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4
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-
85038995770
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This fragmentation is due to a small volume energy, which exists when the symmetry is biased
-
This fragmentation is due to a small volume energy, which exists when the symmetry is biased 1.
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5
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85039008265
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When the fermions of the F ball have an electric U(1) charge, hereafter we call such an F ball a (electrically) charged F ball. In the same manner, we define the terminology of the neutral F ball for that Macpherson and Campbell originally introduced
-
When the fermions of the F ball have an electric U(1) charge, hereafter we call such an F ball a (electrically) charged F ball. In the same manner, we define the terminology of the neutral F ball for that Macpherson and Campbell originally introduced.
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9
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-
85038978777
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-
Note that the qualitative discussions in the following do not depend on the explicit form of (Formula presented)
-
Note that the qualitative discussions in the following do not depend on the explicit form of (Formula presented)
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-
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10
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-
85038996082
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-
Such zero-mode solutions for (Formula presented) can also exist in other cases, such as in the context of supersymmetry
-
Such zero-mode solutions for (Formula presented) can also exist in other cases, such as in the context of supersymmetry 3435.
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11
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85038983444
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our context, we call the plane where the expectation value of (Formula presented) vanishes the “surface of the F ball.”
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In our context, we call the plane where the expectation value of (Formula presented) vanishes the “surface of the F ball.”
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12
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85039025489
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-
Here R is the order of the curvature radius. Note that the validity of this thin-wall expansion collapses for the small F ball, (Formula presented)
-
Here R is the order of the curvature radius. Note that the validity of this thin-wall expansion collapses for the small F ball, (Formula presented)
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13
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85039012178
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The solution for (Formula presented) is not smooth at (Formula presented) This is caused by the Yukawa term (Formula presented) which is implicit in Eq. (7). Because of the curvature of the surface, (Formula presented) does not vanish and is approximately proportional to (Formula presented) which is also implicit in the rhs of Eq. (19), giving the discontinuity of (Formula presented) at the F-ball surface in the case where the fermions are tightly bound in the domain wall, (Formula presented) If the spreading thickness of the fermions is comparable to the that of the domain wall, the expectation value of the fermions is not like (Formula presented) We investigate this case elsewhere
-
The solution for (Formula presented) is not smooth at (Formula presented) This is caused by the Yukawa term (Formula presented) which is implicit in Eq. (7). Because of the curvature of the surface, (Formula presented) does not vanish and is approximately proportional to (Formula presented) which is also implicit in the rhs of Eq. (19), giving the discontinuity of (Formula presented) at the F-ball surface in the case where the fermions are tightly bound in the domain wall, (Formula presented) If the spreading thickness of the fermions is comparable to the that of the domain wall, the expectation value of the fermions is not like (Formula presented) We investigate this case elsewhere 8.
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14
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85038988402
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order to get the order of (Formula presented) in (Formula presented) we need only to keep the order of (Formula presented) in (Formula presented) as is well known in the perturbation theory
-
In order to get the order of (Formula presented) in (Formula presented) we need only to keep the order of (Formula presented) in (Formula presented) as is well known in the perturbation theory.
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15
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85038998010
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The integration of the Gaussian curvature on the closed surface takes the topological value, which equals (Formula presented) in this case
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The integration of the Gaussian curvature on the closed surface takes the topological value, which equals (Formula presented) in this case.
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16
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17044389053
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J. Arafune, T. Yoshida, S. Nakamura, and K. Ogure, Phys. Rev. D 62, 105013 (2000).
-
(2000)
Phys. Rev. D
, vol.62
, pp. 105013
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Arafune, J.1
Yoshida, T.2
Nakamura, S.3
Ogure, K.4
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19
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-
85039011343
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The Thomas-Fermi approximation is adequate for (Formula presented)
-
The Thomas-Fermi approximation is adequate for (Formula presented) 18. We see from Eq. (49) that this condition is satisfied in the region near the surface where most of the electric charge is screened.
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20
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85039015365
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-
J. I. Kapusta, Finite Temperature Field Theory (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1989)
-
J. I. Kapusta, Finite Temperature Field Theory (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1989).
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21
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85039000347
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Note that the validity of the thin-wall expansion collapses for the small F ball, (Formula presented)
-
Note that the validity of the thin-wall expansion collapses for the small F ball, (Formula presented)
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-
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22
-
-
85039023198
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general, we cannot factor (Formula presented) and (Formula presented) out of the integration because they are dependent of (Formula presented) We see, however, that (Formula presented) minimizes (Formula presented) and that the deviation from the uniform distribution causes the contributions of the order higher than (Formula presented) in the thin-wall expansion. Thus, we also take (Formula presented) in order to estimate (Formula presented)
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In general, we cannot factor (Formula presented) and (Formula presented) out of the integration because they are dependent of (Formula presented) We see, however, that (Formula presented) minimizes (Formula presented) and that the deviation from the uniform distribution causes the contributions of the order higher than (Formula presented) in the thin-wall expansion. Thus, we also take (Formula presented) in order to estimate (Formula presented)
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23
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-
85038980131
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We define the F ball as being metastable when it is classically stable owing to the energy barrier but decays quantum mechanically with a finite lifetime
-
We define the F ball as being metastable when it is classically stable owing to the energy barrier but decays quantum mechanically with a finite lifetime.
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24
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85039032724
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A. Vilenkin and E. P. S. Shellard, Cosmic String and Other Topological Defects (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994)
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A. Vilenkin and E. P. S. Shellard, Cosmic String and Other Topological Defects (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994).
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25
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85038972764
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The textbook E. Kolb and M. S. Turner, The Early Universe (Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, CA, 1990)
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the textbook E. Kolb and M. S. Turner, The Early Universe (Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, CA, 1990).
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26
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85038981729
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It is easy to understand within the leading order discussion in the thin-wall expansion
-
It is easy to understand within the leading order discussion in the thin-wall expansion 12.
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30
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-
85039017909
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-
Two lines, (Formula presented) and (Formula presented) are called “lines of curvature” if their tangent vectors are parallel to the principal directions
-
Two lines, (Formula presented) and (Formula presented) are called “lines of curvature” if their tangent vectors are parallel to the principal directions.
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31
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85038998958
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The coordinates can be defined uniquely as far as two or more normal lines do not intersect. We can neglect the contribution in the energy integration over such a region of intersection, since the region is far from the surface
-
The coordinates can be defined uniquely as far as two or more normal lines do not intersect. We can neglect the contribution in the energy integration over such a region of intersection, since the region is far from the surface.
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32
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85038985083
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The geometrical assumption of an ellipsoidal shape enables us to estimate the upper bound on the lifetime of the F ball
-
The geometrical assumption of an ellipsoidal shape enables us to estimate the upper bound on the lifetime of the F ball.
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-
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33
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85039010862
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-
S. Coleman, Aspects of Symmetry (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985)
-
S. Coleman, Aspects of Symmetry (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985).
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