Effect of activity involvement and place attachment on recreationists' perceptions of setting density

Journal of Leisure Research

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 209-231

  Kyle, Gerard ^a   Graefe, Alan ^b   Manning, Robert ^c   Bacon, James ^c  

^a CLEMSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT   (United States)

Author keywords

Leisure involvement; Perceptions of setting density; Place attachment

Indexed keywords

DENSITY; OUTDOOR RECREATION; PERCEPTION; RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY; SENSE OF PLACE;

EID: 4243052776     PISSN: 00222216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00222216.2004.11950020     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Anderson, M., Kerstetter, D.I., & Graefe, A. R. (1998). The effects of festival attributes upon perceptions of crowding. In Proceedings of the 1997 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium, (GTR NE-241; pp. 182-185). Radnor, PA: USDA Forest Service.
2. Absher, J. D., & Lee, R. (1981). Density as an incomplete cause of crowding in backcountry settings. Leisure Sciences, 4, 231-247.
3. Adelman, B., Heberlein, T., & Bonnickson, T. (1982). Social psychological explanations for the persistence of a conflict between paddling canoeists and motorcraft users in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area.Leisure Sciences, 5, 45-61.
4. Altman, I., & Low, S. M. (1992). Place attachment, human behavior and environment: Advances in theory and research (Vol. 12). New York: Plenum Press.
5. Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
6. Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
7. Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
8. Bricker, K. S., & Kerstetter, D. L. (2000). Level of specialization and place attachment: An exploratory study of whitewater recreationists. Leisure Sciences, 22, 233-257.
9. Burch, W. (1969). The social circles of leisure: Competing explanations. Journal of Leisure Research, 1, 125-147.
10. Celsi, R. L., & Olson, J. C. (1988). The role of involvement in attention and comprehension processes.Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 210-224.
11. Chawla, L. (1992). Childhood place attachment. In I. Altman & S. M. Low (Eds.), Place attachment (pp. 63-86). New York: Plenum Press.
12. Cole, D. N., & Stewart, W. P. (2002). Variability of user-based evaluative standards for backcountry encounters. Leisure Sciences, 24, 313-324.
13. Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98-104.
14. Dimanche, F, & Samdahl, D. (1994). Leisure as symbolic consumption: A conceptualization and prospectus for future research. Leisure Sciences, 16, 119-129.
15. Ditton, R., Fedler, A., & Graefe, A. R. (1983). Factors contributing to perceptions of recreational crowding. Leisure Sciences, 5, 273-288.
16. Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. New York: Harcourt Brace.
17. Graefe, A. R., Donnelly, M. P., & Vaske, J. J. (1986). Crowding and specialization: A reexamination of the crowding model. In R. Lucas (Compiler), Proceedings of the National Wilderness Research Conference, Current Research (GTR INT-212; pp. 333-338). Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service.
18. Graefe, A. R., & Moore, R. (1992). Monitoring the visitor experience at Buck Island Reef National Monument. In Proceeding of the 1991 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium (GTR NE-160; pp. 55-58). Radnor, PA: USDA Forest Service.
19. Haggard, L. M., & Williams, D. R. (1992). Identity affirmation through leisure activities: Leisure symbols of the self. Journal of Leisure Research, 24, 1-18.
20. Hall, T., & Shelby, B. (2000). Temporal and spatial displacement: Evidence form a high-use reservoir and alternate sites. Journal of Leisure Research, 32, 435-456.
21. Hammitt, W. E., & Patterson, M. E. (1991). Coping behavior to avoid visitor encounters: Its relationship to wildland privacy. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 225-237.
22. Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F. (1990). Propositions for guiding the empirical testing of the involvement construct in recreational and tourist contexts. Leisure Sciences, 12, 179-196.
23. Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F. (1997). Leisure involvement revisited: Conceptual conundrums and measurement advances. Journal of Leisure Research, 29, 245-278.
24. Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F. (1999). Leisure involvement revisited: Drive properties and paradoxes. Journal of Leisure Research, 31, 122-149.
