Current therapies in exotic animal oncology

Veterinary Clinics of North America - Exotic Animal Practice

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 757-781

  Graham, Jennifer E ^a,b   Kent, Michael S ^c   Théon, Alain ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Veterinary Specialty Center   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACEMANNAN; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALPHA2A INTERFERON; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CARPROFEN; CELECOXIB; CIMETIDINE; CISPLATIN; CORTICOSTEROID; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; EMULSIFYING AGENT; INDOMETACIN; INTERLEUKIN 2; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOPROFEN; LIPOSOME; LIQUID NITROGEN; MURAMYL TRIPEPTIDE; NITROUS OXIDE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OPIATE; PHOTOFRIN; PIROXICAM; RETINOID; SORBITAN OLEATE; STEROID; SULINDAC; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANIMAL ANATOMY; ANIMAL CARE; ANIMAL DISEASE; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CANCER; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER THERAPY; CAT DISEASE; EXOTIC SPECIES; LUNG METASTASIS; MELANOMA; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; OSTEOSARCOMA; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; REVIEW; T CELL LYMPHOMA; VETERINARY MEDICINE;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, DOMESTIC; NEOPLASMS;

ANIMALIA; FELIDAE;

EID: 4243084408     PISSN: 10949194     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2004.04.004     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. King A. McClelland J. Integument in: King A. McClelland J. eds. Birds, their structure and function 1984 23-42 Bailliere Tindall Philadelphia
2. Romagnano A. Examination and preventive medicine protocols in psittacines in: Rupley A. ed. The veterinary clinics of North America exotic animal practice 1999 333-356 WB Saunders Philadelphia
3. Schmidt R. Quesenberry K. in: Neoplasia Altman R. Clubb S.L. Dorrestein G.M. Quesenberry K. eds. Avian medicine and surgery 1997 590-603 WB Saunders Philadelphia
4. Harvey-Clark C. Clinical and research use of implantable vascular access ports in avian species. In: Proceedings of the Association of Avian Veterinarians; 1990. p. 191-209
5. King A. McClelland J. Cardiovascular system in: King A. McClelland J. eds. Birds, their structure and function 1984 Bailliere Tindall Philadelphia
6. Hooimeijer J. Dorrestein G. Pigeons and doves in: Altman R. Clubb S.L. Dorrestein G.M. Quesenberry K. eds. Avian medicine and surgery 1997 886-909 WB Saunders Philadelphia
7. Bauck L. Fungal diseases in: Ritchie B. Harrison G. eds. Avian medicine: principles and application 1994 997-1006 Wingers Publishing Lake Worth (FL)
8. Westerhof I. Pituitary-adrenocortical function and glucocorticoid administration in pigeons (Columba livia domestica) J Avian Med Surg 12 3 1998 167-177
9. Antinoff N. Special considerations in oncology of exotics. In: Proceedings of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Chicago; 1999. p. 333-335
10. Bauck L, Hillyer E, Hoefer H. Rhinitis: case reports. In: Proceedings of the Association of Avian Veterinarians; 1992. p. 134-139
11. Rupiper D. Carpenter J. Mashima T. Formulary in: Olsen G. Orosz S. eds. Manual of avian medicine 2000 553-589 Mosby, Inc. St. Louis (MO)
12. Quesenberry K. Basic approach to veterinary care in: Hillyer E. Quesenberry K. eds. Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery 1997 14-25 WB Saunders Philadelphia
