Tibial Compartment Syndrome and the Cavovarus Foot

Foot and Ankle Clinics

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 275-305

  Thati, Srinivas ^a   Carlson, Chad ^b   Maskill, John D ^a   Anderson, John G ^a,b,c   Bohay, Donald R ^a,c  

^a Orthoped Associates of Grand Rapids   (United States)

^b MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Michigan Orthopedic Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOMECHANICS; COMPARTMENT SYNDROME; FASCIA; FOOT MALFORMATION; HUMAN; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; TIBIA; VOLKMANN CONTRACTURE;

BIOMECHANICS; COMPARTMENT SYNDROMES; FASCIA; FOOT DEFORMITIES; HUMANS; ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE; TIBIA;

EID: 43049106890     PISSN: 10837515     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2008.02.001     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Seddon H.J. Volkmann's ischemia in the lower limb. J Bone Joint Surg Br 48 4 (1966) 627-636
2. Trice M., and Colwell C.W. A historical review of compartment syndrome and Volkmann's ischemic contracture. Hand Clin 14 3 (1998) 335-341
3. Klenerman L. The evolution of the compartment syndrome since 1948 as recorded in the JBJS (B). J Bone Joint Surg Br 89 10 (2007) 1280-1282
4. Botte M.J., Santi M.D., Prestianni C.A., et al. Ischemic contracture of the foot and ankle: principles of management and prevention. Orthopedics 19 3 (1996) 235-244 [review]
5. Tornetta P., and Templeman D. Compartment syndrome associated with tibial fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 78 A (1996) 1438-1444
6. Manoli II A., Smith D.G., and Hansen Jr. S.T. Scarred muscle excision for the treatment of established ischemic contracture of the lower extremity. Clin Orthop Relat Res 292 (1993) 309-314
7. Kikuchi S., Hasue M., and Watanabe M. Ischemic contracture in the lower limb. Clin Orthop Relat Res 134 (1978) 185-192
8. Harman J. The significance of local vascular phenomena in the production of ischemic necrosis in skeletal muscle. Am J Pathol 24 (1948) 625-638
9. Matsen III F.A. Compartmental syndrome. A unified concept. Clin Orthop Relat Res 113 (1975) 8-14
10. Matsen III F.A., Mayo K.A., and Krugmire Jr. R.B.. A model compartmental syndrome in man with particular reference to the quantification of nerve function. J Bone Joint Surg Am 59 5 (1977) 648-653
11. Matsen III F.A., and Clawson D.K. The deep posterior compartmental syndrome of the leg. J Bone Joint Surg Am 57 1 (1975) 34-39
12. Whitesides Jr. T.E., Harada H., and Morimoto K. Compartment syndromes and the role of fasciotomy, its parameters and techniques vol. 26 (1977), Instr Course Lec; AAOS p. 179-96
13. Ellis H. Disabilities after tibial shaft fractures; with special reference to Volkmann's ischemic contracture. J Bone Joint Surg Br 40 2 (1958) 190-197
14. Karlström G., Lönnerholm T., and Olerud S. Cavus deformity of the foot after fracture of the tibial shaft. J Bone Joint Surg Am 57 7 (1975) 893-900
15. Perry M.D., and Manoli II A. Reconstruction of the foot after leg or foot compartment syndrome. Foot Ankle Clin 11 1 (2006) 191-201 [review]x
16. Mubarak S.J., and Owen C.A. Double-incision fasciotomy of the leg for decompression in compartment syndromes. J Bone Joint Surg Am 59 2 (1977) 184-187
17. Matsen III F.A., and Krugmire Jr. R.B. Compartmental syndromes. Surg Gynecol Obstet 147 6 (1978) 943-949 [review]
18. Klovning J., and Beadle T. Compartment syndrome secondary to spontaneous rupture of a Baker's cyst. J La State Med Soc 159 1 (2007) 43-44
19. Myerson M.S. Management of compartment syndromes of the foot. Clin Orthop Relat Res 271 (1991) 239-248
20. Blick S.S., Brumback R.J., Poka A., et al. Compartment syndrome in open tibial fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 68 9 (1986) 1348-1353
