Intersexuality and alternative gender categories in non-Western cultures

Hormone Research

Volumn 69, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 240-250

  Lang, Claudia ^a   Kuhnle, Ursula ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^b Center for Child/Adolescent Health   (Germany)

^c Ctr for Child and Adolescent Health   (Germany)

Author keywords

Culture; Disorders of sexual development; Gender variance, role, identity; Intersexuality

Indexed keywords

STEROID 5ALPHA REDUCTASE;

AFRICA; ASIA; BEHAVIOR; CASTRATION; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; DOMINICAN REPUBLIC; ENZYME DEFICIENCY; GENDER IDENTITY; GENITAL MALFORMATION; HERMAPHRODITISM; HUMAN; INDIA; INDONESIA; KENYA; NORTH AMERICA; PAPUA NEW GUINEA; POLYNESIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELIGION; REVIEW; SEX ROLE; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT; SEXUAL ORIENTATION; SEXUALITY; SOCIAL ASPECT; STEROID 5 ALPHA REDUCTASE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; TURKEY (REPUBLIC);

CULTURE; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HERMAPHRODITISM; HUMANS; MALE; RELIGION; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL CLASS; WESTERN WORLD;

EID: 42449146662     PISSN: 03010163     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000113025     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Hughes IA, Houk C, Ahmed SF, Lee PA: LWPES Consensus Group/ESPE Consensus Group: Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders. Arch Dis Child 2006;91:554-563.
2. Hines M, Ahmed SF, Hughes IA: Psychological outcomes and gender-related development in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. Arch Sex Behav 2003;32:93-101.
3. Jaaskelainen J, Tiitinen A, Voutilainen R: Sexual function and fertility in adult females and males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Horm Res 2001;56:73-80.
4. Kuhnle U, Bullinger M, Schwarz HP: The quality of life in adult female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a comprehensive study of the impact of genital malformations and chronic disease on female patients life. Eur J Pediatr 1995;154:708-716.
5. Minto C, Liao LM, Woodhouse CR, Ransley PG, Creighton SM: The effect of clitoral surgery on sexual outcome in individuals who have intersex conditions with ambiguous genitalia: a cross sectional study. Lancet 2003;361:1252-1257.
6. Lang C: Intersexualität. Menschen zwischen den Geschlechtern. Frankfurt, Campus, 2006.
7. Muller E: Weder Mann noch Frau. Student kämpft um Anerkennung als Zwitter. Süddeutsche Zeitung, October 18, 2001, p 43.
8. Blizzard RM: Intersex issues: a series of continuing conundrums. Pediatrics 2002;110:616-620.
9. Kuhnle U, Krahl W: The impact of culture on sex assignment and gender development in intersex patients. Perspect Biol Med 2002;45:85-103.
10. Imperato-McGinley J, Peterson RE, Gautier T: Androgens and the evolution of male-gender identity among male pseudohermaphrodites with 5α-reductase deficiency. N Engl J Med 1979;300:1233-1237.
11. Money J: Gender identity and hermaphroditism (letter). Science 1976;191:872.
12. Diamond M, Sigmundson K: Sex reassignment at birth. Long-term review and clinical implications. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997a;151:298-304.
13. Diamond M, Sigmundson K: Management of intersexuality. Guidelines for dealing with persons with ambiguous genitalia. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997b;151:1046-1050.
14. Intersex Society of North America: Recommendations for Treatment: Intersex Infants and Children. San Francisco, Intersex Society of North America, 1995.
15. Kuhnle U, Krahl W: Geschlechtsentwicklung zwischen Genen und Hormonen. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2003;151:586-593.
16. Meyer-Bahlburg HFL: Gender assignment and reassignment in 46,XY pseudohermaphroditism and related conditions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:3455-3458.
17. Migeon CJ, Wisniewski AB, Brown TR: 46,XY intersex individuals: phenotype and etiologic classification, knowledge of condition, and satisfaction with knowledge in adulthood. Pediatrics 2002a;110:e32.