25. Heberlein, T. A., & Vaske, J. J. (1977). Crowding and visitor conflict on the Bois Brule River(Report WISC WRC 77-04). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Water Resources Center.
26. Helson, H. (1964). Adaptation level theory: An experimental and systematic approach to behavior.New York: Harper & Row.
27. Herr, P. M. (1986). Consequences of priming: Judgment and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1106-1115.
28. Herr, P. M., Sherman, S. J., & Fazio, R. H. (1983). On the consequences of priming: Assimilation and contrast effects. Journal oj Fxperimental Social Psychology, 19, 323-340.
29. Hidalgo, M. C., & Hernández, B. (2001). Place attachment: Conceptual and empirical questions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21, 273-281.
30. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 76-99). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
31. Hummon, D. M. (1992). Community attachment: Local sentiment and sense of place. In I. Altman & S. M. Low (Eds.), Place attachment (pp. 253-278). New York: Plenum Press.
32. Iwasaki, Y, & Havitz, M. E. (1998). A path analytic model of the relationships between involvement, psychological commitment, and loyalty. Journal of Leisure Research, 30, 256-280.
33. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2001). LISREL 8: User's reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
34. Jorgensen, B. S., & Stedman, R. C. (2001). Sense of place as an attitude: Lakeshore owners attitudes toward their properties.Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21, 233-248.
35. Kuentzel, W. F., & McDonald, C. D. (1992). Differential effects of past experience, commitment, and lifestyle dimensions on river use specialization. Journal of Leisure Research, 24, 269-287.
36. Kyle, G. T, & Chick, G. E. (2002). The social nature of leisure involvement. Journal of Leisure Research, 35, 426-448.
37. Kyle, G. T., Absher, J.D., & Graefe, A. R. (2003). The moderating role of place attachment on the relationship between attitudes toward fees and spending preferences. Leisure Sciences, 25, 33-50.
38. MacCullum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size. Psychological Methods, 1, 130-149.
39. Manis, M., Biernat, M., & Nelson, T. F. (1991). Comparison and expectancy processes in human judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 203-211.
40. Manning, R. E. (1999). Studies in outdoor recreation. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press.
41. McCay, R., & Moeller, G. (1976). Compatibility of Ohio trail users (NE-225). Radnor, PA: USDA Forest Service.
42. McFarlane, B. L., Boxall, P. C., & Watson, D. O. (1998). Past experience and behavioral choice among wilderness users. Journal of Leisure Research, 30, 195-213.
43. McIntyre, N. (1989). The personal meaning of participation: Enduring involvement. Journal of Leisure Research, 21, 167-179.
44. McIntyre, N., & Pigram, J. J. (1992). Recreation specialization reexamined: The case of vehiclebased campers. Leisure Sciences, 14, 3-15.
45. Mesch, G. S., & Manor, O. (1998). Social ties, environmental perception, and local attachment. Environment and Behavior 30, 504-520.
46. Moore, R. L., & Graefe, A. R. (1994). Attachments to recreation settings: The case of rail-trail users. Leisure Sciences, 16, 17-31.
47. Mowen, A. J., Vogelsong, H. G., & Graefe, A. R. (2003). Perceived crowding and its relationship to crowd management strategies at park and recreation events. Event Management, 8(2), 63-72.
48. Murray, J. (1974). Appalachian Trail users in the southern National Forests: Their characteristics, attitudes, and management preferences (SE-116). Asheville, NC: USDA Forest Service.
49. Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd: ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
50. Pritchard, M. P., Havitz, M. E., & Howard, D. R. (1999). Analyzing the commitment-loyalty link in service contexts. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27, 333-348.
51. Proshansky, H. M., Fabian, A. K., & Kaminoff, R. (1983). Place-identity: Physical world socialization of the self. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3, 57-83.
52. Schreyer, R. M., & Beaulieu, J. (1986). Attribute preferences for wildland recreation settings. Journal of Leisure Research, 18, 231-247.
53. Schreyer, R., Jacob, G., & White, R. (1981). Environmental meaning as a determinant of spatial behavior in recreation. In J. Frazier & B. Epstein (Eds.), Proceedings of the Applied Geography Conferences (pp. 294-300). Binghamton, NY: Dept of Geography, SUNY Binghamton.
