Miocene isotope zones, paleotemperatures, and carbon maxima events at intermediate water-depth, Site 593, southwest pacific

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 1-22

  Cooke, Penelope J ^a   Nelson, Campbell S ^a   Crundwell, Martin P ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO   (New Zealand)

^b GNS SCIENCE   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Carbon; Carbon maxima events; DSDP Site 593; Foraminifera; Mi zones; Miocene; Monterey Excursion; Oxygen; Stable isotopes; Tasman Sea; Watermasses

Indexed keywords

BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA; CARBON ISOTOPE; CLIMATE CHANGE; DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT; INTERMEDIATE WATER; MIOCENE; OXYGEN ISOTOPE; PALEOTEMPERATURE; PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA; STABLE ISOTOPE; STRATIGRAPHY; WATER DEPTH; WATER MASS;

INDIAN OCEAN; INDIAN OCEAN (SOUTH); PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN (SOUTHWEST); TASMAN SEA;

FORAMINIFERA;

EID: 42949083389     PISSN: 00288306     EISSN: 11758791     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00288300809509846     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Aharon, P, Goldstein, SL, Wheeler, CW, and Jacobson, G. 1993. Sea-level events in the South Pacific linked with the Messinian salinity crisis. Geology, 21:771–775.
2. Backman, J, and Raffi, I. 1997. “ Calibration of Miocene nannofossil events to orbitally tuned cyclostratigraphies from Ceara Rise ”. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 154, Edited by:Shackleton, NJ, Curry, WB, Richter, C, and Bralower, TJ. 83–99. College Station, TX:Ocean Drilling Program.
3. Barron, JA, and Keller, G. 1983. Paleotemperature oscillations in the Middle and Late Miocene of the northeastern Pacific. Micropaleontology, 29:150–181.
4. Barton, CE, and Bloemendal, J. 1986. “ Paleomagnetism of sediments collected during Leg 90, Southwest Pacific ”. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 90, Edited by:Kennett, JP, von der Borch, CC. 1273–1316. Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office.
5. Bemis, BE, Spero, HJ, Bijma, J, and Lea, DW. 1998. Reevaluation of the oxygen isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera:experimental results and revised paleotemperature equations. Paleoceanography, 13:150–160.
6. Benson, RH. 1995. Editorial:Is the death of an ocean falling through a stratigraphic crack?. Paleoceanography, 10:1–3.
7. Berger, WH, and Vincent, E. 1986. Deep-sea carbonates:reading the carbon-isotope signal. Geologische Rundschau, 75:249–269.
8. Berger, WH, Killingley, JS, and Vincent, E. 1978. Stable isotopes in deep-sea carbonates:Box Core ERDC-92, West Equatorial Pacific. Oceanologica Acta, 1:203–216.
9. Berggren, WA, Kent, DV, Swisher, CC, III and Aubry, M-P. 1995. “ A revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy ”. In Geochronology, time scales and global stratigraphic correlation, Edited by:Berggren, WA, Kent, DV, Aubry, M-P, and Hardenbol, J. 129–212. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology).
10. Bigg, GR, and Rohling, EJ. 2000. An oxygen isotope data set for marine waters. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105 (C4):8527–8535.
11. 16O measurements on benthic foraminifera. Paleoceanography, 17 doi 10.1029/2000PA000567
12. Billups, K, Channell, JET, and Zachos, JC. 2002. Late Oligocene to early Miocene geochronology and paleoceanography from the subantarctic South Atlantic. Paleoceanography, 17 doi 10.1029/2000PA000568
13. Boersma, A. 1986. “ Biostratigraphy and biogeography of Tertiary bathyal benthic foraminifers Tasman sea Coral Sea, and on the Chatham Rise (Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 90) ”. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 90, Edited by:Kennett, JP, von der Borch, CC. 961–1035. Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office.
14. Bostock, HC, Opdyke, BN, Gagan, MK, and Fifield, LK. 2004. Carbon isotope evidence for changes in Antarctic Intermediate Water circulation and ocean ventilation in the southwest Pacific during the last deglaciation. Paleoceanography, 19 (PA4013) doi:10.102 9/2004PA001047
15. Bradshaw, JS. 1959. Ecology of living planktonic foraminifera in the North and equatorial Pacific Ocean. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, 10:25–64.