18. Migeon CJ, Wisniewski AB, Gerheart JP: Ambiguous genitalia with perineoscrotal hypospadias in 46,XY individuals: long-term medical, surgical and psychosexual outcome. Pediatrics 2002b;110:e31.
19. Wisniewski AB, Migeon CJ, Gearhart JP, Rock JA, Berkovitz GD, Plotnick LP, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Money J: Congenital micropenis: long-term medical surgical and psychosexual follow-up of individuals raised male or female. Horm Res 2001;56:3-11.
20. Kuhnle U, Balzer W: Genderdifferenzen: Medizin zwischen Geschlechtsentwicklung und Genderforschung; in Schönwälder-Kuntze T, Heel S, Wendel C, Wille K (eds): Störfall Gender. Grenzdiskussionen in und zwischen den Wissenschaften. Wiesbaden, Westdeutscher Verlag, 2003.
21. Lang S: Männer als Frauen - Frauen als Männer. Geschlechtsrollenwechsel bei den Indianern Nordamerikas. Hamburg, Wayasabah, 1990.
22. Röttger-Rössler B:'Frauen sind freier' - Geschlechtsrollenwechsel in einer indonesischen Gesellschaft. Kea Zeitschr Kulturwissenschaften 1994;7:87-108.
23. Agrawal A: Gendered bodies. The case of the 'third gender'. Contrib Indian Sociol 1997;3:273-297.
24. Schröter S: Intersexualität als soziale Kategorie, Die Philosophin. Forum für feministische Theorie und Philosophie 28, Intersex und Geschlechterstudien, 2003, pp 36-49.
25. Herdt G: Mistaken gender:5-alpha reductase hermaphroditism and biological reductionism in sexual identity reconsidered. Am Anthropol 1990;92:433-446.
26. Herdt G: Mistaken sex: culture, biology and the third sex in New Guinea; in Herdt G (ed): Third Sex, Third Gender. Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. New York, Zone, 1994.
27. Rubin RT, Reinisch JM, Haskett RF: Postnatal gonadal steroid effects on human behavior. Science 1981;211:1318-1324.
28. Sagarin E: Sex rearing and sexual orientation: the reconciliation of apparently contradictory data. J Sex Res 1975;11:329-334.
29. Akgun S, Ertel NH, Imperato-McGinley J, Sayli BS, Shackleton C: Familial male pseudohermaphroditism due to 5-alpha-reductase deficiency in a Turkish village. Am J Med 1986;81:267-274.
30. Cohen-Kettenis PT: Gender change in 46,XY persons with a 5α-reductase-2 deficiency and 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 deficiency. Arch Sex Behav 2005;34:399-410.
31. Jacobs SE, Wesley T, Lang S (eds): Two-Spirit People. Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality. Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1997.
32. Nanda S: Neither Man nor Woman: The Hijras of India. Belmont, Wadsworth, 1990.
33. Nanda S: Hijra. An alternative sex and gender role in India; in Herdt G (ed): Third Sex, Third Gender. Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. New York, Zone, 1994.
34. Edgerton PB: Pokot intersexuality. An East African example of the resolution of sexual incongruity. Am Anthropol 1964;66:1288-1299.
35. Speiser PhW, White PC: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 2003;349:776-788.
36. Galli-Tsinopoulou A, Hiort O, Schuster T, Messer G, Kuhnle U: A novel point mutation in the hormone binding domain of the androgen receptor associated with partial and minimal androgen insensitivity syndrome. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2003;16:149-154.
37. Lang S: Geschlechtsrollenwechsel und kulturelle Konstruktionen von Heterosexualität und Homosexualität in indigenen Kulturen Nordamerikas; in Völger G (ed): Sie und Er. Frauenmacht und Männerherrschaft im Kulturvergleich. Köln, Ethnologica NF, 1997.
38. Hill W: The status of the hermaphrodite and transvestite in Navajo culture. Am Anthropol 1935;37:273-279.
39. Thomas W: Navajo cultural construction of gender and sexuality; in Jacobs SE, Wesley T, Lang S (eds): Two-Spirit People. Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality. Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1997.
40. Witherspoon G: Language and Art in the Navajo Universe. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1977.
41. Röttger-Rössler B: Männer, Frauen und andere Geschlechter: Zur Relativierung der Zweigeschlechtigkeit in außereuropäischen Kulturen; in Völger G (ed): Sie und Er. Frauenmacht und Männerherrschaft im Kulturvergleich. Köln, Ethnologica NF, 1997.
