Pathology of the Ocular Motor Nerves III, IV, and VI

Neuroimaging Clinics of North America

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 261-282

  Adams, Matthew E ^a   Linn, Jennifer ^b   Yousry, Indra ^b  

^a NATIONAL HOSPITAL FOR NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY   (United Kingdom)

^b LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Abducent nerve; Aneurysms, neurovascular conflicts, and fistulas; Infection; Inflammatory; Ischemia; Neoplasia; Oculomotor nerve; Trauma

Indexed keywords

ABDUCENS NERVE; ANEURYSM; AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY; CAROTID CAVERNOUS FISTULA; CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA; CAVERNOUS SINUS; CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS; DEMYELINATION; EPENDYMOMA; EPIDERMOID TUMOR; GRADENIGO SYNDROME; GUILLAIN BARRE SYNDROME; HERPES ZOSTER; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS APOPLEXY; HYPOPHYSIS TUMOR; INFECTION; ISCHEMIA; LYME DISEASE; MEDULLOBLASTOMA; MENINGIOMA; MENINGITIS; MYCOSIS; NERVE INJURY; NEURILEMOMA; OCULOMOTOR NERVE; OPHTHALMOPLEGIC MIGRAINE; ORBIT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TOLOSA HUNT SYNDROME; TROCHLEAR NERVE;

CRANIAL NERVE NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES;