16. Charles, CD, and Fairbanks, RG. 1990. “ Glacial to interglacial changes in the isotopic gradients of Southern Ocean Surface Water ”. In Geological history of the Polar Ocean:Arctic versus Antarctic, Edited by:Bleil, U, and Thiede, J. 519–538. Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers.
17. Charles, CD, Wright, JD, and Fairbanks, RG. 1993. Thermodynamic influences on the marine carbon isotope record. Paleoceanography, 8:691–697.
18. Collins, LS, Coates, AG, Berggren, WA, Aubry, M-P, and Zhang, J. 1996. The late Miocene Panama isthmian strait. Geology, 24:687–690.
19. Cooke, PJ. 2003. Aspects of Neogene palaeoceanography in the southern Tasman Sea (DSDP Site 593), 336Hamilton, New Zealand:University of Waikato. Unpublished PhD thesis
20. Cooke, PJ, Nelson, CS, Crundwell, MP, and Spiegler, D. 2002. Bolboforma as monitors of Cenozoic palaeoceanographic changes in the Southern Ocean. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 188:73–100.
21. Cooke, PJ, Nelson, CS, Crundwell, MP, Field, BD, Elkington, ES, and Stone, HS. 2004. Textural variations in Neogene pelagic carbonate ooze at DSDP Site 593, southern Tasman Sea, and their palaeoceanographic implications. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 47:787–807.
22. Cooper, RA, ed. 2004. TheNew Zealand geological timescale, 284Lower Hutt:Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences.
23. Corfield, RM, and Cartlidge, JE. 1993. “ Oxygen and carbon isotope stratigraphy of the middle Miocene, Holes 805B and 806B ”. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 130, Edited by:Berger, WH, Kroenke, LW, Mayer, LA. 307–322. College Station, TX:Ocean Drilling Program.
24. Craig, H. 1965. “ The measurement of oxygen isotope paleotemperatures ”. In Stable isotopes in oceanographic studies and paleotemperatures, Edited by:Tongiorgi, E. 161–182. Pisa:Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche Laboratorio de Geologia Nucleare.
25. Crundwell, MP. 2004. New Zealand late Miocene biostratigraphy and biochronology:studies of planktic foraminifers and bolboforms at oceanic Sites 593 and 1123, and selected onland sections, 516Hamilton, New Zealand:University of Waikato. Unpublished PhD thesis
26. Crundwell, MP, and Nelson, CS. 2007. A magnetostratigraphically-constrained chronology for late Miocene bolboformids and planktic foraminifers in the temperate Southwest Pacific. Stratigraphy, 4:1–34.
27. Crundwell, MP, Cooke, PJ, Nelson, CS, and Spiegler, D. 2005. Intraspecific morphological variation in late Miocene Bolboforma and implications for their classification, ecology and bio stratigraphic utility. Marine Micropaleontology, 56:161–176.
28. Denton, GH, Prentice, ML, and Burckle, LH. 1990. “ Cainozoic history of the Antarctic ice sheet ”. In The geology of Antarctica, Edited by:Tingey, RJ. 365–433. Oxford:Clarendon Press.
29. Dickens, GR, and Owen, RM. 1994. Late Miocene-early Pliocene manganese redirection in the central Indian Ocean:expansion of the intermediate water oxygen minimum zone. Paleoceanography, 9:169–181.
30. Drewry, DJ, ed. 1983. Antarctica, glaciological and geophysical folio (map), Cambridge:University of Cambridge, Scott Polar Research Institute.
31. Dudley, WC, and Nelson, CS. 1989. Quaternary surface-water stable isotope signal from calcareous nannofossils at DSDP Site 593, southern Tasman Sea. Marine Micropaleontology, 13:353–373.
32. Duplessy, J-C, Shackleton, NJ, Fairbanks, RG, Labeyrie, L, Oppo, D, and Kallel, N. 1988. Deepwater source variations during the last climatic cycle and their impact on the global deepwater circulation. Paleoceanography, 3:343–360.
33. Elkington, ES, Cooke, PJ, Nelson, CS, Stone, HS, Field, B, Crundwell, MP, and Rogers, K. 2000. Early to middle Miocene palaeoceanography of the Tasman Sea from stable isotopic and textural records. Geological Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publication 108A, 41Wellington:Geological Society of New Zealand.
