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1
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0014014621
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Phospholipids are amphiphilic molecules which spontaneously organize into bimolecular sheets. The hydrophobic alkyl chains of the molecules are sandwiched between two layers of hydrophilic phosphate head groups. The structure is impermeable to most molecules, with the notable exception of water [permeability coefficient (Formula presented) O∼5 μm3/μ(Formula presented) ts, T. E. Thompson and C. Huang, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 137, 740 (1966)].
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Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
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Thompson, T.E.1
Huang, C.2
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3
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0004165558
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Springer-Verlag, New York
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R. B. Gennis, Biomembranes (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1989).
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(1989)
Biomembranes
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Gennis, R.B.1
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4
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85037184507
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The membrane can exist in both a fluid and a gel-like state, but the latter is not found in living systems. A collection of studies on the physical properties of membranes is contained in Structure and Conformation of Amphiphilic Membranes, edited by R. Lipowsky, D. Richter, and K. Kremer (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992)
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The membrane can exist in both a fluid and a gel-like state, but the latter is not found in living systems. A collection of studies on the physical properties of membranes is contained in Structure and Conformation of Amphiphilic Membranes, edited by R. Lipowsky, D. Richter, and K. Kremer (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992).
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5
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0000866991
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J. F. Faucon, M. D. Mitov, P. Méléard, I. Bivas and P. Bothorel, J. Phys. (Paris) 50, 2389 (1989).
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J. Phys. (Paris)
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Faucon, J.F.1
Mitov, M.D.2
Méléard, P.3
Bivas, I.4
Bothorel, P.5
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8
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0027419444
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F. Lafont, M. Rouget, A. Rousselet, C. Valenza and A. Prochiantz, J. Cell Sci. 104, 433 (1993).
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J. Cell Sci.
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Lafont, F.1
Rouget, M.2
Rousselet, A.3
Valenza, C.4
Prochiantz, A.5
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14
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6144289488
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D. Kuchnir Fygenson, H. Flyvbjerg, K. Sneppen, A. Libchaber and S. Leibler, Phys. Rev. E 51, 5058 (1995).
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Phys. Rev. E
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Kuchnir Fygenson, D.1
Flyvbjerg, H.2
Sneppen, K.3
Libchaber, A.4
Leibler, S.5
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16
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85037246607
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Osmotic considerations are subtle here. Pipes is a diacid requiring 1.5 positive counterions to bring it to a pH of 6.8. Thus 100-mM Pipes at pH 6.8 has the same osmolarity as 250 mM of simple, nondissociating solute
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Osmotic considerations are subtle here. Pipes is a diacid requiring 1.5 positive counterions to bring it to a pH of 6.8. Thus 100-mM Pipes at pH 6.8 has the same osmolarity as 250 mM of simple, nondissociating solute.
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17
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85037235504
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It is important to pump thoroughly on the mineral oil to draw out its lighter components which might contaminate the vesicles
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It is important to pump thoroughly on the mineral oil to draw out its lighter components which might contaminate the vesicles.
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18
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85037242816
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That the membrane is never punctured by the microtubules is apparent from (a) the fact that the tubulin-free environment outside the vesicles would force the microtubules to depolymerize and (b) straight microtubules buckle under increased membrane tension (see Secs. IIItB–IIItD)
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That the membrane is never punctured by the microtubules is apparent from (a) the fact that the tubulin-free environment outside the vesicles would force the microtubules to depolymerize and (b) straight microtubules buckle under increased membrane tension (see Secs. IIItB–IIItD).
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19
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85037181811
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Note that the microtubule radius (12.5 nm) is much smaller than the typical vesicle radius (5 μm)
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Note that the microtubule radius (12.5 nm) is much smaller than the typical vesicle radius (5 μm).
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21
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85037208602
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Assuming the (spontaneously nucleated) microtubules are 14 dimers around, and given that a tubulin dimer is 4×8 nm, with its long axis aligned with the microtubule
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Assuming the (spontaneously nucleated) microtubules are 14 dimers around, and given that a tubulin dimer is 4×8 nm, with its long axis aligned with the microtubule.
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24
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85037239681
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This is not to imply that there were no other microtubules in the vesicle, but that only one of them was long enough to deform the vesicle forciably. This was clear from careful visualization, as the temperature decreased and the microtubules inside slowly disappeared
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This is not to imply that there were no other microtubules in the vesicle, but that only one of them was long enough to deform the vesicle forciably. This was clear from careful visualization, as the temperature decreased and the microtubules inside slowly disappeared.
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25
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85037231673
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Typical microtubule growth rates for 25-μM tubulin at 27t°C are ∼4 μm/min (see Ref. 14). Thus in 10 s the microtubule might increase by at most ∼0.5 μm, or ∼5%
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Typical microtubule growth rates for 25-μM tubulin at 27t°C are ∼4 μm/min (see Ref. 14). Thus in 10 s the microtubule might increase by at most ∼0.5 μm, or ∼5%.
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26
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85037231623
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This condition is maintained by the high concentration of salts (buffer) inside the vesicle, which creates a large osmotic pressure in response to any change in volume
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This condition is maintained by the high concentration of salts (buffer) inside the vesicle, which creates a large osmotic pressure in response to any change in volume.
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30
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84912410902
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Academic, New York
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S. Yamazaki, T. Maeda, and T. Miki-Nomura, in Biological Functions of Microtubules and Related Structures, edited by H. Sakai, H. Mohri, and G. G. Borisy (Academic, New York, 1982), p. 41.
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Biological Functions of Microtubules and Related Structures
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Yamazaki, S.1
Maeda, T.2
Miki-Nomura, T.3
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31
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0027533269
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F. Gittes, B. Mickey, J. Nettleton and J. Howard, J. Cell Biol. 120, 923 (1993).
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J. Cell Biol.
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Gittes, F.1
Mickey, B.2
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Howard, J.4
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35
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85037182792
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This concentration is 20% higher than the one in which the vesicles were frozen or thawed, due to osmotic crushing in the sample cell
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This concentration is 20% higher than the one in which the vesicles were frozen or thawed, due to osmotic crushing in the sample cell.
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36
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85037217579
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Since the microtubule length appeared stable, this concentration was taken to be at the transition for unbounded growth
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Since the microtubule length appeared stable, this concentration was taken to be at the transition for unbounded growth.
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41
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0027283329
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J. B. Tucker, C. C. Paton, C. G. Henderson and M. M. Mogensen, Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 25, 49 (1993).
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Cell Motil. Cytoskel.
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Tucker, J.B.1
Paton, C.C.2
Henderson, C.G.3
Mogensen, M.M.4
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0023100101
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S. Kim, M. Magendantz, W. Katz and F. Solomon, J. Cell Biol. 104, 51 (1987).
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Kim, S.1
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0025883663
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J. Knops, K. S. Kosik, G. Lee, J. D. Pardee, L. Cohen-Gould and L. McConlogue, J. Cell Biol. 114, 725 (1991).
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J. Cell Biol.
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Knops, J.1
Kosik, K.S.2
Lee, G.3
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Cohen-Gould, L.5
McConlogue, L.6
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