21. Matsen III F.A., Winquist R.A., and Krugmire Jr. R.B. Diagnosis and management of compartmental syndromes. J Bone Joint Surg Am 62 2 (1980) 286-291
22. Frink M., Klaus A.K., Kuther G., et al. Long term results of compartment syndrome of the lower limb in polytraumatised patients. Injury 38 5 (2007) 607-613 Epub 2007 Feb 15
23. DeLee J.C., and Stiehl J.B. Open tibia fracture with compartment syndrome. Clin Orthop Relat Res 160 (1981) 175-184
24. Andermahr J., Helling H.J., Tsironis K., et al. Compartment syndrome of the foot. Clin Anat 14 3 (2001) 184-189
25. Bednar D.A. Post-traumatic compartment syndrome of the foot. Can J Surg 34 2 (1991) 179-181
26. Guyton G.P., Shearman C.M., and Saltzman C.L. The compartments of the foot revisited. Rethinking the validity of cadaver infusion experiments. J Bone Joint Surg Br 83 2 (2001) 245-249
27. Ashton H. The effect of increased tissue pressure on blood flow. Clin Orthop Relat Res 113 (1975) 15-26
28. Gelberman R.H., Szabo R.M., Williamson R.V., et al. Tissue pressure threshold for peripheral nerve viability. Clin Orthop Relat Res 178 (1983) 285-291
29. Heckman M.M., Whitesides Jr. T.E., Grewe S.R., et al. Compartment pressure in association with closed tibial fractures. The relationship between tissue pressure, compartment, and the distance from the site of the fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Am 76 9 (1994) 1285-1292
30. Heppenstall R.B., Scott R., Sapega A., et al. A comparative study of the tolerance of skeletal muscle to ischemia. Tourniquet application compared with acute compartment syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am 68 6 (1986) 820-828
31. Shereff M.J. Compartment syndromes of the foot vol. 39 (1990), Instr Course Lec; AAOS p. 127-32
32. Kearns S.R., Daly A.F., Sheehan K., et al. Oral vitamin C reduces the injury to skeletal muscle caused by compartment syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Br 86 6 (2004) 906-911
33. Verleisdonk E.J., Schmitz R.F., and van der Werken C. Long-term results of fasciotomy of the anterior compartment in patients with exercise-induced pain in the lower leg. Int J Sports Med 25 3 (2004) 224-229
34. Sheridan G.W., and Matsen F.A. Fasciotomy in the treatment of the acute compartment syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am 58 (1976) 112-115
35. Eaton R.G., and Green W.T. Epimysiolomy and fasciotomy in the treatment of Volkmann's ischemic contracture. Orthop Clin North Am 3 (1972) 175-186
36. Osborne A.H., Dorey L.R., and Harvey Jr. J.P. Volkmann's contracture associated with prolonged external pressure on the forearm. Arch Surg 104 (1972) 794-798
37. Prayson M.J., Chen J.L., Hampers D., et al. Baseline compartment pressure measurements in isolated lower extremity fractures without clinical compartment syndrome. J Trauma 60 5 (2006) 1037-1040
38. Mubarak S.J., Hargens A.R., Owen C.A., et al. The wick catheter technique for measurement of intramuscular pressure. A new research and clinical tool. J Bone Joint Surg Am 58 7 (1976) 1016-1020
39. Adkinson D.P., Bosse M.J., Gaccione D.R., et al. Anatomical variations in the course of the superficial peroneal nerve. J Bone Joint Surg 73 (1991) 112-114
40. Myerson M., and Manoli A. Compartment syndromes of the foot after calcaneal fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 290 (1993) 142-150 [review]
41. Bayer J.H., Davies A.P., Darrah C., et al. Calcaneal compartment syndrome after tibial fractures. Foot Ankle Int 22 2 (2001) 120-122
42. Mawhinney I.N., Maginn P., and McCoy G.F. Tibial compartment syndromes after tibial nailing. J Orthop Trauma 8 3 (1994) 212-214