34. Elmstrom, KM, and Kennett, JP. 1986. “ Late Neogene paleoceanographic evolution of Site 590:Southwest Pacific ”. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 90, Edited by:Kennett, JP, von der Borch, CC. 1361–1381. Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office.
35. Epstein, S, Buchsbaum, R, Lowenstam, HA, and Urey, HC. 1953. Revised carbonate-water isotopic temperature scale. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 64:1315–1326.
36. Erez, J, and Luz, B. 1983. Experimental paleotemperature equation for planktonic foraminifera. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47:1025–1031.
37. Fairbanks, RG, Sverdlove, M, Free, R, Wiebe, PH, and Be, AWH. 1982. Vertical distribution and isotopic fractionation of living planktonic foraminifera from the Panama Basin. Nature, 298:841–844.
38. Feary, DA, Davies, PJ, Pigram, CJ, and Symonds, PA. 1991. Climatic evolution and control on carbonate deposition in northeast Australia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 89:341–361.
39. Flower, BP, and Kennett, JP. 1993. Relations between Monterey Formation deposition and middle Miocene global cooling:Naples Beach section, California. Geology, 21:877–880.
40. Flower, BP, and Kennett, JP. 1994. Oxygen and carbon isotopic stratigraphy of the Monterey Formation at Naples Beach, California. In:Hornafius JS ed. Field guide to the Monterey Formation between Santa Barbara and Gaviota, California. Pacific SectionAAPG,:59–66.
41. Flower, BP, and Kennett, JP. 1994. The middle Miocene climatic transition:East Antarctic ice sheet development, deep ocean circulation and global carbon cycling. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 108:537–555.
42. Flower, BP, and Kennett, JP. 1995. Middle Miocene deepwater paleoceanography in the southwest Pacific:relations with East Antarctic Ice Sheet development. Paleoceanography, 10:1095–1112.
43. Frakes, LA, Francis, JE, and Syktus, JI. 1992. Climate modes of the Phanerozoic:the history of the Earth's climate over the past 600 million years, 274Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
44. Ganssen, G, and Sarnthein, M. 1981. “ Stable-isotope composition of foraminifers:the surface and bottom water record of coastal upwelling ”. In Coastal upwelling, its sedimentary record. Part A:Responses of the sedimentary regime to present coastal upwelling, Edited by:Suess, E, and Thiede, J. 99–121. Nato Conference Series, Series IV:Marine Sciences.
45. Garner, DM. 1962. Analysis of hydrological observations in the New Zealand region, 1874–1955. Bulletin, 144:45 (NZOI Memoir No. 9)
46. Garner, DM. 1967. Hydrology of the south-east Tasman Sea. Bulletin, 181:40 (NZOI Memoir No. 48)
47. Garner, DM, and Ridgway, NM. 1965. Hydrology of New Zealand offshore waters. Bulletin, 162:63 (NZOI Memoir No. 12)
48. Graham, DW, Corliss, BH, Bender, ML, and Keigwin, LD, Jr. 1981. Carbon and oxygen isotopic disequilibria of recent deep-sea benthic foraminifera. Marine Micropaleontology, 6:483–497.
49. Haq, BU, Worsley, TR, Burckle, LH, Douglas, RG, Keigwin, LD, Opdyke, ND, Savin, SM, Sommer, MA, Vincent, E, and Woodruff, F. 1980. Late Miocene marine carbon-isotopic shift and synchroneity of some phytoplanktonic biostratigraphic events. Geology, 8:427–431.
50. Harrison, KG. 2000. Role of increased marine silica input on paleo-pCO2 levels. Paleoceanography, 15:292–298.
51. Heath, RA. 1985. A review of the physical oceanography of the seas around New Zealand—1982. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 19:79–124.
52. Helland, PE, and Holmes, MA. 1997. Surface textural analysis of quartz sand grains from ODP Site 918 off the southeast coast of Greenland suggest glaciation of southern Greenland at 11 Ma. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 135:109–121.
53. Hemleben, C, Spindler, M, and Anderson, OR. 1989. Modern planktonic foraminifera, 363New York:Springer-Verlag.
54. Hodell, DA, and Kennett, JP. 1986. Late Miocene-early Pliocene stratigraphy and paleoceanography of the South Atlantic and Southwest Pacific oceans:a synthesis. Paleoceanography, 1:285–311.
