Determinants of income inequality in U.S. nonmetropolitan tourism- and recreation-dependent communities

Journal of Travel Research

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 456-468

  Lee, Sangkwon ^a   O'Leary, Joseph T ^b  

^a KENT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Colorado StateUniversity ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Community development; Income inequality; Tourism development; Tourism and recreation dependent community

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT; ECONOMIC STRUCTURE; EMPLOYMENT; HOUSEHOLD INCOME; INCOME DISTRIBUTION; LABOR MARKET; TOURISM DEVELOPMENT; TOURISM ECONOMICS;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 42449085251     PISSN: 00472875     EISSN: 15526763     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0047287507312425     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Archer, B.H. (1976). "Demand Forecasting in Tourism." Occasional Papers in Economics 9. Bangor: University of Wales Press.
2. Archer, B.H. (1977a). "Tourism in the Bahamas and Bermuda: Two Case Studies." Occasional Papers in Economics 10. Bangor: University of Wales Press.
3. Archer, B.H. (1977b). "Tourism Multipliers." Occasional Papers in Economics 11. Bangor: University of Wales Press.
4. Archer, B.H. (1984). "Economic Impact: Misleading Multipliers." Annals of Tourism Research, 11: 517-18.
5. Archer, B., and J.E. Fletcher (1996). "The Economic Impact of Tourism in the Seychelles." Annals of Tourism Research, 23: 32-47.
6. Atkinson, A.B., and F. Bourgignon (2000). "Income Distribution and Economics." In Handbook of Income Distribution, edited by A. B. Atkinson and F. Bourgignon. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, pp. 1-58.
7. Baltagi, B.H. (2001). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. 2nd ed. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
8. Baron, E. (1998). "Casino Gambling and the Polarization of American Indian Reservations." In Tourism and Gaming on American Indian Lands, edited by A. Lew and G. Van Otten. New York: Cognizant, pp. 63-71.
9. Barro, R. (2000). "Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries." Journal of Economic Growth, 5: 5-32.
10. Bartik, T.J. (1991). "Effects of Economic Development Policy on Individual Earnings." In Who Benefits from State and Local Economic Development Policies? Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, pp. 157-86.
11. Bernard, A.B., and J.B. Jensen (1998). "Understanding Increasing and Decreasing Wage Inequality." Working Paper 6571. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
12. Bishop, J.A., and J.P. Formby (1994). "A Dominance Evaluation of Distributions of Income and the Benefits of Economic Growth." In The Changing Distribution of Income in an Open U.S. Economy, edited by J. H. Bergstrand, T. F. Cosimano, J. W. Houck, and R. G. Sheehan. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, pp. 65-103.
13. Blackburn, M.L. (1990). "What Can Explain the Increase in Earnings Inequality among Males?" Industrial Relations, 29: 441-56.
14. Blau, F.D., and L.M. Kahn (1994). "Rising Wage Inequality and the U.S. Gender Gap." American Economic Review, 84: 23-28.
15. Bound, J., and G.S. Johnson (1992). "Charges in Structure of Wages in the 1980s: An Evaluation of Alternative Explanations." American Economic Review, 82: 371-92.
16. Britton, S.G. (1982). "The Political Economy of Tourism in the Third World." Annals of Tourism Research, 9(3): 331-58.
17. Brohman, J. (1996). "New Directions in Tourism for Third World Development." Annals of Tourism Research, 23(1): 48-70.
18. Brown, F., and D. Hall, eds. (2000). Tourism in Peripheral Areas. Buffalo, NY: Channel View.
19. Bureau of Economic Analysis (2004). Regional Economic Information System, 1990-2000. Washington, DC: Bureau of Economic Analysis.
20. Burr, J.A., M.A. Fossett, and O.R. Galle (1991). "Racial Occupational Inequality in Southern Metropolitan Areas 1940-1980: Revisiting the Visibility-Discrimination Hypothesis." Social Forces, 27: 519-64.
21. Burtless, G. (1993). "The Contribution of Employment and Hours Changes to Family Income Inequality." American Economic Review, 83: 131-35.
22. Butler, R., and G. Clark (1992). "Tourism in Rural Areas: Canada and the United Kingdom." In Economy and Society, edited by I. Bowler, C. Bryant, and T. Nellis. Oxford: CAB.
23. Cancian, M., S. Danziger, and P. Gottschalk (1993). "Working Wives and Family Income Inequality among Married Couples." In Uneven Tides: Rising Inequality in America, edited by Sheldon Danziger and Peter Gottschalk. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 195-221.
24. Card, D. (1997). "Immigrant Inflows, Native Outflows and the Local Labor Market Impacts of Higher Immigration." Working Paper 5927. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