43. Nassif J.M., Gorczyca J.T., Cole J.K., et al. Effect of acute reamed versus unreamed intramedullary nailing on compartment pressure when treating closed tibial shaft fractures: a randomized prospective study. J Orthop Trauma 14 8 (2000) 554-558
44. Aigner F., Longato S., Gardetto A., et al. Anatomic survey of the common fibular nerve and its branching pattern with regard to the intermuscular septa of the leg. Clin Anat 17 6 (2004) 503-512
45. Aktan Ikiz Z., Ucerler H., and Uygur M. Dimensions of the anterior tarsal tunnel and features of the deep peroneal in relation to clinical application. Surg Radiol Anat 29 7 (2007) 527-530
46. Pacha D., Carrera A., Llusa M., et al. Clinical anatomy of the superficial peroneal nerve in the distal leg. European Journal of Anatomy 7 Suppl 1 (2003) 15-20
47. Lawrence S.J., and Botte M.J. The deep peroneal nerve in the foot and ankle: an anatomic study. Foot Ankle Int 16 11 (1995) 724-728
48. Reach J., Amrami K., Felmlee J., et al. The compartments of the foot: a 3-tesla magnetic resonance imaging study with clinical correlates for needle pressure testing. Foot Ankle Int 28 5 (2007) 584-594
49. Huene D.B., and Bunnell W.P. Operative anatomy of nerves encountered in the lateral approach to the distal part of fibula. J Bone Joint Surg Am 77 7 (1995) 1021-1024
50. Hirose C., and McGarvey W. Peripheral nerve entrapments. Foot Ankle Clin 9 2 (2004) 255-269
51. Fabre T., Piton C., Andre D., et al. Peroneal nerve entrapment. J Bone Joint Surg Am 80 1 (1998) 47-53
52. Blair J.M., and Botte M.J. Surgical anatomy of the superficial peroneal nerve in the ankle and foot. Clin Orthop Relat Res 305 (1994) 229-238
53. Ultee J., and Hovius S.E. Functional results after treatment of Volkmann's ischemic contracture: a long-term follow up study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 431 (2005) 42-49
54. Matsen III F.A., Mayo K.A., Sheridan G.W., et al. Continuous monitoring of intramuscular pressure and its application to clinical compartmental syndromes. Bibl Anat 15 Pt 1 (1977) 112-115
55. McQuillan W.M., and Nolan B. Ischemia complicating injury. A report of thirty-seven cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br 50 3 (1968) 482-492
56. Horne G. Pes cavovarus following ankle fracture. A case report. Clin Orthop Relat Res 184 (1984) 249-250
57. Sundararaj G.D., and Mani K. Management of Volkmann's ischemic contracture of the upper limb. J Hand Surg [Br] 10 3 (1985) 401-403
58. Matsen III F.A., and Veith R.G. Compartmental syndromes in children. J Pediatr Orthop 1 1 (1981) 33-41
59. McQueen M.M., and Court-Brown C.M. Compartment monitoring in tibial fractures. The pressure threshold for decompression. J Bone Joint Surg Br 78 1 (1996) 99-104
60. Rorabeck C.H., and Macnab I.A.N. Anterior tibial-compartment syndrome complicating fractures of the shaft of the tibia. J Bone and Joint Surg 58-A (1976) 549-550
61. Manoli A., Fakhouri A.J., and Weber T.G. Concurrent compartment syndromes of the foot and leg. Foot Ankle 14 6 (1993) 339-342
62. Arthur Manoli II, and Weber T. Fasciotomy of the foot: an anatomic study with special reference to calcaneal compartment. Foot Ankle Int 10 5 (1990) 267-275
63. Graham B., and Loomer R.L. Anterior compartment syndrome in a patient with fracture of the tibial plateau treated by continuous passive motion and anticoagulants. Report of a case. Clin Orthop Relat Res 195 (1985) 197-199
64. McLaughlin J.A., Paulson M.M., and Rosenthal R.E. Delayed onset of anterior tibial compartment syndrome in a patient receiving low-molecular-weight heparin. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 80 12 (1998) 1789-1790
65. Williams T.M., Knopp R., and Ellyson J.H. Compartment syndrome after anti-shock trouser use without lower-extremity trauma. J Trauma 22 7 (1982) 595-597
