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Volumn 55, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 850-859

Microtubules and vesicles under controlled tension

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EID: 4244021671     PISSN: 1063651X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.55.850     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (74)

References (45)
  • 1
    • 0014014621 scopus 로고
    • Phospholipids are amphiphilic molecules which spontaneously organize into bimolecular sheets. The hydrophobic alkyl chains of the molecules are sandwiched between two layers of hydrophilic phosphate head groups. The structure is impermeable to most molecules, with the notable exception of water [permeability coefficient (Formula presented) O∼5 μm3/μ(Formula presented) ts, T. E. Thompson and C. Huang, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 137, 740 (1966)].
    • (1966) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.137 , pp. 740
    • Thompson, T.E.1    Huang, C.2
  • 3
    • 0004165558 scopus 로고
    • Springer-Verlag, New York
    • R. B. Gennis, Biomembranes (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1989).
    • (1989) Biomembranes
    • Gennis, R.B.1
  • 4
    • 85037184507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The membrane can exist in both a fluid and a gel-like state, but the latter is not found in living systems. A collection of studies on the physical properties of membranes is contained in Structure and Conformation of Amphiphilic Membranes, edited by R. Lipowsky, D. Richter, and K. Kremer (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992)
    • The membrane can exist in both a fluid and a gel-like state, but the latter is not found in living systems. A collection of studies on the physical properties of membranes is contained in Structure and Conformation of Amphiphilic Membranes, edited by R. Lipowsky, D. Richter, and K. Kremer (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992).
  • 16
    • 85037246607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osmotic considerations are subtle here. Pipes is a diacid requiring 1.5 positive counterions to bring it to a pH of 6.8. Thus 100-mM Pipes at pH 6.8 has the same osmolarity as 250 mM of simple, nondissociating solute
    • Osmotic considerations are subtle here. Pipes is a diacid requiring 1.5 positive counterions to bring it to a pH of 6.8. Thus 100-mM Pipes at pH 6.8 has the same osmolarity as 250 mM of simple, nondissociating solute.
  • 17
    • 85037235504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It is important to pump thoroughly on the mineral oil to draw out its lighter components which might contaminate the vesicles
    • It is important to pump thoroughly on the mineral oil to draw out its lighter components which might contaminate the vesicles.
  • 18
    • 85037242816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • That the membrane is never punctured by the microtubules is apparent from (a) the fact that the tubulin-free environment outside the vesicles would force the microtubules to depolymerize and (b) straight microtubules buckle under increased membrane tension (see Secs. IIItB–IIItD)
    • That the membrane is never punctured by the microtubules is apparent from (a) the fact that the tubulin-free environment outside the vesicles would force the microtubules to depolymerize and (b) straight microtubules buckle under increased membrane tension (see Secs. IIItB–IIItD).
  • 19
    • 85037181811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Note that the microtubule radius (12.5 nm) is much smaller than the typical vesicle radius (5 μm)
    • Note that the microtubule radius (12.5 nm) is much smaller than the typical vesicle radius (5 μm).
  • 21
    • 85037208602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assuming the (spontaneously nucleated) microtubules are 14 dimers around, and given that a tubulin dimer is 4×8 nm, with its long axis aligned with the microtubule
    • Assuming the (spontaneously nucleated) microtubules are 14 dimers around, and given that a tubulin dimer is 4×8 nm, with its long axis aligned with the microtubule.
  • 24
    • 85037239681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This is not to imply that there were no other microtubules in the vesicle, but that only one of them was long enough to deform the vesicle forciably. This was clear from careful visualization, as the temperature decreased and the microtubules inside slowly disappeared
    • This is not to imply that there were no other microtubules in the vesicle, but that only one of them was long enough to deform the vesicle forciably. This was clear from careful visualization, as the temperature decreased and the microtubules inside slowly disappeared.
  • 25
    • 85037231673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Typical microtubule growth rates for 25-μM tubulin at 27t°C are ∼4 μm/min (see Ref. 14). Thus in 10 s the microtubule might increase by at most ∼0.5 μm, or ∼5%
    • Typical microtubule growth rates for 25-μM tubulin at 27t°C are ∼4 μm/min (see Ref. 14). Thus in 10 s the microtubule might increase by at most ∼0.5 μm, or ∼5%.
  • 26
    • 85037231623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This condition is maintained by the high concentration of salts (buffer) inside the vesicle, which creates a large osmotic pressure in response to any change in volume
    • This condition is maintained by the high concentration of salts (buffer) inside the vesicle, which creates a large osmotic pressure in response to any change in volume.
  • 35
    • 85037182792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This concentration is 20% higher than the one in which the vesicles were frozen or thawed, due to osmotic crushing in the sample cell
    • This concentration is 20% higher than the one in which the vesicles were frozen or thawed, due to osmotic crushing in the sample cell.
  • 36
    • 85037217579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Since the microtubule length appeared stable, this concentration was taken to be at the transition for unbounded growth
    • Since the microtubule length appeared stable, this concentration was taken to be at the transition for unbounded growth.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.