25. Chevan, A., and R. Stokes (2000). "Growth in Family Income Inequality, 1970-1990: Industrial Restructuring and Demographic Change." Demography, 37: 365-80.
26. Cloutier, N.R. (1997). "Metropolitan Income Inequality during the 1980s: The Impact of Urban Development, Industrial Mix, and Family Structure." Journal of Regional Science, 37: 459-78.
27. Costrell, R.M. (1988). The Effects of Industry Employment Shifts on Wage Growth, 1947-1987. Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Commission.
28. Darity, W., J. Dietrich, and D.K. Guilkey (1997). "Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the United States: A Secular Perspective." American Economic Review, 87: 301-5.
29. de Kadt, E. (1979). Tourism: Passport to Development? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
30. Easterly, W. (2001). "The Middle Class Consensus and Economic Development." Journal of Economic Growth, 6: 317-35.
31. Economic Research Service (ERS). (2004). 2004 County Typology. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. http://www.ers.usda.gov/ Briefing/Rurality/Typology/Methods/ (accessed November 30, 2007).
32. Edington, W., and M. Redman (1991). "Economic and Tourism." Annals of Tourism Research, 18: 41-56.
33. English, D., D. Marcouiller, and H. Cordell (2000). "Tourism Dependence in Rural America: Estimates and Effects." Society and Natural Resources, 13: 185-202.
34. Fernandez-Morales, A. (2003). "Decomposing Seasonal Concentration." Annals of Tourism Research, 30(4): 942-56.
35. Fletcher, J.E. (1989). "Input-Output Analysis and Tourism Impact Studies." Annals of Tourism Research, 16: 514-29.
36. Forbes, K. (2000). "A Reassessment of the Relationship between Inequality and Growth." American Economic Review, 90: 869-87.
37. Gottschalk, P. (1997). "Inequality, Income Growth, and Mobility: The Basic Facts." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11: 21-40.
38. Greene, W.H. (2000). Econometric Analysis. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
39. Grubb, W.N., and R.H. Wilson (1989). "Sources of Increasing Inequality in Wages and Salaries, 1960-1980." Monthly Labor Review, 112: 3-13.
40. Harrison, B., and B. Bluestone (1988). The Great U-Turn. New York: Basic Books.
41. Heng, T.M., and L. Low (1990). "Economic Impact of Tourism in Singapore." Annals of Tourism Research, 17: 246-69.
42. Hill, L.E., and J.E. Jonish (1993). "An Inquiry into the Relationship between Economic Freedom and Economic Justice." International Journal of Social Economics, 20(8): 49-55.
43. Hudman, L.E. (1978). "Tourist Impacts: The Need for Regional Planning." Annals of Tourism Research, 5: 112-25.
44. Huse, M., T. Gustavsen, and S. Almedal (1998). "Tourism Impact Comparisons among Norwegian Towns." Annals of Tourism Research, 25(3): 721-38.
45. Jacobs, D. (1985). "Unequal Organizations or Unequal Attainment? An Empirical Comparison of Sectoral and Individualistic Explanations for Aggregate Inequality." American Sociological Review, 50: 166-80.
46. Kuznets, S. (1955). "Economic Growth and Income Inequality." American Economic Review, 45: 1-28.
47. Lawrence, R.Z. (1984). "Sectoral Shifts and the Size of the Middle Class." Brookings Review, Fall, 3-10.
48. Leatherman, J.C., and D.W. Marcouiller (1996). "Income Distribution Characteristics of Rural Economic Sectors: Implications for Local Development Policy." Growth and Change, 27: 434-59.
49. Leatherman, J.C., and D.W. Marcouiller (1999). "Moving beyond the Modeling of Economic Growth: A Study of How Income Is Distributed to Rural Households." Economic Development Quarterly, 13(1): 38-45.
50. Lee, S. (2005). "Economic and Environmental Equity in the U.S. Nonmetropolitan Tourism and Recreation Dependent Communities." Ph.D. diss., Texas A&M University.
51. Levernier, W., M.D. Patridge, and D.S. Rickman (1998). "Differences in Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan U.S. Family Income Inequality." Journal of Urban Economics, 44: 272-90.
52. Levy, F., and R.J. Murnane (1992). "U.S. Earnings Levels and Earnings Inequality." Journal of Economic Literature, 30: 1333-81.
53. Macunovich, D.J. (2000). "Why the Baby-Bust Cohorts Haven't Boomed Yet: A Re-Examination of Cohort Effects on Wage Inequality in the United States." In Back to Shared Prosperity: The Growing Inequality of Wealth and Income in America, edited by R. Marshall. Armonk, NY: Sharpe, pp. 157-70.
54. Marcouiller, D. (2007). "Boosting Tourism as Rural Public Policy: Panacea or Pandora's Box?" Journal of Regional Analysis & Policy, 37(1): 28-31.
55. Marcouiller, D.W., K.K. Kim, and S.C. Deller (2004). "Natural Amenities, Tourism and Income Distribution." Annals of Tourism Research, 31(4): 1031-50.
