A technocratic imperial state? The colonial office and scientific research, 1940-1960

Twentieth Century British History

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 453-480

  Clarke, Sabine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 42549156834     PISSN: 09552359     EISSN: 14774674     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/tcbh/hwm017     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. David Cannadine, Ornamentalism: How the British saw their Empire (London, 2001)
2. Cain, J.A.G. Hopkins, British Imperialism, 1688-2000 (London, 2002).
3. Cannadine, Ornamentalism, 149.
4. B. Conekin, F. Mort and C. Waters (eds), Moments of Modernity: Reconstructing Britain 1945-1964 (London, New York, 1999).
5. Stephen Constantine, The Making of British Colonial Development Policy (London, 1984)
6. Havinden, M. D. Meredith, Colonialism and Development: Britain and its Tropical Colonies, 1850-1960 (London, New York, 1993), 199-205
7. Lee, J.M. M. Petter, The Colonial Office, War and Development Policy: Organisation and the Planning of a Metropolitan Initiative, 1939-1945 (London, 1982)
8. Ashton, S.R. S. Stockwell, Imperial Policy and Colonial Practice, 1925-1945, British Documents on the End of Empire (London, 1996)
9. Hyam, R. The Labour Government and the End of Empire, 1945-1951, London, 1992)
10. Wm. Roger Louis, Imperialism at Bay, 1941-1945: The United States and the Decolonisation of the British Empire (Oxford, 1977) 101-3.
11. David Edgerton, Warfare State: Britain, 1920-1970 (Cambridge, 2005).
12. Pearce, R.D. The Turning Point in Africa: British Colonial Policy 1938-1948 (London, 1982), Ch. 1
13. Hyam (ed.), The Labour Government and the End of Empire, 1945-1951 Introduction.
14. Kirk-Greene, A. On Crown Service. A History of HM Colonial and Overseas Civil Services 1837-1997 (London, 1999), 51.
15. This phrase appears to have been first used by D.A. Low and J. Lonsdale, 'Towards the new order, 1945-1963', in D.A. Low and Alison Smith (eds), History of East Africa, Vol. III (Oxford, 1976), 1-63.
16. John Lonsdale uses the same expression in, 'East Africa', in J. M. Brown and Wm. Roger Louis (eds), The Oxford History of the British Empire, The Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1999), 530-44.
17. The phrase 'second colonial occupation' is used on p. 540. John Iliffe quotes the expression in A Modern History of Tanganyika (Cambridge, 1979), 436.
18. The related phrase 'second colonial invasion is used by John Hargreaves in Decolonization in Africa (London, 1996), 117-20.
19. Roy Lewis, Colonial Development and Welfare, 1946-1955 (London, 1956).
20. Such as Gummett, P. Scientists in Whitehall (Manchester, 1980)
21. Wilkie, T. British Science and Politics Since 1945 (Oxford, 1991)
22. Rose, S. and Rose, H. Science and Society (London, 1969)
23. J.B. Poole and K. Andrews, The Government of Science in Britain (London, 1972)
24. Vig, N.J Science and Technology in British Politics (Oxford, 1968).
25. The allocation for research for the Medical Research Council for the years 1945-1950 was as follows: 1945-1946, £295,000; 1946-1947, £465,000; 1947-1948, £698,000; 1948-1949, £1,135,000; 1949-1950, £1,618,000. The allocation for research for the Agricultural Research Council for the same period was: 1945-1946, £300,000; 1946-1947, £300,000; 1947-1948, £400,000; 1948-1949, £450,000; 1949-1950, £777,000.