EID: 42949134915     PISSN: 10525149     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2007.11.001     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Rush J.A., and Younge B.R. Paralysis of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI. Cause and prognosis in 1,000 cases. Arch Ophthalmol 99 1 (1981) 76-79
2. Richards B.W., Jones F.R., and Younge B.R. Causes and prognosis in 4,278 cases of paralysis of the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens cranial nerves. Am J Ophthalmol 113 (1992) 489-496
3. Bennett J.L., and Pelak V.S. Palsies of the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 14 1 (2001) 169-185
4. Yeh S., and Foroozan R. Orbital apex syndrome. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 15 6 (2004) 490-498
5. Brazis P.W. Palsies of the trochlear nerve: diagnosis and localization-recent concepts. Mayo Clin Proc 68 5 (1993) 501-509
6. Kim J.S., and Kim J. Pure midbrain infarction: clinical, radiologic, and pathophysiologic findings. Neurology 64 7 (2005) 1227-1232
7. Blake P.Y., Mark A.S., Kattah J., et al. MR of Oculomotor nerve palsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16 (1995) 1665-1672
8. Kissel J.T., Burde R.M., Klingele T.G., et al. Pupil-sparing oculomotor palsies with internal carotid-posterior communicating artery aneurysms. Ann Neurol 13 2 (1983) 149-154
9. Mark A.S., Blake P., Atlas S.W., et al. Gd-DTPA enhancement of the cisternal portion of the oculomotor nerve on MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 13 5 (1992) 1463-1470
10. Hosoya T., Adachi M., Yamaguchi K., et al. Abducens nerve enhancement demonstrated by multiplanar reconstruction of contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MRI. Neuroradiology 43 4 (2001) 295-301
11. Jacobson D.M., and Trobe J.D. The emerging role of magnetic resonance angiography in the management of patients with third cranial nerve palsy. Am J Ophthalmol 128 1 (1999) 94-96
12. Zhu Y., Thulborn K., Curnyn K., et al. Sixth cranial nerve palsy caused by compression from a dolichoectatic vertebral artery. J Neuroophthalmol 25 2 (2005) 134-135
13. Karamessini M.T., Kagadis G.C., Petsas T., et al. CT angiography with three-dimensional techniques for the early diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms. Comparison with intra-arterial DSA and the surgical findings. Eur J Radiol 49 3 (2004) 212-223
14. Kupersmith M.J., Heller G., and Cox T.A. Magnetic resonance angiography and clinical evaluation of third nerve palsies and posterior communicating artery aneurysms. J Neurosurg 105 2 (2006) 228-234
15. Lang J. Ueber Bau, Laenge und Gefaessbeziehungen der zentralen und peripheren Strecken der intrazisternalen Hirnnerven. Zentralbl Neurochir 43 (1982) 217-255 [in German]
16. Møller A.R. The cranial nerve vascular compression syndrome. I. A review of treatment. Acta Neurochir 113 (1991) 18-23
17. Albayram S., Ozer H., Sarici A., et al. Unilateral mydriasis without ophthalmoplegia-a sign of neurovascular compression? Case report. Neurosurgery 58 3 (2006) 582-583
18. Marinkovic S., Gibo H., Zelic O., et al. The neurovascular relationships and the blood supply of the trochlear nerve: surgical anatomy of its cisternal segment. Neurosurgery 38 (1996) 161-169
19. Leigh R.J., Tomask R.L., Seidmann S.H., et al. Superior oblique myokymia. Arch Ophthalmol 109 (1991) 1710-1713
20. Marinkovic S.V., Gibo H., and Stimec B. The neurovascular relationships and the blood supply of the abducent nerve: surgical anatomy of its cisternal segment. Neurosurgery 34 (1994) 1017-1026
21. Yousry I., Camelio S., Wiesmann M., et al. Detailed magnetic resonance imaging anatomy of the cisternal segment of the abducent nerve: Dorello's canal and neurovascular relationship and landmarks. J Neurosurg 91 (1999) 276-283
22. Narai H., Manabe Y., Deguchi K., et al. Isolated abducens nerve palsy caused by vascular compression. Neurology 55 3 (2000) 453-454
23. Yousry I., Moriggl B., Dieterich M., et al. MR anatomy of the proximal cisternal segment of the trochlear nerve: neurovascular relationships and landmarks. Radiology 223 1 (2002) 31-37
24. Casselman J.W., and Dehaene I. Imaging of the IIIrd, IVth, and VIth cranial nerves. Neuroophthalmology 19 (1998) 63-68
25. Yousry I., Dieterich M., Naidich T.P., et al. Superior oblique myokymia: magnetic resonance imaging support for neurovascular compression hypothesis. Ann Neurol 51 (2002) 361-368
26. Yousry I., Moriggl B., Schmid U., et al. Detailed MR anatomy of the motor and sensory roots of the trigeminal nerve and their neurovascular relationships. J Neurosurg 101 (2004) 427-434
27. Field M., Jungreis C.A., Chengelis N., et al. Symptomatic cavernous sinus aneurysms: management and outcome after carotid occlusion and selective cerebral revascularization. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24 6 (2003) 1200-1207
28. Larson T.L. Petrous apex and cavernous sinus: anatomy and pathology. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 14 3 (1993) 232-246
29. Wu H.C., Ro L.S., Chen C.J., et al. Isolated ocular motor nerve palsy in dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistula. Eur J Neurol 13 11 (2006) 1221-1225
30. Mariak Z., Mariak Z., and Stankiewicz A. Cranial nerve II-VII injuries in fatal closed head trauma. Eur J Ophthalmol 7 1 (1997) 68-72
31. Muthu P., and Pritty P. Mild head injury with isolated third nerve palsy. Emerg Med J 18 4 (2001) 310-311