13. Rassnick K. Gould W. Flanders J. Use of a vascular access system for administration of chemotherapeutic agents to a ferret with lymphoma J Am Vet Med Assoc 206 4 1995 500-504
14. Brown S. Neoplasia in: Hillyer E. Quesenberry K. eds. Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery 1998 99-114 WB Saunders Philadelphia
15. Hutson C. Kopit M. Walder E. Combination doxorubicin and orthovoltage radiation therapy, single agent doxorubicin, and high dose vincristine for salvage therapy of ferret lymphosarcoma J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 192 28 1992 365-368
16. Rosenthal K. Ferrets Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 24 1994 19-20
17. Dugan S. Center S.A. Randolph J.F. Chemotherapeutical remission of multicentric lymphosarcoma in a ferret (Mustela putorius furo) J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 25 1989 69-74
18. Harcourt-Brown F. Skin diseases in: Harcourt-Brown F. ed. Textbook of rabbit medicine 2002 224-248 Elsevier Science Limited Oxford
19. Perry-Clark L. Meunier L. Vascular access ports for chronic serial infusion and blood sampling in New Zealand white rabbits Lab Anim Sci 41 5 1991 495-497
20. Harcourt-Brown F. Therapeutics in: Harcourt-Brown F. ed. Textbook of rabbit medicine 2002 94-120 Elsevier Science Limited Oxford
21. Orcutt C. Use of vascular access ports in exotics animals Exotic DVM Vet Mag 2 3 2000 34-38
22. Tesche S. Sagowski C. Zywietz F. Jenicke L. Bohuslavizki K.H. Metternich F.U. Multiple application of drugs in rats-a new port system Onkologie 25 2 2002 178-180
23. de Wit M. Raabe A. Tuinmann G. Hossfeld D.K. Implantable device for intravenous drug delivery in the rat Lab Anim Sci 35 4 2001 321-324
24. Garner D. McGivern R. Jagels G. Laks M.M. A new method for direct measurement of systolic and diastolic pressures in conscious rats using vascular-access-ports Lab Anim Sci 38 1988 205-207
25. Rosenthal K. Chemotherapeutic treatment of a sarcoma in a corn snake. In: Proceedings of the Association of Reptile and Amphibian Veterinarians, Pittsburgh; 1994. p. 46
26. Johnson-Delaney C. Reptile zoonoses and threats to public health in: Mader D. ed. Reptile medicine and surgery 1996 20-33 WB Saunders Philadelphia
27. Withrow S. Biopsy principles in: Withrow S. MacEwen E. eds. Small animal clinical oncology 2001 63-69 WB Saunders Philadelphia
28. Tell L. Silverman S. Wisner E. Imaging techniques for evaluating the head of birds, reptiles and small exotic mammals Exotic DVM 5 2003 31-37
29. Woolf A. Curl J. Gremillion-Smith C. The use of subcutaneous ports in the woodchuck (Marmota monax) Lab Anim Sci 39 1989 620-622
30. Gyves J. Ensminger W. Niederhuber J. Totally implantable systems for intravenous chemotherapy in patients with cancer Am J Med 73 1982 841-845
31. Bothe A. Piccione W. Ambrosino J. Implantable central venous access systems Am J Surg 147 1984 565-569
32. Dalton M. The vascular port-a subcutaneously implanted drug delivery depot Lab Anim Sci July/August 1985 21-30
33. Bagley R. Flanders J. The use of totally implantable vascular access systems Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12 1990 22-27
34. Begg A. et al. Improvement of differential toxicity between tumor and normal tissues using intratumoral injection with or without a slow-drug-release matrix system NCI Monogr 6 1988 133-136
35. Theon A. VanVechten M. Madewell B. Intratumoral administration of carboplatin for treatment of squamous cell carcinomas of the nasal plane in cats Am J Vet Res 57 1996 205-210
36. Theon A. Madewell B.R. Ryu J. Castro J. Concurrent irradiation and intratumoral chemotherapy with cisplatin: a pilot study in dogs with spontaneous tumors Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 29 1994 1027-1034