26. Lewis, Colonial Development and Welfare, 1946-1955.
27. For a summary, see Jeffries, C. A Review of Colonial Research, 1940-1960 (London, 1964).
28. John M. MacKenzie (ed.), Imperialism and the Natural World (Manchester, 1990)
29. D. Anderson and R. Grove (eds), Conservation in Africa: Peoples, Policies and Practice (Cambridge, 1987)
30. J. McCracken (ed.), Malawi: An Alternative Pattern of Development (Edinburgh, 1985).
31. Worboys, M. 'Science and British Colonial Imperialism, 1895-1940' (DPhil, University of Sussex, 1979).
32. Ashton, S.R. and Stockwell, S.E. Imperial Policy and Colonial Practice, 1925-1945 (London, 1996), xxvi
33. The National Archives, Public Records Office (PRO), CO 970/16.
34. In 1950, there were 21 subject departments and eight geographical departments, Hyam, R. The Oxford History of the British Empire (Oxford, 1999), Vol. IV, 150.
35. Worboys, 'Science and British Colonial Imperialism, 1895-1940'.
36. Jeffries, A Review of Colonial Research, 1940-1960, 13-18.
37. £120 million over ten years was made available for development.
38. Lord Hailey, An African Survey (Oxford, 1938), xxix-xxv.
39. for the history of the African Survey see, John W. Cell, Hailey: A Study in British Imperialism, 1872-1969 (Cambridge, 1992), 211
40. Helen Tilley, 'Africa as a 'living laboratory'. The African Research Survey and the British Colonial Empire: Consolidating environmental, medical and anthropological debates, 1920-1940' (DPhil, University of Oxford, 2001), ch. 2.
41. Worthington, E.B. Science in Africa (Oxford, 1938), 615-25.
42. Worthington, Science in Africa, 24.
43. Worthington, Science in Africa, 320.
44. Worthington, Science in Africa, 341.
45. Worthington, Science in Africa, 23-4, 124-5.
46. Worthington, Science in Africa, 17.
47. Worthington, Science in Africa, 20-121, 316-7.
48. Worthington, Science in Africa, 17.
49. PRO, CO 847/13/13.
50. PRO, CO 847/13/13.
51. PRO, CO 859/79/15.
52. Constantine, The Making of British Colonial Development Policy
53. Havinden and Meredith, Colonialism and Development; Ashton and Stockwell, Imperial Policy and Colonial Practice, 1925-1945
54. Morgan, D. J. The Official History of Colonial Development (London, 1980).
55. Havinden and Meredith, Colonialism and Development, 199-204.
56. PRO CO 927/1/3.
57. PRO CO 927/1/3.
58. PRO CO 874/36/4.
59. Pearce, The Turning Point in Africa, 47.
60. Lee, J.M. and M. Petter, The Colonial Office, War and Development Policy, 152
61. Havinden and Meredith, Colonialism and Development, 215-7.
62. Worthington was seconded as Scientific Secretary to the East African High Commission in 1946 and appointed Scientific Secretary General to the Scientific Council for African South of the Sahara, created in 1949. The council was an international body formed to co-ordinate scientific activities organised by all the European powers in Africa. In 1946 Worthington was invited to draw up the first 10-year Development Plan for Uganda by the Governor, Sir John Hathorne.
63. PRO CO 900/2.
64. PRO, CO 847/13/13.
65. Edgerton, Warfare State.
66. PRO, CO 859/40/13
67. CO 859/79/13.
68. On the involvement of Topley and Mellanby in the development of a bacteriological research programme in the 1930s see Brian Balmer, Britain and Biological Warfare. Expert Advice and Science Policy, 1930-65 (Basingstoke, 2001).
69. In 1948 the CRC underwent a change of name to the Colonial Research Council, with some changes in its membership. King was appointed to the Colonial Research Council at this time (representing the Advisory Council on Scientific Policy) until leaving on his appointment as Chief Scientific Officer at the DSIR in 1950.
70. Alexander King, Science and Policy: The International Stimulus (Oxford, 1984), 11. Quoted in Philip Chaston, 'Gentlemanly professionals within the Civil Service: Scientists as insiders during the interwar period' (DPhil, University of Kent at Canterbury, 1997).