55. Hodell, DA, and Woodruff, F. 1994. Variations in the strontium isotopic ratio of seawater during the Miocene:stratigraphic and geochemical implications. Paleoceanography, 9:405–426.
56. 18O changes, global ice volume, sea level and the ‘Messinian salinity crisis’. Nature, 320:411–414.
57. Hodell, DA, Benson, RH, Kent, DV, Boersma, A, and Rakic-El, Bied. 1994. Magneto stratigraphic, biostratigraphic, and stable isotope stratigraphy of an Upper Miocene drill core from the Sale Briqueterie (northwestern Morocco):a high-resolution chronology for the Messinian stage. Paleoceanography, 9:835–855.
58. Hodell, DA, Curtis, JH, Sierro, FJ, and Raymo, ME. 2001. Correlation of late Miocene to early Pliocene sequences between the Mediterranean and North Atlantic. Paleoceanography, 16:164–178.
59. Hsu, KJ, Montadert, L, Bernoulli, D, Cita, MB, Erickson, A, Garrison, RE, Kidd, RB, Mélières, F, Müller, C, and Wright, R. 1977. History of the Mediterranean salinity crisis. Nature, 267:399–403
60. Hut, G. 1987. Consultants group meeting on stable isotope reference samples for geochemical and hydrological investigations, 42Vienna, Austria:International Atomic Energy Agency.
61. Jenkins, DG, and Srinivasan, MS. 1986. “ Cenozoic planktonic foraminifers from the equator to the sub-Antarctic of the southwest Pacific ”. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 90, Edited by:Kennett, JP, von der Borch, CC. 795–834. Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office.
62. Kastens, KA. 1992. Did glacio-eustatic sea level drop trigger the Messinian salinity crisis? New evidence from ocean drilling program site 654 in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Paleoceanography, 7:333–356.
63. Kawahata, H. 1999. Fluctuations in the ocean environment within the western Pacific warm pool during the Pleistocene. Paleoceanography, 14:639–652.
64. Keigwin, LD, Jr and Shackleton, NJ. 1980. Uppermost Miocene carbon isotope stratigraphy of a piston core in the equatorial Pacific. Nature, 284:613–614.
65. Kennett, IP. 1986. “ Miocene to early Pliocene oxygen and carbon isotope stratigraphy in the Southwest Pacific, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 90 ”. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 90, Edited by:Kennett, JP, von der Borch, CC. 1383–1411. Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office.
66. Kennett, JP. 1995. “ A review of polar climatic evolution during the Neogene, based on the marine sediment record ”. In Paleoclimate and evolution, with emphasis on human origins, Edited by:Vrba, ES, Denton, GH, Partridge, TC, and Burckle, LH. 49–64. New Haven:Yale University Press.
67. Kennett, JP, and Srinivasan, MS. 1983. Neogene planktonic foraminifera:a phylogenetic atlas, 265New York:Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company.
68. Kennett, JP, and von der Borch, CC. 1986. “ Southwest Pacific Cenozoic paleoceanography ”. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 90, Edited by:Kennett, JP, von der Borch, CC. 1493–1517. Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office.
69. Kroon, D, and Darling, K. 1995. Size and upwelling control of the stable isotope composition of Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (D'Orbigny), Globigerinoides ruber (D'Orbigny) and Globigerina bulloides D'Orbigny:examples from the Panama Basin and Arabian Sea. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 25:39–52.
70. 13C of SCO2 in the world oceans. Deep-Sea Research, 32:57–84.
71. Larsen, HC, Saunders, AD, Clift, PD, Beget, J, Wei, W, and Spezzaferri, S. ODP Leg 152 Scientific Party 1994 Seven million years of glaciation in Greenland. Science, 264952–955.
72. Leg 90 Shipboard Scientific Party 1986. “ Site 593:Challenger Plateau ”. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 90, Edited by:Kennett, JP, von der Borch, CC. 551–651. Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office.
73. Linke, P, and Lutze, GF. 1993. Microhabitat preferences of benthic foraminifera—a static concept or a dynamic adaptation to optimize food acquisition?. Marine Micropaleontology, 20:215–234.
74. Lohman, WH. 1986. “ Calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphy of the southern Coral Sea Tasman Sea, and southwestern Pacific Ocean, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 90:Neogene and Quaternary ”. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 90, Edited by:Kennett, JP, von der Borch, CC. 763–793. Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office.