37. Theon A. Pascoe J.R. Carlson G.P. Krag D.N. Intratumoral chemotherapy with cisplatin in oily emulsion in horses J Am Vet Med Assoc 202 1993 261-267
38. Lamberski N. Theon A. Concurrent irradiation and intratumoral chemotherapy with cisplatin for treatment of a fibrosarcoma in a blue and gold macaw (Ara ararauna) J Avian Medi Surg 16 3 2002 234-238
39. Orenberg E. Miller B.H. Greenway H.T. Koperski J.A. Lowe N. Rosen T. et al. The effect of intralesional 5-fluorouracil therapeutic implant (MPI 5003) for treatment of basal cell carcinoma J Am Acad Dermatol 27 1992 723-728
40. Krag D. Theon A.P. Schneider P.D. Goodnight J.E. Intralesional cis-diamminedichloroplatinum and purified collagen treatment of human metastatic malignancies: a feasibility study J Surg Oncol 43 1990 83-87
41. Theon A. Intralesional and topical chemotherapy and immunotherapy Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 14 1998 659-671
42. Orenberg E. Luck E.E. Brown D.M. Kitchell B.E. Implant delivery system: intralesional delivery of chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of spontaneous skin tumors in veterinary patients Clin Dermatol 9 1991 561-568
43. Theon A. Intratumoral chemotherapy in domesticated animals. Spontaneous animal tumors: a survey. First World Conference on Spontaneous Animal Tumors; 1997. p. 323-326
44. Theon A. Cisplatin treatment for cutaneous tumors in: Robinson R. ed. Current therapy in equine medicine 1997 372-377 Saunders Philadelphia
45. Ramsay E. Bos J. McFadden C. Use of intratumoral cisplatin and orthovoltage radiotherapy in treatment of a fibrosarcoma in a macaw J Assoc Avian Vet 7 2 1993 87-90
46. Tozon N. Sersa G. Cemazar M. Electrochemotherapy: potentiation of local antitumor effectiveness of cisplatin in dogs and cats Anticancer Res 21 4A 2001 2483-2488
47. Theon A. Madewell B.R. Moore A.S. Stephens C. Krag D.N. Localized thermo-cisplatin therapy: a pilot study in spontaneous canine and feline tumors Int J Hyperthermia 7 6 1991 881-892
48. Langan J. Adams W.H. Patton S. Lindermann K. Schumacher J. Radiation and intralesional chemotherapy for a fibrosarcoma in a boa constrictor, Boa constrictor ortoni J Herpetol Med Surg 11 1 2001 4-8
49. Manucy T. Bennett R.A. Greenacre C.B. Roberts R.E. Schumacher J. Deem S. Squamous cell carcinoma of the mandibular beak in a Buffon's macaw (Ara amibugua) J Avian Med Surg 12 3 1998 158-166
50. von Zallinger C. Tempel K. The physiologic response of domestic animals to ionizing radiation: a review Vet Radiol Ultrasound 39 6 1998 495-503
51. Eisele G. Bacterial and biochemical studies on gamma-irratiated swine Am J Vet Res 35 1974 1305-1308
52. Broerse J. Macvittie T. Response of different species to total-body irradiation 1984 Martinus Nijhoff Boston
53. Brown D. Physiologic response to exercise of irradiated and non-irradiated shetland ponies: a 5-year study Am J Vet Res 5 1978 645-652
54. Withrow S. Cryosurgery in: Withrow S. MacEwen E. eds. Small animal clinical oncology 2001 77-83 WB Saunders Philadelphia
55. Weiss C. Cryosurgery treatment of hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets Vet Forum Jan 2000 42-44
56. Gillette E. Hyperthermia in: Withrow S. MacEwen E. eds. Small animal oncology 2001 83-86 WB Saunders Philadelphia
57. Brewer W.J. Turrel J. Radiotherapy and hyperthermia in the treatment of fibrosarcomas in the dog JAVMA 181 1982 146-150
58. Dewhirst M. Sim D. Wilson S. Correlation between initial and long-term responses of spontaneous pet animal tumors to heat and radiation or radiation alone Cancer Res 43 1984 5735-5741
