The shift from character to personality in mainline protestant thought, 1935-1945

Church History

Volumn 67, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 537-555

  Warren, Heather A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 42449146329     PISSN: 00096407     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3170945     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Roy A. Burkhart, "Guiding the Adolescent to Mental Health," Religious Education 30 (1935): 35
2. Warren I. Susman, " 'Personality' and the Making of Twentieth-Century Culture," in New Directions in American Intellectual History, ed. John Higham and Paul Conkin (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979), 212-26
3. E. Brooks Holifield, A History of Pastoral Care in America: From Salvation to Self-Realization (Nashville: Abingdon, 1983)
4. Franz G. Alexander, M.D., and Sheldon T. Selesnick, M.D., The History of Psychiatry: An Evaluation of Psychiatric Thought and Practice from Prehistoric Times to the Present (New York: Harper and Row, 1966)
5. W. W. Meissner, S.J., M.D., Psychoanalysis and Religious Experience (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984)
6. William Graebner, The Age of Doubt: American Thought and Culture in the 1940s (Boston: Twayne, 1991)
7. Joseph F. Kett, Rites of Passage: Adolescence in America, 1790 to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1977), 105-107
8. B. Edward McClellan, Schools and the Shaping of Character: Moral Education in America, 1607-Present (Bloomington: ERIC Clearinghouse for Sodal Studies/Social Sdence Education and the Social Studies Development Center, Indiana University, 1992), 27, 29
9. Karen Halttunen, Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study of Middle-Class Culture in America, 1830-1870 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), especially chapter 4
10. "Sentimental Culture and the Problem of Etiquette," 92-123
11. See also Barbara Welter, "The Cult of True Womanhood, 1820-1860," American Quarterly 18 (1966), 151-74
12. and Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977)
13. David B. Danbohm, "The World of Hope": Progressives and the Struggle for an Ethical Public Life (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987), 11, 15
14. Ferenc Szasz, "The Stress on 'Character and Service' in Progressive America," Mid-America 63 (1981): 145-56
15. For details about turmoil internal to the REA see Steven A. Schmidt, A History of the Religious Education Association (Birmingham, Ala.: Religious Education Press, 1983), 90-91
16. Financial difficulties also led to the ouster of the general secretary who was unable to get the REA out of the red. For more about the dominance of the concept of character in the 1920s and early 1930s, see Heather A. Warren, "Character, Public Schooling, and Religious Education, 1920-1934," Religion and American Culture 7 (1997): 61-80
17. Edith M. Quick, "The Philosophical Outlook for Character Education," Religious Education 31 (1936): 37
18. E. J. Chave, in "Character and Christian Education: Two Reviews of Dr. Cole's Book," Religious Education 32 (1937): 64
19. A. J. Myers, "Some Recent Writings on Character Education," Religious Education 31 (1936): 192-97
20. Thomas H. Nelson, "Character Building in the College," Religious Education 31 (1936): 5-12
21. J. M. Artman and J. A. Jacobs, "The Significance of Present Trends in the Character Education Movement," Religious Education 23 (1928): 243
22. A. A. Roback, The Psychology of Character - With a Survey of Temperament (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1927), xi
23. E. G. Homrighausen, "The Real Problem of Religious Education," Religious Education 34 (1939): 11
24. Holifield, Pastoral Care in America, 228-29
25. Tyron Inbody, "History of Empirical Theology," in Empirical Theology: A Handbook, ed. Randolph Crump Miller (Birmingham, Ala.: Religious Education Press, 1992), 19
26. Douglas Clyde Mackintosh, Theology as an Empirical Science (New York: Macmillan, 1919), 90-99, 140-56
27. Inbody, "History of Empirical Theology," 19, 23-24
28. For example, Edward S. Ames in "Discussion on Professor Bower's Paper," Religious Education 34 (1939): 174
29. William Clayton Bower, "Reaction and Neglected Values," Religious Education 32 (1937): 10
30. idem, "The Challenge of Reaction to Liberal Thought," Religious Education 32 (1937): 123
31. Bower, "Challenge of Reaction," 117, 123
32. Bower, "Reaction and Neglected Values," 5
33. idem, "Points of Tension between Progressive Religious Education and Current Theological Trends," Religious Education 34 (1939): 164-72
34. Stewart A. Cole, "Report of the Chester Discussion Group: The Church and Religious Naturalism," Religious Education 31 (1936): 102
35. Bower, "Reaction and Neglected Values," 6
36. Homrighausen, "Real Problem of Religious Education," 15
37. qCole, " Chester Discussion Group," 106
38. Bower, "Points of Tension," 169
39. Hugh Hartshorne, "The Study of Growth in Religion," Religious Education 34 (1939): 67
40. see also idem, "Study of Growth in Religion," 68
41. Hartshorne, "Study of Growth in Religion," 68