75. Lyle, M, Dadey, KA, and Farrell, JW. 1995. “ The late Miocene (11–8 Ma) eastern Pacific carbonate crash:evidence for reorganization of deep-water circulation by the closure of the Panama Gateway ”. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 138, Edited by:Pisias, NG, Mayer, LA, Janecek, TR, Palmer-Julson, A, and van Andel, TH. 821–838. College Station, TX:Ocean Drilling Program.
76. Lynch-Stieglitz, J, Fairbanks, RG, and Charles, CD. 1994. Glacial-interglacial history of Antarctic Intermediate Water:relative strengths of Antarctic versus Indian Ocean sources. Paleoceanography, 9:7–29.
77. 13CSCO2 and phosphate in Recent Weddell Sea deep and bottom water:implications for glacial Southern Ocean paleoceanography. Paleoceanography, 11:203–215.
78. Martinez, JI. 1994. Late Pleistocene palaeoceanography of the Tasman Sea:implication for the dynamics of the warm pool in the western Pacific. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 112:19–62.
79. Martinez, JI. 1994. “ Late Pleistocene carbonate dissolution patterns in The Tasman Sea ”. In Evolution of the Tasman Sea Basin, Edited by:van der Lingen, GJ, Swanson, KM, and Muir, RJ. 215–228. Rotterdam, AA:Balkema.
80. Miller, KG, Wright, JD, and Fairbanks, RG. 1991. Unlocking the Ice House:Oligocene-Miocene oxygen isotopes, eustacy, and margin erosion. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96(B4):6829–6848.
81. Mook, WG, Bommerson, JC, and Staverman, WH. 1974. Carbon isotope fractionation between dissolved bicarbonate and gaseous carbon dioxide. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 22:169–176.
82. Mycke, B, Emeis, K-C, and Degens, ET. 1986. “ Diagenesis of organic compounds in Hole 593, Leg 90 (Tasman Sea) ”. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 90, Edited by:Kennett, JP, von der Borch, CC. 1265–1269. Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office.
83. Naish, TR. 1996. High-resolution sequence stratigraphy, sedimentology, paleoecology, and chronology of the Pliocene-Pleistocene (c. 2.6–1.7 Ma) Rangitikei Group, Wanganui Basin, New Zealand, 300Hamilton, New Zealand:University of Waikato. Unpublished D.Phil. thesis
84. Neil, HL, Northcore, L, and Cooke, PJ. 2002. Foraminiferal distribution as a response to oceanographic regimes. Abstracts and Programme, Geological Society of New Zealand Annual Conference “Northland 2002”,:40
85. Nelson, CS. 1986. “ Lithostratigraphy of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 90 drill sites in the southwest Pacific:an overview ”. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 90, Edited by:Kennett, JP, von der Borch, CC. 1471–1491. Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office.
86. Nelson, CS, and Cooke, PJ. 2001. History of oceanic front development in the New Zealand sector of the Southern Ocean during the Cenozoic—a synthesis. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 44:535–553.
87. Nelson, CS, Hendy, CH, and Dudley, WC. 1986. “ Quaternary isotope stratigraphy of Hole 593, Challenger Plateau, south Tasman Sea:preliminary observations based on foraminifers and calcareous nannofossils ”. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 90, Edited by:Kennett, JP, von der Borch, CC. 1413–1424. Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office.
88. Nelson, CS, Hendy, CH, and Cuthbertson, AM. 1994. “ Oxygen isotope evidence for climatic contrasts between Tasman Sea and Southwest Pacific Ocean during the late Quaternary ”. In Evolution of the Tasman Sea Basin, Edited by:van der Lingen, GJ, Swanson, KM, and Muir, RJ. 181–196. Rotterdam:A.A. Balkema.
89. Norris, RD, Corfield, RM, and Cartridge, JE. 1994. Evolutionary ecology of Globorotalia (Globoconella) (planktic foraminifera). Marine Micropaleontology, 23:121–145.
90. O'Neil, JR, Clayton, RN, and Mayeda, TK. 1969. Oxygen isotope fractionation in divalent metal carbonates. Journal of Chemical Physics, 51:5547–5559.
91. Oslick, JS, Miller, KG, Feigenson, MD, and Wright, JD. 1994. Oligocene-Miocene strontium isotopes:stratigraphic revisions and correlation to an inferred glacioeustatic record. Paleoceanography, 9:427–443.