66. Mueller K.L., and Farley F.A. Superficial and deep posterior compartment syndrome following high tibial osteotomy for tibia vara in a child. Orthopedics 26 5 (2003) 513-514
67. Price C., Ribeiro J., and Kinnebrew T. Compartment syndromes associated with postoperative epidural analgesia. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 78 4 (1996) 597-599
68. Hargens A.R., Romine J.S., Sipe J.C., et al. Peripheral nerve-conduction block by high muscle-compartment pressure. J Bone Joint Surg Am 61 2 (1979) 192-200
69. Hargens A.R., Akeson W.H., Mubarak S.J., et al. Fluid balance within the canine anterolateral compartment and its relationship to compartment syndromes. J Bone Joint Surg Am 60 4 (1978) 499-505
70. Fulkerson E., Razi A., and Tejwani N. Review: acute compartment syndrome of the foot. Foot Ankle Int 24 2 (2003) 180-187
71. Cole P.A., Zlowodzki M., and Kregor P.J. Compartment pressures after submuscular fixation of proximal tibia fractures. Injury 34 Suppl 1 (2003) A43-A46
72. Swain R., and Ross D. Lower extremity compartment syndrome. When to suspect acute or chronic pressure buildup. Postgrad Med 105 3 (1999) 159-162 [review]165, 168
73. Willy C., Gerngross H., and Sterk J. Measurement of intracompartmental pressure with use of a new electronic transducer-tipped catheter system. J Bone Joint Surg Am 81 2 (1999) 158-168
74. McQueen M.M., Christie J., and Court-Brown C.M. Acute compartment syndrome in tibial diaphyseal fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br 78 1 (1996) 95-98
75. Ulmer T. The clinical diagnosis of compartment syndrome of the lower leg: are clinical findings predictive of the disorder?. J Orthop Trauma 16 (2002) 572-577
76. Wilson S.C., Vrahas M.S., Berson L., et al. A simple method to measure compartment pressures using an intravenous catheter. Orthopedics 20 5 (1997) 403-406
77. Dickson K.F., Sullivan M.J., Steinberg B., et al. Noninvasive measurement of compartment syndrome. Orthopedics 26 12 (2003) 1215-1218
78. Rorabeck C.H., Castle G.S., Hardie R., et al. Compartmental pressure measurements: an experimental investigation using the slit catheter. J Trauma 21 (1981) 446-449
79. Whitesides Jr. T.E., Haney T.C., Harada H., et al. A simple method for tissue pressure determination. Arch Surg 110 (1975) 1-1313
80. Boody A.R., and Wongworawat M.D. Accuracy in the measurement of compartment pressures: a comparison of three commonly used devices. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87 11 (2005) 2415-2422
81. Arbabi S., Brundage S.I., and Gentilello L.M. Near-infrared spectroscopy: a potential method for continuous, transcutaneous monitoring for compartmental syndrome in critically injured patients. J Trauma 47 5 (1999) 829-833
82. Giannotti G., Cohn S.M., Brown M., et al. Utility of near-infrared spectroscopy in the diagnosis of lower extremity compartment syndrome. J Trauma 48 3 (2000) 396-399 [discussion: 399-401]
83. Cascio B.M., Wilckens J.H., Ain M.C., et al. Documentation of acute compartment syndrome at an academic health-care center. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87 2 (2005) 346-350
84. Bhattacharyya T., and Vrahas M.S. The medical-legal aspects of compartment syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am 86 4 (2004) 864-868
85. Nebel E.J. Malpractice: love thy patient. Clin Orthop Relat Res 407 (2003) 19-24
86. Kosir R., Moore F.A., Selby J.H., et al. Acute lower extremity compartment syndrome (ALECS) screening protocol in critically ill trauma patients. J Trauma 63 2 (2007) 268-275
87. Rollins D.L., Bernhard V.M., and Towne J.B. Fasciotomy: an appraisal of controversial issues. Arch Surg 116 11 (1981) 1474-1481
88. Rorabeck C.H. The treatment of compartment syndrome of the leg. J Bone Joint Surg Br 66 (1984) 93-97
