Practical Wastewater Treatment

Practical Wastewater Treatment

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-271

  Russell, David L ^a  

^a Global Environmental Operations Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 42549163896     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/0470067926     Document Type: Book

References (65)

1. See Standard Methods Oxygen Dissolved Method 4500-O/Azide Modification
2. Note that the difference in constants does cause some differences in the concentration and volume in the second and third decimal places and beyond
3. EPA suggests that diarrhea can be caused by sulfate levels of more than 650mg/l in infants and more than 1400mg/l in adults. Formore details see http://www.epa.gov/safewater/standard/sfstudy.pdf.
4. The actual definition of brackish water is between 0.5% and about 1.8% salt (500-18,000 parts per thousand).
5. EPD is the Environmental Protection of the State of Georgia
6. For a discussion of the issues, see "Comments on EPA's Proposed Arsenic Rule..."submitted by City of Albuquerque, NM, September 20, 2001. Available at http://www.cabq.gov/waterresources/docs/Arsenic%20Summary.pdf.
7. See Gurian PL, Small MJ, Lockwood JR, Schervish, M. Addressing Uncertainty and Conflicting Cost Estimates in Revising the Arsenic MCL. Environmental Science & Technology 2001, Vol. 35, pp 4414-4420.
8. Henry, Mary G. http://biology.usgs.gov/s{thorn}t/SNT/noframe/co116.htm.
9. Methods for Estimating the Chronic Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Estuarine and Marine Organisms, Second Edition, July 1994 (EPA/600/4-91/003). This manual describes six short-term (1-h to 9-day) methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to five species: The sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus; the inland silverside, Menidia beryllina; the mysid shrimp, Mysidopsis bahia; the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata; and the red macroalga, Champia parvula.
10. APHA, AWWA & WEF. Standard Methods, 19th Edition, p. 5-3.
11. The BOD bottle is a narrow mouth bottle with a ground glass stopper and a funnel rim around the seal. Before the bottle is put into the incubator, water is added to the funnel neck around the seal to insure that there is an air-free seal. The top of the bottle is often further covered with foil or plastic wrap to prevent evaporation from the water seal.
12. Russell DL, PE. Monitoring and Sampling Liquid Effluents. Chemical Engineering, October 20, 1980.
13. One facility had such a problem, and it is described, in general terms, in an article in Chemical Engineering, October 9, 1978, "Measurement Uncertainties in the NPDES Permit System,"by D.L. Russell and J.J. Tiede, p. 115.
14. Gilbert, Richard O. Statistical Methods in Environmental Monitoring, Van Nostrand Rinhold, 1987. This is the statistical book that I would consider purchasing if I did not already own it.
15. Technical Publication No. 40-The Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the United States is a reference work on rainfall probability and return rate for the eastern US. The Rainfall Frequency Atlas (TP-40) is available at http://srh.noaa.gov/lub/wx/precip_freq/precip_ index.html. The Atlas for the western US can be found at: http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/CLIMATEDATA.html
16. Mathematical Modeling for Water Pollution Control Processes, Keniath & Wanielista, Ann Arbor Science, 1975
17. Sawyer, Clair N. Chemistry for Sanitary Engineers. New York: McGraw Hill, 1960.
18. Material developed from Rich, Environmental Systems Engineering, McGraw Hill, 1960, and Water Quality and Treatment, 5th Edition, AWWA
19. Ten States Standards are available from Health Education Services in Albany, NY at http://www.hes.org. The latest edition of the standards is the 2004 edition.
20. The use of acclimatized organisms is one of the major weaknesses in using BOD as a regulatory measurement parameter. When industrial effluents are sampled, and where those effluents contain biologically resistant or unusual compounds, it is virtually impossible to obtain an accurate BOD measurement because the "seed"organisms have not developed extracellular enzymes that will permit them to degrade the compounds in the industrial effluent. As a consequence, the BOD measurements will be disproportionately low and unrepresentative of the true strength of the waste system.
21. The accuracy of the suspended solids test varies inversely with concentration from 33% at 5mg/l TSS to 0.76% at 1707mg/l TSS. There are no published accuracy data for the VSS test
22. Activated sludge model no. 1 (ASM1) is published by the International Water Association, Alliance House, 12 Caxton St., London, SWH 05Q, UK.
23. The sentence in quotations is humbly referred to as "Russell's law called waste treatment."
24. Upper Great Lakes Regional Board of Sanitary Engineers developed these standards, and they have seen almost universal application
25. http://www.nbif.org/course/env-engr/index.html.
26. http://www.ladwp.com/bizserv/water/quality/topics/giardia/giardia.htm.
27. http://www.fc.net/_tdeagan/water/one.html#GIARDIASIS.
28. http://www.epa.gov/safewater/mdbp/mdbptg.html#disinfect.
29. See 40 CFR 68 for requirements and threshold requirements
30. A paper by Xin Xu and William A Goddard III published in the November 2002, Proc. National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 99, No. 24 has done much to identify the complex formation of peroxones-see "Peroxone Chemistry: Formation of H2O3 and ring (HO2)(HO3) from O3/H2O2."
31. Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants Guidance Manual EPA 815-R-99-014, April 1999
32. http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/_ohioline/b795/b795_10.html.
33. Almost any carbon source can be utilized. Simple sugars have been utilized as well.
34. Derin Orhon and Nazik Artan, Modeling of Activated Sludge Systems, Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publishers, 1994, p. 398.