92. Raffi, I, and Flores, J-A. 1995. “ Pleistocene through Miocene calcareous nannofossils from Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean (Leg 138) ”. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 138, Edited by:Pisias, NG, Mayer, LA, Janecek, TR, Palmer-Julson, A, and van Andel, TH. 233–286. College Station, TX:Ocean Drilling Program.
93. Raymo, ME, Ruddiman, WF, and Froelich, PN. 1988. Influence of late Cenozoic mountain building on ocean geochemical cycles. Geology, 16:649–653.
94. Rea, DK, Snoeckx, H, and Joseph, LH. 1998. Late Cenozoic eolian depositon in the North Pacific:Asian drying, Tibetan uplift, and cooling of the northern hemisphere. Paleoceanography, 13:215–224.
95. Robert, C, Stein, R, and Acquaviva, M. 1986. “ Cenozoic evolution and significance of clay associations in the New Zealand region of the south Pacific, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 90 ”. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 90, Edited by:Kennett, JP, von der Borch, CC. 1225–1238. Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office.
96. Rodman, MR, and Gordon, AL. 1982. Southern Ocean bottom water of the Australian-New Zealand Sector. Journal of Geophysical Research, 87(C8):5771–5778.
97. Ruddiman, WF, Raymo, ME, Prell, WL, and Kutzbach, JE. 1997. “ The uplift-climate connection:a synthesis ”. In Tectonic uplift and climate change, Edited by:Ruddiman, WF. 471–515. New York:Plenum Press.
98. 13C of planktonic foraminifera from an upwelling environment:sediment trap results from the San Pedro Basin, southern California Bight. Paleoceanography, 6:307–334.
99. Schiffelbein, P, and Hills, S. 1984. Direct assessment of stable isotope variability in planktonic foraminifera populations. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 48:197–213.
100. Schmidt, GA, Bigg, GR, and Rohling, EJ. 1999. Global seawater oxygen-18 database, Available at website http://www.giss.nasa.gov/ data/o18data [accessed October 2007]
101. Schneider, CE, and Kennett, JP. 1996. Isotopic evidence for interspecies habitat differences during evolution of the Neogene planktonic foraminiferal clade Globoconella. Paleobiology, 22:282–303.
102. Schnitker, D. 1980. North Atlantic oceanography as possible cause of Antarctic glaciation and eutrophication. Nature, 284:615–616.
103. Scott, GH, Bishop, S, and Burt, BJ. 1990. Guide to some Neogene Globorotalids (Foraminiferida) from New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin, 61:135
104. Scott, GH, Nelson, CS, and Stone, HH. 1994. Planktic foraminiferal events in early Miocene Zones N6 and N7 at southwest Pacific DSDP Site 593:relation with climatic changes in oxygen isotope Zone Milb. Marine Micropaleontology, 25:29–45.
105. Shackleton, NJ, and Kennett, JP. 1975. “ Paleotemperature history of the Cenozoic and the initiation of Antarctic glaciation:oxygen and carbon isotope analysis in DSDP Sites 277, 279, and 281 ”. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 29, Edited by:Kennett, JP, Houtz, RE. 743–755. Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office.
106. Shackleton, NJ, and Kennett, JP. 1975. “ Late Cenozoic oxygen and carbon isotopic changes at DSDP Site 284:implications for glacial history of the Northern Hemisphere and Antarctica ”. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 29, Edited by:Kennett, JP, Houtz, RE. 801–807. Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office.
107. Shackleton, NJ, Hall, MA, Boersma, A, and Moore, TC, Jr. 1984. “ Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Leg 74 foraminifers ”. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 74, Edited by:Rabinowitz, PD. 559–612. Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office.
108. Shackleton, NJ, Crowhurst, S, Hagelberg, T, Pisias, NG, and Schneider, DA. 1995. “ Anew late Neogene time scale:application to Leg 138 Sites ”. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 138, Edited by:Pisias, NG, Mayer, LA, Janecek, TR, Palmer-Julson, A, and van Andel, TH. 73–101. College Station:TX Ocean Drilling Program.
109. Smart, CW, and Murray, JW. 1994. An early Miocene Atlantic-wide foraminiferal/palaeoceanographic event. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 108:139–148.
