Advanced botulinum toxin techniques against wrinkles in the upper face

Clinics in Dermatology

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 182-191

  Salti, Giovanni ^a   Ghersetich, Ilaria ^b  

^a Florence Ctr Ambulatory Surg I   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BOTULINUM TOXIN; BOTULINUM TOXIN A; VISTABEX;

ARTICLE; DRUG MECHANISM; ESTHETICS; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PATIENT SAFETY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REJUVENATION; RISK FACTOR; WRINKLE;

BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A; COSMETIC TECHNIQUES; ESTHETICS; FACE; FOREHEAD; HUMANS; INJECTIONS, SUBCUTANEOUS; NEUROMUSCULAR AGENTS; PATIENT SELECTION; REJUVENATION; SKIN AGING;

EID: 42949087925     PISSN: 0738081X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.09.008     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Carruthers A., and Carruthers J. Treatment of glabellar furrows with botulinum A exotoxin. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 16 (1990) 83
2. Carruthers J., and Carruthers A. Treatment of glabellar frown lines with C. botulinum A exotoxin. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 18 (1992) 17-21
3. Carruthers A., and Carruthers J. History of the cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin. Dermatol Surg 24 (1998) 1168-1170
4. Blitzer A., Brin M.F., Keen M.F., et al. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of hyperfunctional lines of the face. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 119 (1993) 1018-1022
5. Lowe N.J., Maxwell A., and Harper H. Botulinum A exotoxin for glabellar folds: a double blind, placebo-controlled study with electromyographic injection technique. J Am Acad Dermatol 24 (1996) 1181-1183
6. Spencer J.M., Gordon M., and Goldberg D.J. Botulinum B treatment of the glabellar and frontalis region: a dose-response analysis. J Cosmet Laser Ther 4 (2002) 19-23
7. Sadick N.S. Botulinum toxin type B. Dermatol Surg 29 (2003) 348-350
8. Hambleton P. Clostridium botulinum toxins: a general review of involvement in disease, structure, mode of action and preparation for clinical use. J Neurol 239 (1992) 16-20
9. Brin M.F. Botulinum toxin: chemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and immunology. Muscle Nerve Suppl 6 (1997) s146-s168
10. Shaari C.M., and Sanders I. Assessment of the biological activity of botulinum toxin. In: Jankovic J., and Hallet M. (Eds). Therapy with botulinum toxin (1994), Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel, Hong Kong 159-172
11. De Paiva A., Meunier F.A., Molgo J., et al. Functional repair of motor end-plates after botulinum neurotoxin type A poisoning: biphasic switch of synaptic activity between nerve sprouts and their parent terminals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96 (1999) 3200-3205
12. Holds J.B., Alderson K., Fogg S.C., et al. Motor nerve sprouting in human orbicularis muscle after botulinum toxin A injection. Invest Ophtalmol Vis Sci 31 (1990) 964-967
13. Sommer B., and Sattler G. Botulinum toxin in aesthetic medicine (2001), Blackwell Science, Vienna - Berlin
14. Benedetto A.V. The cosmetic uses of botulinum toxin type A. Int J Dermatol 38 (1999) 641-655
15. Klein A.W. Dilution and storage of botulinum toxin. Dermatol Surg 24 (1998) 1179-1180
16. Trindade de Almeida A.R., Kadunc B.V., Di Chiacchio N., et al. Foam during reconstitution does not affect the potency of botulinum toxin type A. Dermatol Surg 29 (2003) 530-532
17. Redaelli A., and Forte R. Botulinum toxin dilution: our technique. J Cosmet Laser Ther 5 (2003) 218-219
18. Carruthers J., Fagien S., and Matarasso SL & Botox Consensus Group. Consensus recommendations on the use of botulinum toxin type A in facial aesthetics. Plast Reconstr Surg 112 (2004) 1089-1098
19. Le Louarn C. Botulinum toxin A and facial lines: the variable concentration. Aesthetic Plast Surg 25 (2001) 73-84
20. Hexsel D., De Almeida A.T., Rutowotsch M., et al. Multicenter double blind study of the efficacy of injections with botulinum toxin type A reconstituted up to six consecutive weeks before application. Dermatol Surg 29 (2003) 523-529
21. Flynn T.C., Carruthers A., and Carruthers J. Surgical pearl: the use of Ultra-Fine II short needle 0.3 cc insulin syringe for botulinum toxin injections. J Am Acad Dermatol 46 (2002) 931-933
22. Vita G., Girlanda P., Puglisi R.M., et al. Cardiovascular reflex testing and single fiber electromyography in botulism, A longitudinal study. Arch Neurol 44 (1987) 202-206
23. Claus D., Druschky A., and Erbguth F. Botulinum toxin: influence on respiratory heart rate variation. Mov Disord 10 (1995) 574-579
24. Goschel H., Wohlfarth K., Frevert J., et al. Botulinum A toxin therapy: neutralizing and non neutralizing antibodies-therapeutic consequences. Exp Neurol 147 (1997) 96-102
25. Borodic G., Johnson E., Goodnough M., et al. Botulinum toxin therapy, immunologic resistance, and problems with the available materials. Neurology 46 (1996) 26-29
26. Greene P., Fahn S., and Diaond B. Development of resistance to botulinum toxin A in patients with torticollis. Mov Disord 9 (1994) 213-217
27. Huang W., Rogachefsky A.S., and Foster A.J. Browlift with botulinum toxin. Dermatol Surg 26 (2000) 55-60
28. Huilgol S.C., Carruthers A., and Carruthers J. Raising eyebrows with botulinum toxin. Dermatol Surg 25 (1999) 373-375
29. Ozsoy Z., Gozu A., and Genk B. Two-plane injection of botulinum exotoxin A in glabellar frown lines. Aesthetic Plast Surg 28 (2004) 114-115
30. Knize D.M. Muscles that act on glabellar skin: a closer look. Plast Reconstr Surg 105 (2000) 350-361
31. Carruthers J.D.A., and Carruthers A. Botulinum toxin and laser resurfacing for lines around the eyes. In: Blitzer A., Binder W.J., Boyd J.B., et al. (Eds). Management of facial lines and wrinkles (2000), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 315-332
32. Salti G. Botulinum toxin for periocular lines: the single injection technique. J Cosmet Derm 3 (2004) 122-125
33. Alam M., Dover J.S., Klein A.W., et al. Botulinum a exotoxin for hyperfunctional facial lines: where not to inject. Arch Dermatol 138 (2002) 118-1185
34. Tamura B.T. Standardization of muscle sites for BTX injection in the frontal and glabellar regions. In: Hexsel D., and Trindade de Almeida A. (Eds). Cosmetic use of botulinum toxin (2002), AGE, Porto Alegre