35. For air flows of around 1000ft3/gallon, in a 24ft tower, a comparison of 1:5redwood slats was made against plastic truss bars at South Lake Tahoe WWTP, and the redwood slats showed virtually 100% ammonia removal versus 75% for the truss bars. The truss bars never did reached the same level of effectiveness that the slats attained even for air flows up to 4000, the ammonia removal was only 90%. The reasons are somewhat obvious-surface area being a significant factor. See Slechta, Culp. JWPCF 1967, Vol. 39, No 5., pp. 787-814.
36. After many states instituted phosphate bans, the detergent industry voluntarily eliminated phosphate as a detergent booster in 1994
37. Litke, DavidW. Review of Phosphorus Control measures in the United States and their effect on Water Quality. USGS Water-Resources Investigation Report 99-4007. Available in pdf format at:http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/nutrients/pubs/wri99-4007.
38. Typical laundry formulations for nonphosphate detergents include up to 25% zeolite (sodium aluminium silicate), 15%-20% sodium carbonate, 15% surfactants, 13%-15% of surfactants, and 13%-18% of sodium perborate, 2%-5% sodium sulphate, and about 1% enzymes. Source: CEEP.
39. CEEP is a working group within the Central European Chemical Industry Council, located in Bruxellex, Belgium. Their publications have analyzed the character and performance of phosphate detergents and found that phosphates are not as harmful to the environment as was first thought, and that they are a very effective detergent builder, outperforming their substitutes. The other findings include the fact that phosphate detergents account for about 25% of the total P in the influent of the wastewater treatment plant (the balance is from human sources), and the overall volume of wastewater sludge generated when phosphates are used is significantly lower than when other forms of detergent substitutes are utilized.
40. See Orhon D, Artna N. Modeling of Activated Sludge Systems. Technomic Press, 1994.
41. Jiang F, Beck MB, Cummungs RG, Rowles K, Russell D. Estimation of Costs of Phosphorous Removal in Wastewater Treatment Facilities: Adaptation of Existing Facilities. Water Policy Working Paper #2005-011 February, 2005. Available at http://h2opolicycenter.org/pdf_documents/W2005011.pdf.
42. EU Cost 624 Study. Available at http://www.ensic.u-nancy.fr/COSTWWTP
43. Jiang F, Beck MB, Cummungs RG, Rowles K, Russell D. Estimation of Costs of Phosphorous Removal in Wastewater Treatment Facilities: Adaptation of Existing Facilities. Water Policy Working Paper #2005-011 February, 2005. Available at http://h2opolicycenter.org/pdf_documents/W2005011.pdf.
44. A recent study (2005) indicated that municipal wastewater treatment plants on the Etowah River (North of Atlanta, GA) were adding between 110 and 160gallons/day of commercial grade ferric chloride (FeCl3) or about 4-5mg/l to obtain an effluent quality of approximately 0.3mg/l total P. Internal notes and study for University of Georgia-Warnell School of Forestry.
45. Stumm, Morgan. Aquatic Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, 1996, ISBN 0471-81185-4.
46. Buswell AM, Mueller HF. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1952, Vol. 44, pp. 550-552 and Industrial Fermentations, New York: Chemical Publishing Company, 1954.
47. McCardy PL, Murdoch W. JWPCF 1963, Vol. 35, pp. 1501-1516.
48. McCardy, Perry and Rittman, Bruce. Environmental Technology, Principles and Application. New York: McGraw Hill, 2001, ISBN: 0072345535.
49. Reid-Crowther Web site-no longer posted
50. www.osmonics.com, p. 715.
51. Water Environment Federation. Membrane Systems for Wastewater Treatment Table 4.2, New York: McGraw Hill, 2005, ISBN 0-07-146419-0.
52. Many of the current microfiltration systems are being installed with pore sizes of 0.4 microns. The definition of suspended solids uses a 0.45 micron filter so the TSS is zero. It is also important to remember that when modeling a process using the ASM models, the definition of soluble materials is anything that passes 0.2 micron.
53. Jiang F, Beck MB, Cummungs RG, Rowles K, Russell D. Estimation of Costs of Phosphorous Removal in Wastewater Treatment Facilities: Adaptation of Existing Facilities. Water Policy Working Paper #2005-011 February, 2005. Available at http://h2opolicycenter.-org/pdf_documents/W2005011.pdf
54. Jiang F, Beck MB, Cummungs RG, Rowles K, Russell D. Estimation of Costs of Phosphorous Removal in Wastewater Treatment Facilities, DeNovo. Water Policy Working Paper #2004-10.
55. American Waterworks Association Staff. Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration. Denver: American Waterworks Association.
56. EPA Capsule Report. Reverse Osmosis Process. Cincinnati: Center for Environmental Research Association, 1996.
57. Brandt D, Leitner G, Leitner W. Reverse Osmosis Membranes State of the Art. In: Amjad, Zahid (Ph.D.), editor. Reverse OsmosisMembrane Technology,Water Chemistry, and Industrial Applications, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993.
58. www.zimpro.com.
59. Eckenfelder, Thackston. New Concepts in Wastewater Treatment. New York: Jenkins Press, 1974.
60. Tambo N,Wantanabe Y. A Kinetic Study Dissolved Air Flotation. Tokyo:World Congress of Chemical Engineering, 1968, pp. 200-203.
61. See Chapter 7 in Water Quality and Treatment by the American Water Works Association, 5th Ed., New York: McGraw Hill.
62. Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry, Vol. 2,6, Plenum Press, 1981 and Electrochemical Cell Design, Plenum Press, 1984.
63. Eckenfelder W. Industrial Water Pollution Control. New York: McGraw Hill, 1966.
64. WEF MOP#8 and Fair Gordon and Geyer FM. Elements of Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1950.
65. Govorneau, Ruxandra. Activated Sludge Flocculation Dynamics: Online Measurement Methodology and Modeling [PhD Thesis], 2003-2004. Available at the Biomath Web site for the University of Ghent and Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Population Balance Modeling, Valencia, Spain, May 5-7, 2004.