54. Schreyer, R. M., Lime, D. W., & Williams, D. R. (1984). Characterizing the influence of past experience on recreation behavior. Journal of Leisure Research, 16, 34-50.
55. Scott, D., & Godbey, G. C. (1992). An analysis of adult play groups: Social versus serious participation in contract bridge. Leisure Sciences, 14, 47-67.
56. Shelby, B., & Heberlein, T. A. (1986). Carrying capacity in recreation settings. Corvallis, OR:Oregon State University Press.
57. Shelby, B., Heberlein, T. A., Vaske, J. J., & Alfano, G. (1983). Expectations, preferences, and feeling crowded in recreation activities. Leisure Sciences, 6, 1-14.
58. Shelby, B., Vaske, J. J., & Heberlein, T A. (1989). Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations: Results from fifteen years of research. Leisure Sciences, 11, 269-291.
59. Sherif, M., & Cantril, H. (1947). The psychology of ego-involvements: Social attitudes and identifications. New York: Wiley.
60. Sherif, M., & Hovland, C. I. (1953). Judgmental phenomena and scales of attitude measurement: Place of items with individual choice of number of categories. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 48, 135-141.
61. Sherif, M., & Sherif, C. W. (1967). Attitude as the individual's own categories: The social judgment-involvement approach to attitude and attitude change. In C. W. Shcrif & M. Sherif (Eds.), Attitude, ego-involvement and change (pp. 105-139).New York: Wiley.
62. Steiger, J. H., & Lind, J. C. (1980, June). Statistically based tests for the number of common factors. Paper presented at the Psychometric Society Annual Meeting, Iowa City, IA.
63. Stokols, D. (1972). A social-psychological model of human crowding phenomena. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 38, 72-83.
64. Stokols, D., & Shumaker, S. A. (1981). People in places: A transactional view of settings. In J. Harvey (Ed.), Cognition, social behavior, and the environment (pp. 441-488). Hillsdale, NJ: Prentice-Hall.,
65. Tuan, Y. F. (1974). Topophilia: A study of environmental perception. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
66. Vaske, J.J., Donnelly, M. P., & Heberlein, T. A. (1980). Perceptions of crowding and resource quality by early and more recent visitors. Leisure Sciences, 3, 367-381.
67. Vaske, J.J., & Kobrin, K. C. (2001). Place attachment and environmentally responsible behavior. The Journal of Environmental Education, 32(4), 16-21.
68. Watson, A. E., Roggenbuck, J. W., & Williams, D. R. (1991). The influence of past experience on wilderness choice. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 2-36.
69. Webb, W. M., & Worchel, S. (1993). Prior experience and expectation in the context of crowding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 512-521.
70. West, P. (1982). Effects of user behavior on the perception of crowding in backcountry forest recreation. Forest Science, 28, 95-105.
71. Wickham, T. D., & Kerstetter, D. L. (2000). The relationship between place attachment and crowding in an event setting. Event Management, 6, 167-174.
72. Williams, D. R., Anderson, B. S., McDonald, C. D., & Patterson, M. E. (1995). Measuring place attachment: More preliminary results. In V. Freysinger & P. Stokowski (Eds.), Abstracts- 1995 Leisure Research Symposium (p. 78). Arlington, VA: National Recreation and Park Association.
73. Williams, D. R., Patterson, M. E., Roggenbuck, J. W., & Watson, A. E. (1992). Beyond the commodity metaphor: Examining emotional and symbolic attachment to place. Leisure Sciences, 14, 29-46.
74. Williams, D. R. & Roggenbuck, J. W. (1989). Measuring place attachment: Some preliminary results. In L. H. McAvoy & D. Howard (Eds.), Abstracts-1989 Leisure Research Symposium (p. 32). Arlington, VA: National Recreation and Park Association.
75. Williams, D. R., Schreyer, R., & Knopf, R. C. (1990). The effect of the experience use history on the multidimensional structure of motivations to participate in leisure activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 22, 36-54.
76. Williams, D. R., & Vaske, J. J. (2003). The measurement of place attachment: Validity and generalizability of a psychometric approach. Forest Science, 49, 830-840.
77. Young, J. M., Williams, D. R., & Roggenbuck, J. W. (1990). The role of involvement in identifying users' preferences for social standards in the Cohutta Wilderness. In D. Hope (Ed.), Proceedings of the Southeastern Recreation Research Conference (GTR SE-067; Vol. 12; pp. 173-183). Asheville, NC: USDA Forest Service.