56. McLaughlin, D.K. (2002a). "Changing Income Inequality in Nonmetropolitan Counties." Rural Sociology, 67(4): 512-33.
57. McLaughlin, D.K. (2002b). "Income Inequality in America." Rural America, 17(2): 14-20.
58. Meethan, K. (2001). "Tourism Development and the Political Economy." In Tourism in Global Society. New York: Palgrave, p. 214.
59. Merrett, C.D. (2004). "Social Justice: What Is It? Why Teach It?" Journal of Geography, 103: 93-101.
60. Murphy, K., and F. Welch (1993). "Industrial Change and the Rising Importance of Skill." In Uneven Tides: Rising Inequality in America, edited by S. Danziger and P. Gottschalk. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 101-32.
61. Nelson, J.I., and J. Lorence (1988). "Metropolitan Earnings Inequality and Service Sector Employment." Social Forces, 67(2): 492-511.
62. Nielsen, F., and A.S. Alderson (1995). "Income Inequality, Development, and Dualism: Results from an Unbalanced Cross-National Panel." American Sociological Review, 60: 674-701.
63. Nielsen, F., and A.S. Alderson (1997). "The Kuznets Curve and the Great U-Turn: Income Inequality in U.S. Counties, 1970 to 1990" American Sociological Review, 62: 12-33.
64. Nielsen, F., and A.S. Alderson (2001). "Trends in Income Inequality in the United States." In Sourcebook of Labor Markets: Evolving Structures and Processes, edited by I. Berg and A. L. Kalleberg. New York: Kluwer/Plenum.
65. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1980). The Impact of Tourism on the Environment. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
66. Osterman, P. (1999). Securing Prosperity: The American Labor Market: How It Has Changed and What to Do about It. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
67. Page, S., and D. Getz (1997). "The Business of Rural Tourism." In The Business of Rural Tourism, edited by S. Page and D. Getz. London: International Thomson Business, pp. 3-37.
68. Panizza, U. (2002). "Income Inequality and Economic Growth: Evidence from American Data." Journal of Economic Growth, 7: 25-41.
69. Pearce, D. (1989). Tourist Development. 2nd ed. New York: Longman.
70. Perotti, R. (1996). "Growth, Income Distribution, and Democracy: What the Data Say." Journal of Economic Growth, 1: 149-87.
71. Persson, T., and G. Tabellini (1994). "Is Inequality Harmful for Growth?" American Economic Review, 84: 600-21.
72. Reeder, R.J., and D.M. Brown (2005). "Recreation, Tourism, and Rural Well-Being." Economic Research Report 7. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
73. Royer, L., S. McCool, and J. Hunt (1974). "The Relative Importance of Tourism to State Economies." Journal of Travel Research, 12: 13-16.
74. Ryscavage, P., G. Green, and E. Welniak (1992). "The Impact of Demographic, Social, and Economic Change on the Distribution of Income." In Current Population Reports P60-183. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census. http://www.economics.pomona.edu/cconrad/ DemoChg.pdf (accessed December 14, 2007).
75. Ryscavage, P., and P. Henle (1990). "Earnings Inequality Accelerates in the 1980s." Monthly Labor Review, December: 3-16.
76. Scheyvens, R. (1999). "Ecotourism and the Empowerment of Local Communities." Tourism Management, 20: 245-49.
77. Sen, A. (2000). "Social Justice and the Distribution of Income." In Handbook of Income Distribution, edited by A. B. Atkinson and F. Bourgignon. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 59-85.
78. Siegel, J.S. (2002). Applied Demography: Applications to Business, Government, Law, and Public Policy. New York: Academic Press.
79. Smith, M. (1989). Behind the Glitter: The Impact of Tourism on Rural Women in Southeast Lexington. Lexington, KY: Southeast Women's Employment Coalition.
80. Stewart, S.I., and D.J. Stynes (1994). "Toward a Dynamic Model of Complex Tourism Choices: The Seasonal Home Location Decision." Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 3(3): 69-88.
81. Sylvester, J., S. Wallwork, and P. Polzin (1993). Montana Travel Industry Wage Study. Missoula: Bureau of Business and Economic Research, University of Montana.
82. Tomaskovic-Devey, D.T., and V.J. Roscigno (1996). "Racial Economic Subordination and White Gain in the U.S. South." American Sociological Review, 61, 565-89.
83. Teitelbaum, M. (2000). "Social and Political Impacts of Recent Trends in U.S. Immigration." In Back to Shared Prosperity: The Growing Inequality of Wealth and Income in America, edited by R. Marshall. Armonk, NY: Sharpe, pp. 171-79.
84. U.S. Census Bureau (1992). Census 1990 Summary File 3. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
85. U.S. Census Bureau (2002). Census 2000 Summary File 3. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau
86. Williams, A., and G. Shaw (1988). "Tourism: Candy Floss Industry or Job Generator?" Town Planning Review, 59: 81-103.