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Volumn 32, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 181-201

The production of "official memory" in east Germany: Old communists and the dilemmas of memoir-writing

(1)  Epstein, Catherine a  

a NONE

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EID: 4243780262     PISSN: 00089389     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0008938900020896     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (11)

References (91)
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    • Between Memory and History: Les lieux ie mémoire
    • Pierre Nora, "Between Memory and History: Les lieux ie mémoire" Representations 26 (1989): 7-25.
    • (1989) Representations , vol.26 , pp. 7-25
    • Nora, P.1
  • 3
    • 79954080139 scopus 로고
    • Frankfurt am Main, 130
    • Stefan Heym, Collin (Frankfurt am Main, 1981), 128, 130.
    • (1981) Collin , pp. 128
    • Heym, S.1
  • 4
    • 67649689035 scopus 로고
    • Frankfurt am Main
    • Monika Maron, Stille Zeile Sechs (Frankfurt am Main, 1993), 59-60. Monika Maron is the stepdaughter of Karl Maron, the Old-Communist minister of the interior between 1955 and 1963.
    • (1993) Stille Zeile Sechs , pp. 59-60
    • Maron, M.1
  • 5
    • 84935548100 scopus 로고
    • ed. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago)
    • The pioneering study of collective memory is Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, ed. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago, 1992).
    • (1992) On Collective Memory
    • Halbwachs, M.1
  • 6
    • 0004192207 scopus 로고
    • Oxford
    • Some of the more insightful studies of collective memory include James Fentress and Chris Wickham, Social Memory (Oxford, 1992);
    • (1992) Social Memory
    • Fentress, J.1    Wickham, C.2
  • 12
    • 0007927998 scopus 로고
    • A Surfeit of Memory? Reflections on History, Melancholy and Denial
    • Charles S. Maier, "A Surfeit of Memory? Reflections on History, Melancholy and Denial," History and Memory 5, no. 2 (1993): 136-52;
    • (1993) History and Memory , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 136-152
    • Maier, C.S.1
  • 20
    • 0347183677 scopus 로고
    • Memory in a Totalitarian Society: The Case of the Soviet Union
    • ed. Thomas Butler Oxford
    • Geoffrey A. Hosking, "Memory in a Totalitarian Society: The Case of the Soviet Union," in Memory: History, Culture and the Mind, ed. Thomas Butler (Oxford, 1989), 115-30;
    • (1989) Memory: History, Culture and the Mind , pp. 115-130
    • Hosking, G.A.1
  • 22
    • 1542517271 scopus 로고
    • Leipzig
    • Not all autobiographies by Old Communists followed this exact schema. Some Old Communists, for example, wrote about only the Nazi era or the two heroic decades between 1930 and 1950. In addition, some Old Communists had followed biographical trajectories that differed from the Old-Communist norm. However, these departures from the Old-Communist autobiographical norm were usually themselves formulaic and easily inserted into the Old-Communist master narrative. For example, those Old Communists of "bourgeois" origin chronicled an adolescent rebellion against the bourgeois world of their parents, coupled with their adoption of the political mores of the working class, while those Old Communists who had emigrated abroad during the Nazi years recalled how they had held up the Communist battle standards on their front of the antifascist struggle. In a very few cases, memoirs by Old Communists published in East Germany challenged the formula of Old-Communist autobiography. See, for example, Stephan Hermlin, Abendlicht (Leipzig, 1979).
    • (1979) Abendlicht
    • Hermlin, S.1
  • 23
    • 0242480529 scopus 로고
    • Göttingen
    • While there is now a large literature on the SED's discourse of antifascism, very little has been written on the institutionalization of the SED's official memory of antifascist struggle. The one work that has addressed this issue at some length is Manfred Overesch, Buchenwald und die DDR oder Die Suche nach Selbstlegitimation (Göttingen, 1995).