59. Denman D. Lagoretta R. Kier A. Therapeutic responses of spontaneous canine malignancies to combinations of radiotherapy and hyperthermia Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 21 1991 415-422
60. Dahl O. Mella O. Effect of timing and sequence of hyperthermia and cyclophophamide on a neurogenic rat tumor (BT4A) in vivo Cancer 52 1982 983-987
61. Hahn G. Strande D. Cytotoxic effects of hyperthermia and Adriamycin on Chinese hamster cells J Natl Cancer Inst 57 1976 1063-1067
62. Eikesdal H. Bjerkvig R. Mella O. Dahl O. Combretastatin A-4 and hyperthermia; a potent combination for the treatment of solid tumors Radiother Oncol 60 2 2001 147-154
63. Eikesdal H. Bjerkvig R. Dahl O. Vinblastine and hyperthermia target the neovasculature in BT(4)AN rat gliomas: therapeutic implications of the vascular phenotype Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51 2 2001 535-544
64. Van Bree C. Beumer C. Rodermond H.M. Haveman J. Bakker P.J. Effectiveness of 2', 2'difluorodeoxycytidine (Gemcitabine) combined with hyperthermia in rat R-1 rhabdomyosarcoma in vitro and in vivo Int J Hyperthermia 15 6 1999 549-556
65. Tamura M. Zama A. Kunimine H. Tamaki Y. Niibe H. Effect of hyperthermia in combination with radiation therapy in a rat glioma model No Shinkei Geka 16 5 1988 659-663
66. Merkel L. Biel M. Photodynamic therapy in: Withrow S. MacEwen E. eds. Small animal clinical oncology 2001 86-91 WB Saunders Philadelphia
67. McCaw D, Suedmeyer WK, Henry CJ, Tate D. Photodynamic therapy treatment of avian neoplasms. In: Proc Vet Cancer Soc; 2000, p. 88
68. Roberts W. Klein M.K. Loomis M. Weldy S. Berus M.W. Photodynamic therapy of spontaneous cancers in felines, canines, and snakes with chloro-aluminum sulfonated phthalocyanine J Natl Cancer Inst 83 1 1991 18-23
69. Rosenthal K, Duda L, Ivey E, Hahn S. A report of photodynamic therapy for squamous cell carcinoma in a cockatiel. In: Proceedings of the Association of Avian Veterinarians; 2001. p. 175-176
70. Harris C. Pierce K. King G. Yates K.M. Hall J. Tizard I. Efficacy of acemannan in treatment of canine and feline spontaneous neoplasms Mol Biother 3 4 1991 207-213
71. Wilson H, Graham J, Roberts R, Greenacre C, Ritchie B. Integumentary neoplasms in psittacine birds: treatment strategies. In: Proceedings of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, Portland; 2000. p. 211-214
72. Hogge G. MacEwan E. Immunotherapy and biologic therapy of cancer in: Withrow S. MacEwen E. eds. Small animal clinical oncology 2001 138-168 WB Saunders Philadelphia
73. Morris D. Special considerations in dermatologic oncology: therapeutic use of synthetic retinoids and recombinant interferons. In: Proceedings of the 17th Annual American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Chicago; 1999. p. 330-332
74. Rosenbaum M. Affolter V.K. Usborne A.L. Boeber N.L. Cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma in a ferret JAVMA 209 8 1996 1441-1444
75. Hinton H. Regan M. Cutaneous lymphoma in a rabbit Vet Rec 103 1978 140-141
76. White S. Campbell T. Logan A. Lymphoma with cutaneous involvement in three domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) Vet Dermatol 11 2000 61-67
77. Whitworth P. Pak C. Esgro J. Macrophages and cancer Cancer Metast Rev 8 1990 319-351
78. Kleinerman E. Murray J.L. Snyder J.S. Cunningham J.E. Fidler I.J. Activation of tumoricidal properties in monocytes from cancer patients following intravenous administration of liposomes containing muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine Cancer Res 49 1989 4665-4670
