VR in the ER: ER's use of e-media

Screen

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 313-331

  Butler, Jeremy G ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 42549153326     PISSN: 00369543     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/screen/42.4.313     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. 'Press releases', ERLive. URL: http://www.ERLive.com/press. html [5 January 1998].
2. Ken Neville. 'Minor wounds, killer ratings for live "ER"', Elonline. URL: http://www.eonline. com/News/ltems/0.1.1833.00.html [28 February 2000].
3. Jack Spellman, 'Re: captions on live ER episode', e-mail to the author, 3 March 2000.
4. John Ellis, Visible Fictions: Cinema Television Video (New York: Routledge, 1992);
5. Janet H. Murray, Hamlet on the Holodeck: the Future of Narrative in Cyberspace (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997);
6. Margaret Morse, Virtualities: Television, Media Art, and Cyberculture (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1998).
7. Charles Derry, 'Television soap opera: incest, bigamy, and fatal disease'. Journal of the University Film and Video Association, vol. 35, no. 1 (1983). pp. 4-16.
8. Jeremy G. Butler, 'Miami Vice: the legacy of Film Noir', Journal of Popular Film and Television, vol. 13, no. 3 (1985). pp. 126-38.
9. Reprinted in Alain Silver and James Ursini (eds), Film Noir Reader (New York: Limelight, 1996). pp. 288-305.
10. Ken Kwapis, telephone interview, 24 February 2000.
11. David Bordwell. On the History of Film Style (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997). p. 168.
12. Herb Zettl, Sight Sound Motion: Applied Media Aesthetics, third edition (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1999), pp. 141-63.
13. Kwapis, telephone interview.
14. Zettl, Sight Sound Motion, p.41.
15. Dziga Vertov, in Annette Michelson (ed.), Kino-Eye: the Writings of Dziga Vertov, trans. Kevin O'Brien (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984), p. 17.
16. Peter Wollen,'Godard and counter cinema: Vent d'Est', Afterimage, no. 4 (Autumn 1975). Reprinted in Readings and Writings: Semiotic Counter-Strategies (London: Verso, 1982), pp. 79-91.
17. For more on Fox 'reality' programmes, see Tarleton Gillespie, 'Narrative control and visual polysemy: Fox surveillance specials and the limits of legitimation', Velvet Light Trap, no. 45 (2000), pp. 36-49.
18. Jean-Pierre Geuens, 'Visuality and power: the work of the Steadicam', Film Quarterly, vol. 47, no. 2 (1993-4), p. 16.
19. André Bazin, Jean Renoir, trans. W. W. Halsey 11 and William H. Simon (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973), p. 46.
20. For examples from As the World Turns, see Jeremy G. Butler, 'Notes on the soap opera apparatus: televisual style and As the World Turns', Cinema Journal, vol 25, no. 3(1986), p. 59.
21. Ellis, Visible Fictions, p. 106.
22. Roland Barthes, 'Rhetoric of the image', in Stephen Heath (ed. and trans.), Image Music Text (New York: Hill and Wang, 1977), p. 44.
23. Stephen Heath and Gillian Skirrow, 'Television, a world in action', Screen, vol. 18, no. 2 (1977), p. 61.
24. For additional differences between the two, see Neville, 'Minor wounds, killer ratings for live "ER"'.
25. Mark J.P. Wolf, 'Inventing space: toward a taxonomy of on- and off-screen space in video games', Film Quarterly, vol. 51, no. 1 (1997), pp. 11-23.
26. Murray, Hamlet on the Holodeck, p. 67.
27. John Thomton Caldwell, Televisuality: Style, Crisis and Authority in American Television (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), p. 264.
28. Bordwell, On the History of Film Style, p. 168.
29. John Belton, Widescreen Cinema (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).
30. 'It's a WRAP!!!', ERLive. URL:
31. http://www.ERLive.com/wrap.html [5 January 1998].
32. Quoted in Belton, Widescreen Cinema, p. 98.
33. QuickTime VR Authoring. URL: http://www.apple.com/quicktime/ qtvr [12 June 2000].
34. Morse, Virtualities, p. 91.
35. Wolf, 'Inventing space', p. 20.
36. Lev Manovich, 'An archeology of a computer screen', Lev Manovich. URL: http://www-apparitions. ucsd.edu/-manovich/text/digital-nature.html [10 June 2000].
37. 'Mass distraction: media consumption in dollars and hours', Wired (May 2000), p. 105.