dimensional calibration of a measuring scanning tunneling microscope for metrology applications, Rev. Sci. Instrum, 65:2514.
    • (1994) Rev. Sci. Instrum , vol.65 , pp. 2514
    • Jusko, O.1    Zhao, X.2    Wolff, H.3    Wilkening, G.4
  • 272
    • 73149105400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Z-dependense of detection system see
    • Z-dependense of detection system see .
  • 273
    • 0033340468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Algorithms for calculating single-atom step heights
    • DOI 10.1088/0957-4484/10/4/312
    • [271] Fu, J., Tsai, V., Köning, R., Dixson, R., Vorburger, T., 1999, Algorithms for calculating single-atom step heights, Nanotechnology, 10:428-433. (Pubitemid 30523099)
    • (1999) Nanotechnology , vol.10 , Issue.4 , pp. 428-433
    • Fu, J.1    Tsai, V.2    Koning, R.3    Dixson, R.4    Vorburger, T.5
  • 274
    • 84889627621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • True three-dimensional calibration of closed loop scanning probe microscopes
    • G. Wilkening and L. Koenders (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany
    • Garneas, J., Kühle, A., Nielsen, L., Borsetto, F., 2005, True three-dimensional calibration of closed loop scanning probe microscopes, in: Nanoscale calibration standards and methods, G. Wilkening and L. Koenders (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 193-204.
    • (2005) Nanoscale Calibration Standards and Methods , pp. 193-204
    • Garneas, J.1    Kühle, A.2    Nielsen, L.3    Borsetto, F.4
  • 276
    • 85013366924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A versatile 3D calibration object for various micro-range measurement methods
    • Istanbul, Turkey
    • Ritter, M., Hemmleb, M., Sinram, O., Albertz, J., Hohenberg, H., 2004, A versatile 3D calibration object for various micro-range measurement methods, Proceedings ISPRS 2004, Istanbul, Turkey.
    • (2004) Proceedings ISPRS 2004
    • Ritter, M.1    Hemmleb, M.2    Sinram, O.3    Albertz, J.4    Hohenberg, H.5
  • 278
    • 31644442996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a guideline for SPM calibration
    • G. Wilkening and L. Koenders (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany
    • Dziomba, T., Koenders, L., Wilkening, G., 2005, Towards a guideline for SPM calibration, in: Nanoscale calibration standards and methods, G. Wilkening and L. Koenders (Eds.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 173-192.
    • (2005) Nanoscale Calibration Standards and Methods , pp. 173-192
    • Dziomba, T.1    Koenders, L.2    Wilkening, G.3
  • 283
    • 40549123672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lateral metrology using scanning probe microscopes, 2D pitch standards & image processing
    • Joergensen, J., Jensen, J., Garnaes J., 1998, Lateral metrology using scanning probe microscopes, 2D pitch standards & image processing, Appl. Phys. A66: 847-852.
    • (1998) Appl. Phys. , vol.A66 , pp. 847-852
    • Joergensen, J.1    Jensen, J.2    Garnaes, J.3
  • 284
    • 0036028584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metrology Inspection, and Process, Control for Microlithography XVI
    • Danile J. C. Herr (Ed.)
    • Dixson, R., Guerry, A., Bennett, M., Vorburger, T., Postek, M., 2002, Metrology Inspection, and Process, Control for Microlithography XVI, Danile J. C. Herr (Ed.), Proc. of SPIE 4689:313-335.
    • (2002) Proc. of SPIE , vol.4689 , pp. 313-335
    • Dixson, R.1    Guerry, A.2    Bennett, M.3    Vorburger, T.4    Postek, M.5
  • 290
    • 2342467514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metrological characterization of nanometer film thickness standards for XRR and ellipsometry applications in recent developments in traceable dimensional measurements II
    • Hasche, K., Thomsen-Schmidt, P., Krumrey, M., Ade, G., Ulm, G., Stümpel, J., Schädlich, S., Frank, W., Procop, M., Beck, U., 2003, Metrological characterization of nanometer film thickness standards for XRR and ellipsometry applications in recent developments in traceable dimensional measurements II; Proc. SPIE, 5190:165-172.
    • (2003) Proc. SPIE , vol.5190 , pp. 165-172
    • Hasche, K.1    Thomsen-Schmidt, P.2    Krumrey, M.3    Ade, G.4    Ulm, G.5    Stümpel, J.6    Schädlich, S.7    Frank, W.8    Procop, M.9    Beck, U.10
  • 292
    • 73149106068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ITRS roadmap:
    • ITRS roadmap: .
  • 295
    • 4344698729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of 3D metrology techniques as an alternative to cross-sectional analysis at the R&D level
    • Foucher, J., Miller, K., 2004, Study of 3D metrology techniques as an alternative to cross-sectional analysis at the R&D level, Proc. SPIE 5375:444-455.