79. Kleinerman E. Biologic therapy for osteosarcoma using liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 9 1995 927-938
80. Shields C. Lally M.R. Singh A.D. Shields J.A. Nowinski T. Oral cimetidine (Tagamet) for recalcitrant, diffuse conjunctival papillomatosis Am J Ophthalmol 128 1999 362-364
81. Hellstrand K. Hellstrand K. Hermodsson S. Naredi P. Mellqvist U.H. Brune M. Histamine and cytokine therapy Acta Oncol 37 1998 347-353
82. Goetz T. Ogilvie T.E. Keegan K.G. Johnson P.J. Cimetidine for treatment of melanomas in three horses JAVMA 196 1990 449-452
83. Mule J. Shu S. Rosenberg S. The antitumor efficacy of lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin-2 in vivo J Immunol 135 1985 646-652
84. Rosenberg S. Yang J.C. Topalian S.L. Schwartzentruber D.J. Weber J.S. Parkinson D.R. et al. Treatment of 283 consecutive patients with metastatic melanoma of renal cell cancer using high-dose bolus interleukin 2 JAMA 271 1994 907-913
85. Khanna C. Anderson P.M. Hasz D.E. Katsanis E. Neville M. Klausner J.S. Interleukin 2 liposome inhalation therapy is safe and effective for dogs with spontaneous pulmonary metastasis Cancer 79 1997 1409-1421
86. Otter W. Cadee J. Gavhumende R. DeGroot C.J. Hennink W.E. Stewart R. Effective cancer therapy with a single injection of interleukin-2 at the site of the tumor Cancer Immunol Immunother 48 1999 419-420
87. Rutten V. Klein W.R. De Jong W.A. Misdorp W. Den Otter W. Steerenberg P.A. et al. Local interleukin-2 therapy in bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma: a pilot study Cancer Immunol Immunother 30 1989 165-169
88. Hanif R. Pittas A. Feng Y. Koutsos M. Qiao L. Stainano-Coico L. Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on proliferation and on induction of apoptosis in colon cancer cells by a prostaglandin-independent pathway Biochem Pharmacol 52 1996 237-245
89. Marnett L. Aspirin and the potential role of prostaglandins in colon cancer Cancer Res 52 1992 5575-5589
90. Knapp D. Richardson R.C. Bottoms G.D. Widmer W.R. DeNicola D.B. Teclaw R. Piroxicam therapy in 34 dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder J Vet Intern Med 8 1994 273-278
91. Benjamin S. Simone C. Traub M. Cancer treatment: beyond the conventional Patient Care March 30 1998 53-69
92. Risberg T. Lund E. Wist E. Cancer patients use of nonproven therapy: a 5-year follow-up study J Clin Onco 16 1998 6-12
93. Eisenberg D. Davis R. Ettner S. Trends in alternative medicine in the United States JAMA 280 1998 1569-1575
94. Wynn S. Wherefore complementary medicine? [Commentary] JAVMA 209 7 1996 1228-1233
95. O'Hara M. Keifer D. Farrell K. Kemper K. A review of 12 commonly used medicinal herbs Arch Fam Med 7 1998 523-536
96. Cupp M. Herbal remedies: adverse effects and drug interactions Am Fam Physician 59 5 1999 1239-1244
97. Robinson N. Ogilvie G. Complementary and alternative veterinary medicine and cancer in: Withrow S. MacEwan E. eds. Small animal clinical oncology 2001 183-197 WB Saunders Philadelphia
98. Walters R. Options: the alternative cancer therapy book 1993 Paragon Press Honesdale (PA)
99. Wynn S. Studies on use of homeopathy in animals JAVMA 212 5 1998 719-724
100. Ogilvie G. Metabolic alterations and nutritional therapy in: Withrow S. MacEwan E. eds. Small animal clinical oncology 2001 169-181 WB Saunders Philadelphia
101. Ogilvie G. Vail D. Metabolic alterations and nutritional therapy for the veterinary cancer patient Clinical veterinary oncology 1996 WB Saunders Philadelphia
102. Dragsted L. Daneshvar B. Vogel U. Autrup H.N. Wallin H. Risom L. A sucrose-rich diet induces mutations in the rat colon Cancer Res 62 2002 4339-4345