32. Gentry L.R. Head trauma. In: Atlas S.W. (Ed). Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine. 3rd edition (2002), Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia 1059-1098
33. Makki A.A., and Newman N.J. A trochlear stroke. Neurology 65 12 (2005) 1989
34. Heinz J. Cranial nerve avulsion and other neural injuries. Med J Aust 2 (1969) 1246-1249
35. Hanson R.A., Ghosh S., Gonzalez-Gomez I., et al. Abducens length and vulnerability?. Neurology 62 1 (2004) 33-36
36. Hara N., Kan S., and Simizu K. Localization of post-traumatic trochlear nerve palsy associated with hemorrhage at the subarachnoid space by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Ophthalmol 132 3 (2001) 443-445
37. Sam B., Ozveren M.F., Akdemir I., et al. The mechanism of injury of the abducens nerve in severe head trauma: a postmortem study. Forensic Sci Int 140 1 (2004) 25-32
38. Keane J.R. Fourth nerve palsy: historical review and study of 215 inpatients. Neurology 43 12 (1993) 2439-2443
39. Balcer L.J., Galetta S.L., Bagley L.J., et al. Localization of traumatic oculomotor nerve palsy to the midbrain exit site by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Ophthalmol 122 3 (1996) 437-439
40. Bater M.C., Ramchandani P.L., Ramchandani M., et al. An orbital apex fracture resulting in multiple cranial neuropathies. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg (2007) [Epub ahead of print]
41. Mielke C., Alexander M.S., and Anand N. Isolated bilateral trochlear nerve palsy as the first clinical sign of a metastatic [correction of metastasic] bronchial carcinoma. Am J Ophthalmol 132 4 (2001) 593-594
42. Modi M., Singla V., Bhatia R., et al. Isolated nuclear oculomotor nerve palsy due to a solitary midbrain metastasis: a rare presentation. Indian J Ophthalmol 54 (2006) 286-287
43. Krohel G.B., Mansour A.M., Petersen W.L., et al. Isolated trochlear nerve palsy secondary to a juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 2 2 (1982) 119-123
44. Leibovitch I., Pakrou D., Selva D., et al. Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of intracranial cavernous hemangiomas. Eur J Ophthalmol 16 1 (2006) 148-152
45. Russell D.S., and Rubinstein L.J. Tumours of the cranial, spinal and peripheral nerve sheaths. In: Russell D.S., and Rubinstein J. (Eds). Pathology of tumors of the nervous system. 5th edition (1989), Edward Arnold, London 533-589
46. Ohba S., Miwa T., and Kawase T. Trochlear nerve schwannoma with intratumoral hemorrhage: case report. Neurosurgery 58 4 (2006) 791
47. Gentry L.R., Mehta R.C., Appen R.E., et al. MR imaging of primary trochlear nerve neoplasms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 12 (1991) 707-713
48. Tanriover N., Kemerdere R., Kafadar A.M., et al. Oculomotor nerve schwannoma located in the oculomotor cistern. Surg Neurol 67 1 (2007) 83-88
49. Acharya R., Husain S., Chabra S.S., et al. Sixth nerve schwannoma: a case report with literature review. Neurol Sci 24 2 (2003) 74-79
50. Celli P., Ferrante L., Acqui M., et al. Neurinoma of the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves: a survey and report of a new fourth nerve case. Surg Neurol 38 3 (1992) 216-224
51. Ho S.Y., and Kveton J.F. Acoustic neuroma. Assessment and management. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 35 2 (2002) 393-404
52. Borges A., and Casselman J. Imaging the cranial nerves: part II: primary and secondary neoplastic conditions and neurovascular conflicts. Eur Radiol 17 9 (2007) 2332-2344
53. Ginsberg F., Peyster R.G., Rose W.S., et al. Sixth nerve schwannoma: MR and CT demonstration. J Comput Assist Tomogr 12 (1988) 482-484
54. Wang Y., and Xiao L.H. Orbital schwannomas: findings from magnetic resonance imaging in 62 cases. Eye (2007) [Epub ahead of print]
55. Shen W.C., Yang D.Y., Ho W.L., et al. Neurilemmoma of the oculomotor nerve presenting as an orbital mass: MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 14 5 (1993) 1253-1254
56. Deshmukh V.R., Albuquerque F.C., Zabramski J.M., et al. Surgical management of cavernous malformations involving the cranial nerves. Neurosurgery 53 2 (2003) 352-357
57. Kawamoto S., Matsuda H., Ueki K., et al. Neuromuscular choristoma of the oculomotor nerve: case report. Neurosurgery 60 4 (2007) 777-778
58. Eisenkraft B., and Ortiz A.O. Imaging evaluation of cranial nerves 3, 4, and 6. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 22 6 (2001) 488-501
59. Harada T., Ohashi T., Ohki K., et al. Clival chordoma presenting as acute esotropia due to bilateral abducens palsy. Ophthalmologica 211 2 (1997) 109-111
60. Gay E., Sekhar L.N., Rubinstein E., et al. Chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the cranial base: results and follow-up of 60 patients. Neurosurgery 36 5 (1995) 887-896
61. Barkovich A.J. Intracranial, orbital and neck masses of childhood. In: Barkovich A.J. (Ed). Pediatric neuroimaging. 4th edition (2005), Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia 506-658
62. Saremi F., Helmy M., Farzin S., et al. MRI of cranial nerve enhancement. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185 6 (2005) 1487-1497
63. Petermann S.H., and Newman N.J. Pituitary macroadenoma manifesting as an isolated fourth nerve palsy. Am J Ophthalmol 127 (1999) 235-236
64. Knosp E., Steiner E., Kitz K., et al. Pituitary adenomas with invasion of the cavernous sinus space: a magnetic resonance imaging classification compared with surgical findings. Neurosurgery 33 4 (1993) 610-617
65. Cottier J.-P., Destrieux C., Brunereau L., et al. Cavernous sinus invasion by pituitary adenoma: MR imaging. Radiology 215 2 (2000) 463-469