89. McQueen M.M., Gaston P., and Court-Brown C.M. Acute compartment syndrome. Who is at risk?. J Bone Joint Surg Br 82 2 (2000) 200-203
90. Gardner A.M., Fox R.H., Lawrence C., et al. Reduction of post-traumatic swelling and compartment pressure by impulse compression of the foot. J Bone Joint Surg Br 72 5 (1990) 810-815
91. Patman R.D., and Thompson J.E. Fasciotomy in peripheral vascular surgery. Report of 164 patients. Arch Surg 101 6 (1970) 663-672
92. Patman R.D. Compartmental syndromes in peripheral vascular surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res 113 (1975) 103-110
93. Vaillancourt C., Shrier I., Vandal A., et al. Acute compartment syndrome: how long before muscle necrosis occurs?. CJEM 6 3 (2004) 147-154
94. Fitzgerald A.M., Gaston P., Wilson Y., et al. Long-term sequelae of fasciotomy wounds. Br J Plast Surg 53 8 (2000) 690-693
95. LaClair S.M. Reconstruction of the varus ankle from soft-tissue procedures with osteotomy through arthrodesis. Foot Ankle Clin 12 1 (2007) 153-176 [review]x
96. Holmes J.R., and Hansen Jr. S.T. Foot and ankle manifestations of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Foot Ankle 14 8 (1993) 476-486 [review]
97. David A., Lewandrowski K.U., Josten C., et al. Surgical correction of talipes equinovarus following foot and leg compartment syndrome. Foot Ankle Int 17 6 (1996) 334-339
98. Olerud C. The pronation capacity of the foot-its consequences for axial deformity after tibial shaft fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 104 5 (1985) 303-306
99. Bradley G.W., and Coleman S.S. Treatment of the calcaneocavus foot deformity. J Bone Joint Surg Am 63 7 (1981) 1159-1166
100. Paulos L., Coleman S.S., and Samuelson K.M. Pes cavovarus. Review of a surgical approach using selective soft-tissue procedures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 62 6 (1980) 942-953
101. Manoli II A. Compartment syndromes of the foot: current concepts. Foot Ankle 10 6 (1990) 340-344 [review]
102. Gregory P Guyton, Roger A Mann. Surgery of the foot and ankle. 8th edition. Chapter 21. p. 1125-9.
103. Manoli II A., and Graham B. Cavus foot diagnosis determines treatment. Biomechanics (2001). Available at: www.biomech.com/db_area/archives/2001/0101orthoses.55.bio.html
104. Sammarco G.J., and Taylor R. Cavovarus foot treated with combined calcaneus and metatarsal osteotomies. Foot Ankle Int 22 1 (2001) 19-30
105. McCluskey W.P., Lovell W.W., and Cummings R.J. The cavovarus foot deformity. Etiology and management. Clin Orthop Relat Res 247 (1989) 27-37 [review]
106. Younger A.S., and Hansen Jr. S.T. Adult cavovarus foot. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 13 5 (2005) 302-315 [review]
107. Mosca V.S. The cavus foot. J Pediatr Orthop 21 (2001) 423-424
108. Larsen I.J., Boone E.W., Coles E.L., et al. Local ischemic necrosis of the leg. Clin Orthop Relat Res 134 (1978) 185
109. Viau M., Pedersen H.E., Salciccioli G.G., et al. Ectopic calcification as late sequela of compartment syndrome: report of two cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res 176 (1983) 178-180
110. Beals T.C., and Manoli II A. Late varus instability with equinus deformity. J Foot Ankle Surg 4 (1988) 77-81
111. Ledoux W.R., Shofer J.B., Ahroni J.H., et al. Biomechanical differences among pes cavus, neutrally aligned, and pes planus feet in subjects with diabetes. Foot Ankle Int 24 (2003) 845-850
112. Chadha H., Pomeroy G.C., and Manoli II A. Radiographic signs of unilateral pes planus. Foot Ankle Int 18 (1997) 603-604
113. Feeney M.S., Williams R.L., and Stephens M.M. Selective lengthening of the proximal flexor tendon in the management of acquired claw toes. J Bone Joint Surg Br 83 3 (2001) 335-338