110. Spero, HJ. 1992. Do planktic foraminifera accurately record shifts in the carbon isotopic composition of seawater SCO2?. Marine Micropaleontology, 19:275–285.
111. Spero, HJ, and Lea, DW. 1996. Experimental determination of stable isotope variability in Globigerina bulloides:implications for paleoceanographic reconstructions. Marine Micropaleontology, 28:231–246.
112. Sutton, P. 2003. The Southland Current:a subantarctic current. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 37:645–652.
113. Thompson, RORY, and Edwards, RJ. 1981. Mixing and water-mass formation in the Australian Subantarctic. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 11:1399–1406.
114. Tomczak, M, and Godfrey, JS. 1994. Regional oceanography:an introduction, 422Oxford:Pergamon.
115. Vincent, E, and Berger, WH. 1985. Carbon dioxide and polar cooling in the Miocene:the Monterey Hypothesis Sundquist ET Broecker WSThe carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2:natural variations Archean to Present. American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph, 32:455–468.
116. Vincent, E, and Killingley, JS. 1985. “ Oxygen and carbon isotope record for the Early and Middle Miocene in the central Equatorial Pacific (Leg 85) and paleoceanographic implications ”. In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 85, Edited by:Mayer, L, Theyer, F. 749–769. Washington:U.S. Government Printing Office.
117. 12C ratio 6.2 million years ago. Marine Micropaleontology, 5:185–203.
118. Vincent, E, Killingley, JS, and Berger, WH. 1985. Miocene oxygen and carbon isotope stratigraphy of the tropical Indian Ocean In:Kennett JP ed. The Miocene ocean:paleoceanography and biogeography. Geological Society of America Memoir, 163:103–130.
119. Weaver, PPE, Neil, HL, and Carter, L. 1997. Sea surface temperature estimates from the SW Pacific based on planktonic foraminifera and oxygen isotopes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 131:241–256.
120. Wellington, GM, Dunbar, RB, and Merlen, G. 1996. Calibration of stable oxygen isotope signatures in Galapagos corals. Paleoceanography, 11:467–480.
121. Woodruff, F. 1985. Changes in Miocene deep-sea benthic foraminiferal distribution in the Pacific Ocean:relationship to paleoceanography In:Kennett JP ed. The Miocene ocean:paleoceanography and biogeography. Geological Society of America Memoir, 163:131–172.
122. 13C values of Miocene Pacific benthic foraminifera:correlations with sea level and biological productivity. Geology, 13:119–122.
123. Woodruff, F, and Savin, SM. 1989. Miocene deepwater oceanography. Paleoceanography, 4:87–140.
124. Woodruff, F, and Savin, SM. 1991. Mid-Miocene isotope stratigraphy in the deep sea:high-resolution correlations, paleoclimatic cycles and sediment preservation. Paleoceanography, 6:755–806.
125. Wright, JD, and Miller, KG. 1992. “ Miocene stable isotope stratigraphy, Site 747, Kerguelen Plateau ”. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 120, Edited by:Wise, SW, JrSchlich, R. 855–865. College Station, TX:Ocean Drilling Program.
126. Wright, JD, and Miller, KG. 1993. “ Southern Ocean influences on Late Eocene to Miocene deepwater circulation ”. In The Antarctic paleoenvironment:a perspective on global change, part 2, Edited by:Kennett, JP, and Warnke, DA. 1–26. American Geophysical Union.
127. Wright, JD, Miller, KG, and Fairbanks, RG. 1991. Evolution of modern deepwater circulation:evidence from the late Miocene Southern Ocean. Paleoceanography, 6:275–290.
128. Wright, JD, Miller, KG, and Fairbanks, RG. 1992. Early and Middle Miocene stable isotopes:implications for deepwater circulation and climate. Paleoceanography, 7:357–389.
129. Wyrtki, K. 1961. The flow of water into the deep sea basins of the western south Pacific Ocean. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 12:1–16.
130. Wyrtki, K. 1962. The subsurface water masses in the western south Pacific Ocean. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 13:18–47.
131. Zachos, JC, Stott, LD, and Lohmann, KC. 1994. Evolution of early Cenozoic marine temperatures. Paleoceanography, 9:353–387.
132. Zachos, JC, Pagani, M, Sloan, L, Thomas, E, and Billups, K. 2001. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to Present. Science, 292:686–693.