103. Chlebowski R. Heber D. Metabolic abnormalities in cancer patients: carbohydrate metabolism Surg Clin North Am 66 1986 957-968
104. Dewys W. Pathophysiology of cancer cachexia: current understanding and areas of future research Cancer Res 42 1982 722-726
105. Paul-Murphy J. Ramer J. Urgent care of the pet rabbit Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 1 1998 127-152
106. Rogers G. Taylor C. Austin J. A pharyngostomy technique for chronic oral dosing in rabbits Lab Anim Sci 36 1988 619-620
107. Caligiuri R. Bellah J.R. Collins B.R. Ackerman N. Medical and surgical management of esophageal foreign body in a ferret JAVMA 195 7 1989 969-971
108. Brown S. Clinical techniques in domestic ferrets Semin Avian Exotic Pet Med 6 1997 75-85
109. Benson K. Steinberg H. Paul-Murphy J. Nonendoscopic percutaneous gastrostomy tubes in ferrets Lab Anim Sci 29 7 2000 44-46
110. Crowe D. Downs M. Pharyngostomy complications in dogs and cats and recommended technical modifications: experimental and clinical investigations J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22 1986 493-503
111. Smith D. Olson P. Matthews K. Nutritional support for rabbits using the percutaneously places gastrostomy tube: a preliminary study J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33 1997 48-54
112. Lindberg C. Ivancev K. Kan Z. Lindberg R. Percutaneous gastrostomy: a clinical and experimental study Acta Radiol 32 1991 302-304
113. Goring R. Goldman A. Kaufman K.J. Roberts C. Quesenberry K. Kollias G.V. Needle cathether duodenostomy: a technique for duodenal alimentation of birds J Am Vet Med Assoc 189 9 1986 1017-1019
114. von Werthern C. Wess G. A new technique for insertion of esophagostomy tubes in cats J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 37 2001 140-144
115. Crowe D. Devey J. Esophagostomy tubes for feeding and decompression: clinical experience in 29 small animal patients J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33 1997 393-403
116. Das J, Uzoaru I, Ansari G. Biliary lithocholate and cholestasis during and after total parenteral nutrition: an experimental study. In: Proc Soc Exp Biol Med; 1995. p. 253-259
117. Kiyama T. Efron D.T. Tantry U. Barbul A. Trauma and wound healing: role of the route of nutritional support Int J Surg Investig 2 6 2001 483-489
118. Degernes L. Davidson G. Flammer K. Kolmstetter C. Munger L. Administration of total parenteral nutrition in pigeons Am J Vet Res 55 5 1994 660-665
119. Orcutt C. Emergency and critical care of ferrets Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 1 1 1998 99-126
120. Orcutt C. Parenteral nutrition for small exotic herbivores Exotic DVM Vet Mag 2 3 2000 39-43
121. Gaynor J. Pain management for the oncology patient in: Withrow S. MacEwan E. eds. Small animal clinical oncology 2001 219-231 WB Saunders Philadelphia
122. Jamali F. Brocks D. Clinical pharmacokinetics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Clin Pharmacokinet 8 1990 297-331
123. Mansour A. Khachaturian H. Lewis M.E. Akil H. Watson S.J. Anatomy of CNS opiod receptors Trends Neurosci 11 1988 308-314
124. Paul-Murphy J. Ludders J. Avian analgesia Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 4 1 2001 35-45
125. Paul-Murphy J. Brunson D. Miletic V. Analgesic effects of butorphanol and buprenorphine in conscious African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus and Psittacus erithacus timneh) Am J Vet Res 60 10 1999 1218-1221
126. Mosley C. Dyson D. Simth D. Minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in green iguanas and the effect of butorphanol on minimum alveolar concentration JAVMA 222 11 2003 1559-1564