Russia and China in the global economy

Demokratizatsiya

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 37-47

  Balzer, Harley ^a  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

China; Economic development; Globalization; Russia

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; GLOBAL ECONOMY; GLOBALIZATION; MANUFACTURED EXPORT; SUPERPOWER; TRADE LIBERALIZATION;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; RUSSIAN FEDERATION;

EID: 42549140228     PISSN: 10746846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3200/DEMO.16.1.37-48     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. The Russian Republic was the largest component of the Soviet Union until its dissolution in December 1991. For simplicity and continuity, I refer to "Russia" throughout this article, meaning the Russian Republic through 1991 and the Russian Federation thereafter.
2. Jeffrey D. Sachs and Wing Thye Woo, "Reform in China and Russia," Economic Policy 18 (1994): 101-45. Sachs and Woo cite "three interrelated flaws" in the Soviet economy: overbuilt heavy industry but too little light industry and services; almost all workers in state-subsidized jobs; and the entire population covered by the welfare system. Characterizing the welfare system as a "flaw" contradicts statements Sachs makes elsewhere about the importance of safety nets during transition.
3. Thomas J. Stanley and William D. Danko, The Millionaire Next Door: The Surprising Secrets of America's Wealth, (New York: Pocket Books, 1996), 19. The "poster children" for returning Russians are Boris Jordan, who was manipulated into helping disguise the Kremlin takeover of NTV, and Paul Khlebnikov, the Forbes journalist who was murdered in 2004.
4. Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005); Andrew Walder, Communist Neo-Traditionalism: Work and Authority in Chinese Industry (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).
5. Jude Howell, China Opens Its Doors: The Politics of Economic Transition (Boulder, CO: Lynne Reiner, 1993)
6. Minxin Pei, From Reform to Revolution: The Demise of Communism in China and the Soviet Union (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994)
7. David Zweig, Internationalizing China: Domestic Interests and Global Linkages (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002).
8. Yan Sun, "Reform, State and Corruption: Is Corruption Less Destructive in China than in Russia?" Comparative Politics, October 1999, 1-20
9. Steven Lee Solnick, "The Breakdown of Hierarchies in the Soviet Union and China: A Neoinstitutional Perspective," World Politics, 48 (January 1996): 209-38
10. Andrei Shleifer, "Federalism with and without Political Centralization: China versus Russia," in Shleifer, A Normal Country, Russia after Communism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 147-55
11. Barry Naughton, "Chinese Economic Success: Effective Reform Policies or Unique Conditons?" in The Evolutionary Transition to Capitalism, ed. Kazimierz Z. Poznanski, 135-53 (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995).
12. Vivienne Shue, "Legitimacy Crisis in China?," in State and Society in 21st-century China: Crisis, Contention and Legitimation, ed. Peter Hays Gries and Stanley Rosen, 24-49 (New York: Routledge, 2004).
13. My discussion here draws on the works by Howell, Pei, and Zweig cited in note 5; Mary Gallagher, "Reform and Openness: Why China's Economic Reforms Have Delayed Democracy," World Politics 54, no. 3 (2002):338-72
14. and Yongnian Zheng, Globalization and State Transformation in China (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
15. For a different perspective see Dali L. Yang, Remaking the Chinese Leviathan: Market Transition and the Politics of Governance in China (Stanford, CA: Stanford Universtiy Press, 2004).
16. Thomas G. Moore, "China and Globalization," in East Asia and Globalization, ed. Samuel S. Kim, 105-32 (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000)
17. Lee Branstetter and Nicholas Lardy, "China's Embrace of Globalization" (National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 12373, July 2006).
18. Yunxiang Yan, "Managed Globalization: State Power and Cultural Transition in China," in Many Globalizations: Cultural Diversity in the Contemporary World, ed. Peter L. Berger and Samuel P. Huntington, 19-47, quoted passage 20, (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2002).
19. David Shambaugh, China's Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008, forthcoming).
20. Most of the growth of the middle class from 1995 to 1998 was a result of trickle-down from oil revenues. See Thane Gustafson, Capitalism Russian-Style (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). It is likely that the increase in oil prices during 2000-6 has produced a similar situation, though we will know for certain only when prices fall. A recent study by the Russian Academy of Sciences found that the middle class shrank from 25 percent to 22 percent of the population between 2003 and 2006. Half of the Russians included in the middle class by this study worked for the government.
21. Merritt T. Cooke, "The Politics of Greater China's Integration into the Global Info Tech (IT) Supply Chain," Joumal of Contemporary China 13, no. 40 (2004): 491-506, quoted passage 497.
22. I. P. Gurova, E. V. Zykova, and E. B. Skliarova, "Diversifikatsiia rossiiskogo eksporta [Diversification of Russian exports]," EKO no. 9 (2007): 29-42.
23. Zweig, Internationalizing China.
24. Sylvie Démurger, Jeffrey D. Sachs, Wing Thye Woo, Shuming Bao, Gene Chang, and Andrew Mellinger, "Geography, Economic Policy, and Regional Development in China" (National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 8897, April 2002)
25. Becky P. Y. Loo, "Export Expansion in the People's Republic of China since 1978: A Case Study of the Pearl River Delta," The China Quarterly 177 (March 2004): 133-54.
26. Quoted in Zweig, Internationalizing China, 165.
27. Sun, "Reform, State, and Corruption"
28. Solnick, "The Breakdown of Hierarchies."
29. World Bank, Anticorruption in Transition 3: Who is Succeeding... and Why? (Washington, DC: IBRD/World Bank, 2006), 38
30. INDEM, "Vo skol'ko raz uvelichilas' korruptsiia za 4 goda: rezul'taty novogo issledovaniia Fonda INDEM" [By how many times has corruption Increased in 4 years: Results of new research by the INDEM Fund] (Moscow: INDEM, 2005), 3-4.
31. David C. Kang, Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) 190, emphasis added.
32. Russian television broadcasts on ORT and NTV, June 20, 1996.
33. Minxin Pei, China's Trapped Transition: The Limits of Developmental Autocracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).