    • (2004) Proc. SPIE , vol.5375 , pp. 444-455
    • Foucher, J.1    Miller, K.2
  • 299
    • 0038303207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New NIST photomask linewidth standard
    • Pedulla, J. Potzick, J. E. Stocker, M. T., 2002, New NIST photomask linewidth standard, Proc. SPIE, 4889:343-353.
    • (2002) Proc. SPIE , vol.4889 , pp. 343-353
    • Pedulla, J.1    Potzick, J.E.2    Stocker, M.T.3
  • 302
    • 0025547710 scopus 로고
    • Effects of the nonvanishing tip size in mechanical profile measurements
    • Church, E.L.Takacs, P.Z., 1990, Effects of the nonvanishing tip size in mechanical profile measurements, Proc. SPIE, 1332:504-514.
    • (1990) Proc. SPIE , vol.1332 , pp. 504-514
    • Church, E.L.1    Takacs, P.Z.2
  • 303
    • 0036573543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spectral analysis for the effects of stylus tip curvature on measuring fractal profiles
    • Wu, J.J., 2002, Spectral analysis for the effects of stylus tip curvature on measuring fractal profiles, Meas. Sci. Technol., 13:720-730.
    • (2002) Meas. Sci. Technol. , vol.13 , pp. 720-730
    • Wu, J.J.1
  • 304
    • 1942534662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling and characterization of thin film nanostructures for ultra-hydrophobic surfaces with controlled scatter
    • Flemming, M., Hultaker, A., Reihs, K., Duparré, A., 2004, Modeling and characterization of thin film nanostructures for ultra-hydrophobic surfaces with controlled scatter, Proc. SPIE, 5250:56-63.
    • (2004) Proc. SPIE , vol.5250 , pp. 56-63
    • Flemming, M.1    Hultaker, A.2    Reihs, K.3    Duparré, A.4
  • 305
    • 33645297111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design and characterization of nanostructured ultra-hydrophobic coatings
    • in print
    • Flemming, M., Duparré, A., 2006, Design and characterization of nanostructured ultra-hydrophobic coatings, Applied Optics, in print.
    • (2006) Applied Optics
    • Flemming, M.1    Duparré, A.2
  • 306
    • 0036285061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface characterization techniques for determining the root-meansquare roughness and power spectral densities of optical components
    • Duparré, A., Ferre-Burrull, J., Gliech, S., Notni, G., Steinert, J., M Bennett, J.M., 2002, Surface characterization techniques for determining the root-meansquare roughness and power spectral densities of optical components, Applied Optics, 41:154-171.
    • (2002) Applied Optics , vol.41 , pp. 154-171
    • Duparré, A.1    Ferre-Burrull, J.2    Gliech, S.3    Notni, G.4    Steinert, J.5    Bennett, J.M.6
  • 307
    • 0037212022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theoretical analysis of the atomic force microscopy characterization of columnar thin films
    • DOI 10.1016/S0304-3991(02)00159-6, PII S0304399102001596
    • [305] Klapetek, P., Ohlidal, I., 2003, Theoretical analysis of the atomic force microscopy characterization off columnar thin films, Ultramicroscopy, 94:19-29. (Pubitemid 35449658)
    • (2003) Ultramicroscopy , vol.94 , Issue.1 , pp. 19-29
    • Klapetek, P.1    Ohlidal, I.2
  • 308
    • 0347417452 scopus 로고
    • Effect of tip shape on surface roughness measurements from atomic force microscopy images of thin films
    • Westra, K.L., Thomson, D.J., 1995, Effect of tip shape on surface roughness measurements from atomic force microscopy images of thin films, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 13:344-349.
    • (1995) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B , vol.13 , pp. 344-349
    • Westra, K.L.1    Thomson, D.J.2
  • 309
    • 0023410660 scopus 로고
    • FREQUENCY RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS of A MECHANICAL SURFACE PROFILOMETER
    • [307] Al-Jumaily, GA., Wilson, S.R., Jungling, K.C., McNeil, J.R., Bennett, J.M., 1987, Frequency response characteristics of a mechanical surface profilometer, Optical Engineering, 26:953-958. (Pubitemid 18504289)
    • (1987) Optical Engineering , vol.26 , Issue.9 , pp. 953-958
    • Al-Jumaily, G.A.1    Wilson, S.R.2    Jungling, K.C.3    McNeil, J.R.4    Bennett, J.5
  • 310
    • 4244187262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progress in determination of the area function of indenters used for nanoindentation
    • DOI 10.1016/S0040-6090(00)01367-5
    • [308] Herrmann, K., Jennett, N.M., Wegener, W., Meneve, J., Hasche, K., Seemann, R., 2000, Progress in determination of the area function of indenters used for nanoindentation, Thin Solid Films, 377-378:394-400. (Pubitemid 32035243)
    • (2000) Thin Solid Films , vol.377-378 , pp. 394-400
    • Herrmann, K.1    Jennett, N.M.2    Wegener, W.3    Meneve, J.4    Hasche, K.5    Seemann, R.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.