42. Charles Eugene Conover, "Save Religious Education from Itself!" Christian Century, 13 July 1938, 865
43. E. G. Homrighausen, "Religious Education vs. the Church," Christian Century, 29 November 1939, 1465
44. idem, "Where Religious Education and Theology Meet," Religious Education 35 (1940): 18-25
45. idem, "Points of Tension," 69-73
46. Homrighausen, "Real Problem of Religious Education," 14
47. Walter M. Horton in "Discussion on Professor Bower's Paper," 175-77
48. H. Shelton Smith, "Is Religious Naturalism Enough?" Religious Education 31 (1936): 107-111
49. idem, Faith and Nurture (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1941), 133
50. Smith, Faith and Nurture, 68-69, 71-76, 105, 109
51. Smith, Faith and Nurture, 43-44, 195-96
52. Heather A. Warren, Theologians of a New World Order: Reinhold Niebuhr and the Christian Realists, 1920-1948 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997)
53. Mark David Hulsether, "Liberals, Radicals, and Contested Sodal Thought of Postwar Protestantism: Christianity and Crisis Magazine, 1941-1976" (Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1992)
54. Samuel McCrea Cavert, The American Churches in the Ecumenical Movement, 1900-1968 (New York: Association, 1968)
55. Richard Wightman Fox, Reinhold Niebuhr: A Biography (New York: Pantheon, 1985)
56. Joel A. Carpenter, Revive Us Again: The Reawakening of American Fundamentalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 24-25
57. Hunt, Story of Psychology, 314
58. also in Alexander and Selesnick, History of Psychiatry, 217
59. For changes in corporate life and its relation to pastoral counseling see Holifield, Pastoral Care in America, 268
60. See also Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920-1940 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), especially chap. 10, "The Therapeutics of Advertising," and the bibliographical essay
61. Richard C. Cabot and Russell L. Dicks, The Art of Ministering to the Sick (New York: Macmillan, 1936)
62. Richard C. Cabot, The Meaning of Right and Wrong (New York: Macmillan, 1933), 5-6. Cabot and Dicks referred to this book frequently in The Art of Ministering to the Sick
63. Cabot, Right and Wrong, 92, 95
64. Cabot, Right and Wrong, 75
65. Cabot, Right and Wrong, 73, 74-75
66. Rollo May, The Art of Counseling: How to Gain and Give Mental Health (New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury, 1939), 44-45, 51, 53, 191
67. For example, Kenneth S. Bean, "When the Character-Builders Work Together," Christian Advocate, 4 February 1937, 114
68. Mrs. Byron Wilson, "Building the House of Character," Christian Advocate, 9 March 1939, 232
69. E. Raymond Baublitz, "A CCC Chaplain's Work," The Lutheran, 2 March 1938, 4-5
70. John Crocker, "The Importance of Church Boarding Schools," The Living Church, 15 August 1943, 8-9
71. William Lindsay Young, "Educational Chaos and the Way Out," The Presbyterian Tribune, 2 March 1939, 9-10
72. J. Hudson Ballard, "Overcoming Our Inferiorities," The Christian Advocate, 16 January 1941, 83
73. idem, "The Tensions of Life," The Christian Advocate, 20 February 1941, 241
74. idem, "Qualifications for Counseling," The Christian Advocate, 24 June 1943, 779
75. "Prayer and Resentment" (3 August), 954
76. "On Telling a Person He Has Cancer" (5 October), 1246
77. Earl S. Rudisill, "Personal Problem Clinic," The Lutheran, 7 November 1945, 29. Subsequent titles included "Shy" (7 November 1945), "Guidance" (21 November 1945), and "Disobedient Daughter" (23 November 1945)
78. "Mental Hygiene: Noted Psychiatrist to Address Conference at Sewanee," The Living Church, 9 July 1941, 3
79. Very Rev. Victor Hoag, "Talks with Teachers: Progressive Education," The Living Church, 8 April 1945, 4
80. Earl S. Russell, "Personality Development in Children," The Lutheran, 9 February 1938, 20
81. C. Rankin Barnes, "Dr. Chave's Book on Child Study," The Living Church, 25 January 1939, 104
82. G. C. Hunter, "For Leaders and Young People," The Presbyterian Tribune, 5 January 1939, 24
83. Seward Hiltner, "Dealing with Personal Problems," The Presbyterian Tribune, 16 February 1939, 25
84. James E. Clarke, "A Guide for Guides," The Presbyterian Tribune, 22 June 1939, 22
85. James E. Clarke, "Religion and Mental Health," The Presbyterian Tribune, August 1941, 20
86. Amos John Trauer, "Springs of Creative Living," The Lutheran, 26 March 1941, 18
87. Lloyd M. Keller, "Helping Ministers to Be Helpful," The Lutheran, 11 April 1945, 28
88. C. Rankin Barnes, "Pastoral Care," The Living Church, 25 March 1945, 20
89. J. Hudson Ballard, "For Pastors," The Presbyterian Tribune, September 1945, 17-19
90. Ballard, "For Pastors," 19
91. Harry Emerson Fosdick, Twelve Tests of Character (New York: G. H. Doran, 1923)
92. Harry Emerson Fosdick, On Becoming a Real Person (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1943), 7, 27 (emphasis in original)
93. Fosdick, On Becoming a Real Person, 37, 39-14, 80-81, 96
94. Fosdick, On Becoming a Real Person, 47, 76, 109, 218
95. Fosdick, On Becoming a Real Person, 99
96. McClellan, Schools and the Shaping of Character, 81-82