    • (1995) Buchenwald und Die DDR Oder Die Suche Nach Selbstlegitimation
    • Overesch, M.1
  • 24
    • 33749817290 scopus 로고
    • Die geteilte Vergangenheit: Gesellschaftliche Ausgangslagen und politische Dispositionen für den Umgang mit Nationalsozialismus und Widerstand in beiden deutschen Staaten nach 1949
    • ed. Jürgen Kocka (Berlin)
    • For some of the more interesting studies on the SED's antifascist rhetoric, see Jürgen Danyel, "Die geteilte Vergangenheit: Gesellschaftliche Ausgangslagen und politische Dispositionen für den Umgang mit Nationalsozialismus und Widerstand in beiden deutschen Staaten nach 1949," in Historische DDR-Forschung: Aufsätze und Studien, ed. Jürgen Kocka (Berlin, 1993), 129-47;
    • (1993) Historische DDR-Forschung: Aufsätze und Studien , pp. 129-147
    • Danyel, J.1
  • 25
    • 84968130693 scopus 로고
    • Symbols That Face Two Ways: Commemorating the Victims of Nazism and Stalinism at Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen
    • Sarah Farmer, "Symbols That Face Two Ways: Commemorating the Victims of Nazism and Stalinism at Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen," Representations 49 (1995): 97-119;
    • (1995) Representations , vol.49 , pp. 97-119
    • Farmer, S.1
  • 31
    • 33748310025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The figure of 296 Old Communists is drawn from a sample of 907 Old Communists on which my dissertation is based. See Epstein, "The Last Revolutionaries."
    • The Last Revolutionaries
    • Epstein1
  • 35
    • 79954017094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Information über die Arbeitsgruppe Erinnerungen, 13 June 1962, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, IV A 2/9.07/281
    • Information über die Arbeitsgruppe Erinnerungen, 13 June 1962, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, IV A 2/9.07/281.
  • 36
    • 79954166149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The phrase conies from Maier, "Surfeit."
    • Surfeit
    • Maier1
  • 37
    • 79954173634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The term comes from Hosking, "Memory," 117.
    • Memory , pp. 117
    • Hosking1
  • 38
    • 79954324956 scopus 로고
    • 2 vols. (Berlin), Die Akte Honecker
    • On Honecker's antifascist past, see Peter Przybylski, Tatort Politbüro, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1991-92), vol.1, Die Akte Honecker, 48-50.
    • (1991) Tatort Politbüro , vol.1 , pp. 48-50
    • Przybylski, P.1
  • 40
    • 33751053088 scopus 로고
    • Frankfurt am Main and Berlin
    • Erich Honecker, Aus meinem Leben (Frankfurt am Main and Berlin, 1981), 91-107;
    • (1981) Aus Meinem Leben , pp. 91-107
    • Honecker, E.1
  • 45
    • 79953914084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAPMO-BA, ZPA, vorl.SED 32839
    • See SAPMO-BA, ZPA, vorl.SED 32839.
  • 46
    • 79953679428 scopus 로고
    • Berlin
    • Ruth Werner, Sonjas Rapport (Berlin, 1977). This was translated into English as Sonya's Report (London, 1991).
    • (1977) Sonjas Rapport
    • Werner, R.1
  • 47
    • 79954202414 scopus 로고
    • Es hat sich gelohnt zu leben
    • Marianne Lange, "Es hat sich gelohnt zu leben," Weimarer Beiträge 25, no. 9 (1979): 87, n. 7.
    • (1979) Weimarer Beiträge , vol.25 , Issue.7-9 , pp. 87
    • Lange, M.1
  • 48
    • 79954121363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indeed, the title of Lange's study of East German memoirs was "It has been worthwhile." Lange, "Es hat sich gelohnt."
    • Es Hat Sich Gelohnt
    • Lange1
  • 49
    • 79954294771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anton Ackermann to Comrade Eisler (presumably Hilde), 6 May 1963, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, NL109/3, 67
    • Anton Ackermann to Comrade Eisler (presumably Hilde), 6 May 1963, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, NL109/3, 67.
  • 50
    • 79954029304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cläre Quast to an Emmi, 17 June 1970, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, EA0740/2, 162
    • Cläre Quast to an Emmi, 17 June 1970, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, EA0740/2, 162.
  • 51
    • 79954102325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H. Schumann to Josef (Sepp) Haho, 24 December 1958, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, NL98/5, 178
    • H. Schumann to Josef (Sepp) Haho, 24 December 1958, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, NL98/5, 178.
  • 52
    • 79954076003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Josef (Sepp)Hahn, untitled manuscript, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, NL98/5, 7
    • Josef (Sepp)Hahn, untitled manuscript, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, NL98/5, 7.
  • 53
    • 85010963598 scopus 로고
    • Das 'Gedächtnis' der Partei: Diographische und andere Bestände im zentralen Parteiarchiv der SED in der 'Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR im Bundesarchiv'
    • Karin Hartewig briefly compares the published and unpublished versions of the memoirs by Franz Dahlem and Alexander Abusch. Karin Hartewig, "Das 'Gedächtnis' der Partei: Diographische und andere Bestände im zentralen Parteiarchiv der SED in der 'Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR im Bundesarchiv'," Jahrbuch für Historische Kommunnismusforschung (1993): 312-23.