71. PRO, CO 859/40/13
72. CO 859/79/13.
73. Jeffries, A Review of Colonial Research, 1940-1960
74. Colonial Research Committee Progress Report, 1942-1943, Cmd 6486.
75. PRO CO 913/1.
76. PRO CO 874/36/4.
77. PRO CO 900/2.
78. PRO CO 852/588/2.
79. PRO CO 900/2
80. Colonial Research, 1945-1946, Col. No. 208.
81. Colonial Research, 1942-1943, Cmd 6486
82. Colonial Research, 1943-1944, Cmd 6535
83. Colonial Research, 1944-1945, Cmd 6663
84. Colonial Research, 1945-1946, Col. No. 208
85. Colonial Research, 1946-1947, Cmd 7151
86. Colonial Research, 1947-1948, Cmd 7493
87. Colonial Research, 1948-1949, Cmd 7739
88. Colonial Research, 1949-1950, Cmd 8063
89. Colonial Research, 1950-1951, Cmd 8303
90. Colonial Research, 1951-1952, Cmd 8665
91. Colonial Research, 1952-1953, Cmd 8971
92. Colonial Research, 1953-1954, Cmd 9303
93. Colonial Research, 1954-1955, Cmd 9626
94. Colonial Research, 1955-1956, Cmnd 52
95. Colonial Research, 1956-1957, Cmnd 321
96. Colonial Research, 1957-1958, Cmnd 591
97. Colonial Research, 1958-1959, Cmnd 938
98. Colonial Research, 1959-1960, Cmnd 1215
99. Colonial Research, 1960-1961, Cmnd 1584.
100. Of the remainder, 16 percent was spent on research in medicine, 8 percent on tsetse fly and trypanosomiasis, 8 percent on social science and economics, 8 percent on insecticides, 4 percent on anti-locust research, 4 per cent on research into tropical products, and the rest on schemes in a number of miscellaneous areas.
101. Colonial Research, 1942-1943, Cmd 6486
102. Colonial Research, 1943-1944, Cmd 6535
103. Colonial Research, 1944-1945, Cmd 6663
104. Colonial Research, 1945-1946, Col. No. 208
105. Colonial Research, 1946-1947, Cmd 7151
106. Colonial Research, 1947-1948, Cmd 7493
107. Colonial Research, 1948-1949, Cmd 7739
108. Colonial Research, 1949-1950, Cmd 8063
109. Colonial Research, 1950-1951, Cmd 8303.
110. Colonial Research, 1944-1945, Cmd 6663
111. Colonial Research, 1945-1946, Col. No. 208
112. Colonial Research, 1946-1947, Cmd 7151
113. Colonial Research, 1947-1948, Cmd 7493
114. Colonial Research, 1948-1949, Cmd 7739
115. Colonial Research, 1949-1950, Cmd 8063
116. Colonial Research, 1950-1951, Cmd 8303.
117. PRO CO 927/88/6.
118. PRO CO 927/88/6.
119. PRO CO 900/1.
120. PRO CO 900/1.
121. PRO CO 927/37/1.
122. Colonial Research 1958-1959, Cmnd 938.
123. PRO CO 900/13.
124. PRO CO 900/12.
125. Interview with K. Hocking, 24 June 2003; interview with A.L.C. Thorne, 26 June 2003.
126. Interview with A.L.C. Thorne, 26 June 2003.
127. L.A. Reynolds and E.M. Tansey (eds), British Contributions to Medical Research and Education in Africa after the Second World War, Wellcome Witnesses to the Twentieth Century, Vol. 10, 29, 61.
128. PRO CO 927/201/6.
129. Sabine Clarke, 'Experts, empire and development: Fundamental research for the British colonies, 1940-1960' (Imperial College, 2005).
130. PRO CO 927/201/6.
131. PRO CO 927/175/1.
132. Pat Holden, 'Doctors and other Medical Personnel in the Public Health Services in Africa, 1930-1965', Oxford Development Records Project (1986), 49-50.
133. PRO CO 927/175/6.