42. Tietz E: Crooked circles and straight lines. Zum Wandel im Verhältnis in Variabilität und Normalität in alternativen Geschlechtskonstruktionen indianischer Kulturen Nordamerikas; in Schröter S (ed): Körper und Identität: Ethnologische Ansätze zur Konstruktion von Geschlecht. Hamburg, LIT, 1988.
43. Kucheria K, Ammini AC, Taneja N: Cytogenetic and hormonal aspects of eunuchs (hijras). J Anat Soc India 1988;37:105-109.
44. Hall K:'Go suck your husband's sugarcane'! Hijra, and the use of sexual insult; in Livia A, Hall K (eds): Queerly Phrased. Language, Gender and Sexuality. New York, Oxford University Press, 1997.
45. Hamonic G: Transvestissemant et bisexualite chez les bissu du pays Bugis. Archipel 1975;10:121-134.
46. Holt C: Dance Quest in Celebes. Paris, Fayard, 1980.
47. van der Kroef J: Transvestism and the Religious Hermaphrodite in Indonesia. Univ Manila J East Asiat Stud 1954;3:257-265.
48. Bogoras W: The Chukchee. New York, Stechert, 1975.
49. Saladin d'Anglure M: Rethinking Inuit shamanism through the concept of 'third gender'; in Hoppal M, Pentikainen J (eds): Northern Religions and Shamanism. Budapest, Akademiai Kiado, 1992.
50. Cumming ED: Eunuchry: a manuscript collection on the history of human castration with notes on the personalities of eunuchs. Scarsdale, New York Academy of Medicine Library (59 volumes), 1931-1937.
51. Wilson JD, Roehrborn C: Long-term consequences of castration in men: lessons from the Skoptzy and the Eunuchs of the Chinese and Ottoman courts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:4324-4331.
52. Grémaux R: Woman becomes man in the Balkans; in Herdt G (ed): Third Sex, Third Gender. Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. New York, Zone, 1994.
53. Young A: Women Who Become Men: Albania Sworn Virgins. Oxford, Berg, 2000.
54. Behrend H: Geistbesessenheit und Geschlecht. Königsfrauen in Buganda; in Völger G (ed): Sie und Er. Frauenmacht und Mä nnerherrschaft. Köln, Ethnologica NF, 1997.
55. Oboler RS: Is the female husband a man? Woman/woman marriage among the Nandi of Kenya. Ethnology 1980,19:69-88.
56. Tietmeyer E: Geschlechtsrollenwechsel durch Heirat? Zur Gynaegamie in Afrika. Kea Zeitschr Kulturwissenschaften 1994;7:109-118.
57. Westphal-Hellbusch S: Transvestiten bei Arabischen Stämmen. Sociologus 1956;6:126-137.
58. Wikan U: Man becomes woman: transsexualism in Oman as a key to gender roles. Man 1977;12:304-319.
59. Wikan U: The Omani xanith: a third gender role. Man 1978;13:473-475.
60. Sheperd G: Transsexualism in Oman? Man 1978;13:133-136.
61. Oetomo D: Gender and sexual orientation in Indonesia; in Sears LJ (ed): Fantasizing the Feminine in Indonesia. Durham, Duke University Press, 1996.
62. Besnier N: Polynesian gender liminality through time and space; in Herdt G (ed): Third Sex, Third Gender. Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. New York, Zone, 1994.
63. Johnson M: Beauty and Power. Transgendering and Cultural Transformation in the Southern Philippines. Oxford, Berg, 1997.
64. Poasa K: The Samoan fa'afafine: one case study and discussion of transsexualism. J Psychol, Hum Sex 1992;5:39-51.
65. Shore B: Sexuality and gender in Samoa: conceptions and missed conceptions; in Ortner S, Whitehead H (eds): Sexual Meaning. The Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexualtity. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981.
66. Mageo JM: Male Transvestism and cultural change in Samoa. Am Ethnol 1992;19:443-458.
67. Wilson JD: The role of androgens in male gender role behaviour. Endocr Rev 1999;20:726-737.
68. Baumann H: Das doppelte Geschlecht. Ethnologische Studien zur Bisexualität in Ritus und Mythos. Berlin, Reimer, 1986.
69. Errington S: Recasting sex, gender and power: theoretical introduction and regional overview; in Errington S, Atkinson J (eds): Power and Difference: Gender in Island Southeast Asia. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1990.
70. Pelras C: The Bugis (The People of South-East Asia and the Pacific). Oxford, Blackwell, 1996.
71. Schärer H: Die Gottesidee der Ngadju Dajak in Süd-Borneo. Leiden, Brill, 1946.