    • (1993) Jahrbuch für Historische Kommunnismusforschung , pp. 312-323
    • Hartewig, K.1
  • 55
    • 79954275627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erinnerungen
    • 185-86
    • Emmy Koenen, "Erinnerungen," SAPMO-BA, ZPA, EA1308/1, 181, 185-86. While some published memoirs by Old Communists, (especially those printed in the 1980s), include brief passages on the purges, these sections are vague, and rarely mention specific purge victims.
    • SAPMO-BA, ZPA , vol.EA1308 , Issue.1 , pp. 181
    • Koenen, E.1
  • 57
    • 79953958208 scopus 로고
    • Political Biography and Memoir in Totalitarian Eastern Europe
    • ed. George Egerton (London)
    • On the practice (or lack thereof) of veteran Communists in other Soviet-style states writing their memoirs, see Janos Bak, "Political Biography and Memoir in Totalitarian Eastern Europe," in Political Memoir: Essays on the Politics of Memory, ed. George Egerton (London, 1994), 292-301.
    • (1994) Political Memoir: Essays on the Politics of Memory , pp. 292-301
    • Bak, J.1
  • 59
    • 79953948079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minutes of secretariat meeting, 24 April 1974, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, J IV 2/3/2146, enclosure no. 14, 150
    • Minutes of secretariat meeting, 24 April 1974, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, J IV 2/3/2146, enclosure no. 14, 150.
  • 62
    • 79954304793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAPMO-BA, ZPA, EA1244/1-3
    • Drafts of Mewis's postwar memoirs are found in SAPMO-BA, ZPA, EA1244/1-3.
  • 63
    • 79954051627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minutes of secretariat meeting, 16 January 1974, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, J IV 2/3/2105, 10
    • Minutes of secretariat meeting, 16 January 1974, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, J IV 2/3/2105, 10.
  • 64
    • 79954242741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • To the scaffold
    • Mewis wrote that Wehner divulged information to Swedish authorities that ultimately brought two KPD members, Arthur Emmerich and Rudolf Hallmeyer, "to the scaffold" in Germany.
    • Germany
    • Emmerich, A.1    Hallmeyer, R.2
  • 65
    • 79954235576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herbert Wehner had been an agent of the British Secret Service for years
    • 319
    • Mewis also alleged that in the early 1940s, "Herbert Wehner had been an agent of the British Secret Service for years." Mewis, Im Auftrag, 315, 319.
    • Mewis, im Auftrag , pp. 315
    • Mewis1
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    • Munich
    • Michael Scholz, Herbert Wehner in Schweden 1941-1946 (Munich, 1995), 183-85. The quotation comes from a letter drafted by Kurt Vieweg to Wehner, but never actually sent.
    • (1995) Herbert Wehner in Schweden 1941-1946 , pp. 183-185
    • Scholz, M.1
  • 67
    • 79953960618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAPMO-BA, ZPA, EA1098/1-2
    • A draft copy of these memoirs is found in SAPMO-BA, ZPA, EA1098/1-2.
  • 68
    • 79954045642 scopus 로고
    • Die vereitelte Einheit
    • Excerpts were published in Fritz Selbmann, "Die vereitelte Einheit," Neue deutsche Literatur 38, no. 11 (1990): 119-38.
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    • 79954363910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ernst Diehl to Kurt Hager, 21 July 1978, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, Dienstakte Bundesarchiv Fritz Selbmann
    • Ernst Diehl to Kurt Hager, 21 July 1978, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, Dienstakte Bundesarchiv Fritz Selbmann. Diehl's emphasis.
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    • Durchsicht des Umbruchs Fritz Selbmann:Acht Jahre und einTag
    • Verlag Neues Leben, May, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, Dienstakte Bundesarchiv Fritz Selbmann
    • Günter Benser, Durchsicht des Umbruchs Fritz Selbmann:Acht Jahre und einTag. Bilder zur Geschichte der DDR, Verlag Neues Leben, May 1978, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, Dienstakte Bundesarchiv Fritz Selbmann.
    • (1978) Bilder Zur Geschichte der DDR
    • Benser, G.1
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    • Berlin, 22 February
    • This was suggested to the author in an interview with Glückauf's son. Rolf Glückauf, interview by author, Berlin, 22 February 1995.