66. Riedl M., Clodi M., Kotzmann H., et al. Apoplexy of a pituitary macroadenoma with reversible third, fourth and sixth cranial nerve palsies following administration of hypothalamic releasing hormones: MR features. Eur J Radiol 36 1 (2000) 1-4
67. Bills D.C., Meyer F.B., Laws Jr. E.R., et al. A retrospective analysis of pituitary apoplexy. Neurosurgery 33 4 (1993) 602-609
68. Chen Z., Murray A.W., and Quinlan J.J. Pituitary apoplexy presenting as unilateral third cranial nerve palsy after coronary artery bypass surgery. Anesth Analg 98 1 (2004) 46-48
69. Rossitch Jr. E., Carrazana E.J., and Black P.M. Isolated oculomotor nerve palsy following apoplexy of a pituitary adenoma. J Neurosurg Sci 36 2 (1992) 103-105
70. Nakagawa T., Uchida K., Ozveren M.F., et al. Abducens schwannoma inside the cavernous sinus proper: case report. Surg Neurol 61 6 (2004) 559-563
71. Shi J., Hang C., Pan Y., et al. Cavernous hemangiomas in the cavernous sinus. Neurosurgery 45 6 (1999) 1308-1313
72. Sohn C.H., Kim S.P., Kim I.M., et al. Characteristic MR imaging findings of cavernous hemangiomas in the cavernous sinus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24 6 (2003) 1148-1151
73. Srinivasan S., Fern A.I., and Wilson K. Orbital apex syndrome as a presenting sign of maxillary sinus carcinoma. Eye 15 (2001) 343-345
74. Gore H.L., Corin S.M., Klussmann K.G., et al. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma presenting as an orbital apex syndrome. Ophthalmic Surg 23 (1992) 59-61
75. McDonald H.R., and Char D.H. Adenoid cystic carcinoma presenting as an orbital apex syndrome. Ann Ophthalmol 17 (1985) 757-759
76. Parker G.D., and Harnsberger H.R. Clinical-radiologic issues in perineural tumor spread of malignant diseases of the extracranial head and neck. Radiographics 11 3 (1991) 383-399
77. Chang P.C., Fischbein N.J., McCalmont T.H., et al. Perineural spread of malignant melanoma of the head and neck: clinical and imaging features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25 (2004) 5-11
78. Veness M.J., and Biankin S. Perineural spread leading to orbital invasion from skin cancer. Australas Radiol 44 (2000) 296-302
79. de Seze J., Vukusic S., Viallet-Marcel M., et al. Unusual ocular motor findings in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 243 1-2 (2006) 91-95
80. Thomke F., and Ringel K. Isolated superior oblique palsies with brainstem lesions. Neurology 53 5 (1999) 1126-1127
81. Lee S.H., Yoon P.H., Park S.J., et al. MRI findings in neuro-Behçet's disease. Clin Radiol 56 6 (2001) 485-494
82. Aydin M.D., and Aydin N. A neuro-Behcet's lesion in oculomotor nerve nucleus. Acta Neurol Scand 108 2 (2003) 139-141
83. Coban O., Bahar S., Akman-Demir G., et al. Masked assessment of MRI findings: is it possible to differentiate neuro-Behcet's disease from other central nervous system diseases?. Neuroradiology 41 4 (1999) 255-260
84. Borges A., and Casselman J. Imaging the cranial nerves: part I: methodology, infectious and inflammatory, traumatic and congenital lesions. Eur Radiol 17 8 (2007) 2112-2125
85. Garcia-Rivera C.A., Rozen T.D., Zhou D., et al. Miller Fisher syndrome: MRI findings. Neurology 57 10 (2001) 1755
86. Nagaoka U., Kato T., Kurita K., et al. Cranial nerve enhancement on three-dimensional MRI in Miller Fisher syndrome. Neurology 47 6 (1996) 1601-1602
87. Crevits L., Verschelde H., and Casselman J. Ophthalmoplegic migraine: an unresolved problem. Cephalalgia 26 10 (2006) 1255-1259
88. Mark A.S., Casselman J., Brown D., et al. Ophthalmoplegic migraine: reversible enhancement and thickening of the cisternal segment of the oculomotor nerve on contrast-enhanced MR images. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19 10 (1998) 1887-1891
89. Celebisoy N., Sirin H., and Gokcay F. Ophthalmoplegic migraine: two patients, one at middle age with abducens palsy. Cephalalgia 25 2 (2005) 151-153
90. La Mantia L., Curone M., Rapoport A.M., et al. International Headache Society. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: critical literature review based on IHS 2004 criteria. Cephalalgia 26 7 (2006) 772-781
91. de Arcaya A.A., Cerezal L., Canga A., et al. Neuroimaging diagnosis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: MRI contribution. Headache 39 5 (1999) 321-325
92. Wasenko J.J., Park B.J., Jubelt B., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of mesenrhombencephalitis. Clin Imaging 26 4 (2002) 237-242
93. Im M., Kim B.J., Seo Y.J., et al. Complete ophthalmoplegia after herpes zoster. Clin Exp Dermatol 32 2 (2007) 162-164
94. Quisling S.V., Shah V.A., Lee H.K., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of third cranial nerve palsy and trigeminal sensory loss caused by herpes zoster. J Neuroophthalmol 26 1 (2006) 47-48
95. Lell M., Schmid A., Stemper B., et al. Simultaneous involvement of third and sixth cranial nerve in a patient with Lyme disease. Neuroradiology 45 2 (2003) 85-87
96. Savas R., Sommer A., Gueckel F., et al. Isolated oculomotor nerve paralysis in Lyme disease: MRI. Neuroradiology 39 2 (1997) 139-141
97. Sherman S.C., and Buchanan A. Gradenigo syndrome: a case report and review of a rare complication of otitis media. J Emerg Med 27 3 (2004) 253-256
98. Siddiqui A.A., Bashir S.H., Ali Shah A., et al. Diagnostic MR imaging features of craniocerebral Aspergillosis of sino-nasal origin in immunocompetent patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 148 2 (2006) 155-166