    • (1995) Interview by Author
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    • Erklärung zu dem Gutachten über das Buch des Genossen Glückauf
    • 24 March, vorl.SED 21978
    • Prof. Dr. Walter Wimmer and Dr. Karlheinz Pech, Erklärung zu dem Gutachten über das Buch des Genossen Glückauf, 24 March 1977, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, vorl.SED 21978.
    • (1977) SAPMO-BA, ZPA
    • Wimmer, W.1    Pech, K.2
  • 73
    • 79954110798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kurt Hager to Erich Honecker, 25 May 1977, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, IV B2/2.024/119
    • Kurt Hager to Erich Honecker, 25 May 1977, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, IV B2/2.024/119.
  • 75
    • 79954102322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verlag Neues Leben to Alfred Kurella, 19 May 1967, Alfred-Kurella-Archiv, Akademie der Künste, Akte 879 (hereafter cited as AdK)
    • Verlag Neues Leben to Alfred Kurella, 19 May 1967, Alfred-Kurella-Archiv, Akademie der Künste, Akte 879 (hereafter cited as AdK).
  • 76
    • 79954133934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alfred Kurella to Hans Bentzien,25 November 1968, Alfred-Kurella-Archiv, AdK, Akte 879
    • Alfred Kurella to Hans Bentzien,25 November 1968, Alfred-Kurella-Archiv, AdK, Akte 879.
  • 80
    • 84866818141 scopus 로고
    • Über die Auswertung des Beschlusses des Zentralkomitees zu den 'Lehren aus dem Prozess gegen das Verschwörerzentrum Slansky
    • Berlin
    • For the allegations against Dahlem, see "Über die Auswertung des Beschlusses des Zentralkomitees zu den 'Lehren aus dem Prozess gegen das Verschwörerzentrum Slansky,'" in Dokumente da Sozialistischcn Emheitspartei Deutschlands, vol. 4 (Berlin, 1954), 405-7.
    • (1954) Dokumente da Sozialistischcn Emheitspartei Deutschlands , vol.4 , pp. 405-407
  • 81
    • 79954214922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 260,447ff
    • Dahlem devoted pages to the exemplary political and personal character traits of Paul Merker. See Dahlem, Am Vorabend, l:179,260,447ff. He also praised the political work of many other Old-Communist victims of the Noel-Field Affair, including Paul Bertz, Maria Weiterer, Walter Beling, Hans Teubner, and Rudolf Feistmann.
    • Am Vorabend , vol.1 , pp. 179
    • Dahlem1
  • 83
    • 79953944750 scopus 로고
    • Minutes of secretariat meeting, 18 November 1975, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, J IV 2/3/238, 2. Some of these "parts" were published in Dahlem, "Franz Dahlem, "in 1990.
    • (1990) Franz Dahlem
    • Dahlem1
  • 84
    • 79953965692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Günter Heyden to Kurt Hager, 11 November 1974, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, ME-Nr.11.528
    • Günter Heyden to Kurt Hager, 11 November 1974, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, ME-Nr.11.528. Heyden's emphasis.
  • 85
    • 79953931145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gutachten zum Manuskript von Franz Dahlem: Am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges (1938 bis August 1939). Parteigeschichtliche Erinnerungen, 5 November 1974, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, ME-Nr.11.528
    • Gutachten zum Manuskript von Franz Dahlem: Am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges (1938 bis August 1939). Parteigeschichtliche Erinnerungen, 5 November 1974, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, ME-Nr.11.528.
  • 86
    • 79954349322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Franz Dahlem to Erich Honecker, 1 July 1975, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, ME-Nr.11.528
    • Franz Dahlem to Erich Honecker, 1 July 1975, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, ME-Nr.11.528.
  • 87
    • 79954342824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Speech by Johannes R. Becher to the 15th Central Committee Meeting, 24-26 July 1953, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, IV 2/1/120, 132
    • Speech by Johannes R. Becher to the 15th Central Committee Meeting, 24-26 July 1953, SAPMO-BA, ZPA, IV 2/1/120, 132.
  • 90
    • 79953916992 scopus 로고
    • Geschichtserlebnis als Lesestoff
    • One kind of official GDR memory did resonate with that of much of a generation of East Germans: fighting for Hitler on the eastern front, capture by Soviet forces, and then "antifascist" reeducation in Soviet POW camps. This official memory found expression in a large group of memoirs written by former Wehrmacht generals. See Artur Arndt, " Geschichtserlebnis als Lesestoff," Neue Deutsche Literatur 25, no. 5 (1976): 144-72.
    • (1976) Neue Deutsche Literatur , vol.25 , Issue.5 , pp. 144-172
    • Arndt, A.1


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