Data mining and the security-liberty debate

University of Chicago Law Review

Volumn 75, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 343-362

  Solove, Daniel J ^a  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 42349088345     PISSN: 00419494     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (72)

1. See Technology and Privacy Advisory Committee, Report, Safeguarding Privacy in the Fight against Terrorism ("TAPAC Report") 2-5 (Mar 1, 2004), online at http://www.cdt.org/security/usapatriot/20040300tapac.pdf (visited Jan 12, 2008) (discussing the Department of Defense's and other government agencies' use of data mining as a means of intelligence gathering).
2. John M. Poindexter, Finding the Face of Terror in Data, NY Times A25 (Sept 10,2003).
3. Shane Harris, TIA Lives On, Natl J 66,66-67 (Feb 25, 2006).
4. TAPAC Report at 5 (cited in note 1).
5. See Daniel J. Solove, Marc Rotenberg, and Paul M. Schwartz, Information Privacy Law 603-04 (Aspen 2d ed 2006). Several successive versions of the screening program have been developed and abandoned. For example, after September 11, the government sought to develop the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System II (CAPPS II)-a successor to the screening program in place before September 11. CAPPS II was abandoned because it grew too far beyond its original purpose; it was later replaced with a program called Secure Flight. This was later abandoned as well. The TSA continues to develop passenger screening data mining systems.
6. Leslie Cauley, NSA Has Massive Database of Americans' Phone Calls; 3 Telecoms Help Government Collect Billions of Domestic Records, USA Today IA (May 11, 2006) (quotation marks omitted).
7. But see Susan Page, Lawmakers: NSA Database Incomplete; Some Who Were Briefed about the Database Identify Who Participated and Who Didn't, USA Today 2A (June 30, 2006) (explaining that the database of domestic phone call records is incomplete because certain telecommunications providers did not provide the NSA with call records).
8. For more details on the MATRIX program, see Jacqueline Klosek, The War on Privacy 51-53 (Praeger 2007);
9. GAO, Data Mining: Federal Efforts Cover a Wide Range of Uses, GAO-04-548, 5 (May 2004), online at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04548.pdf (visited Jan 12, 2008).
10. GAO, Data Mining at 2 (cited in note 7).
11. Richard A. Posner, Not a Suicide Pact: The Constitution in a Time of National Emergency 141 (Oxford 2006).
12. William J. Stuntz, Secret Service: Against Privacy and Transparency, New Republic 12,12 (Apr 17, 2006).
13. Id at 14.
14. See T Alexander Aleinikoff, Constitutional Law in the Age of Balancing, 96 Yale L J 943, 965-72 (1987) (analyzing the evolution and acceptance of the balancing of interests in a wide array of different constitutional issues and discussing some of the problems that have since arisen).
15. Richard A. Posner, Nota Suicide Pact: The Constitution in a Time of National Emergency (Oxford 2006).
16. Id at 27.
17. Id at 37.
18. Eric A. Posner and Adrian verrocule, Terror in the Balance: Security, Liberty, and the Courts (Oxford 2007).
19. Id at 5.
20. Id at 16.
21. See id at 6.
22. Id at 31.
23. Id at 18.
24. Aleinikoff, 96 Yale L J at 965 (cited in note 12).
25. See Daniel J. Solove, The Darkest Domain: Deference, Judicial Review, and the Bill of Rights, 84 Iowa L Rev 941,954-55 (1999).
26. 460 F3d 260 (2d Cir 2006).
27. Id at 267-68.
28. Id at 269.
29. Id at 273 (quotation marks omitted).
30. Id (quotation marks omitted).
31. The court declared: We will not peruse, parse, or extrapolate four months' worth of data in an attempt to divine how many checkpoints the City ought to deploy in the exercise of its day-to-day police power. Counter-terrorism experts and politically accountable officials have undertaken the delicate and esoteric task of deciding how best to marshal their available resources in light of the conditions prevailing on any given day. We will not-and may not-second-guess the minutiae of their considered decisions.
32. Id at 274.
33. See Solove, 84 Iowa L Rev at 1019 (cited in note 23).
34. See id at 958-59, 967-68.
35. See Posner and Vermeule, Terror in the Balance at 32 (cited in note 16).
36. William H. Rehnquist, All the Laws But One: Civil Liberties in Wartime 225 (Knopf 1998).
37. See Richard A. Posner, Law, Pragmatism, and Democracy 304 (Harvard 2003).
38. See Daniel J. Solove, Melville's Billy Budd and Security in Times of Crisis, 26 Cardozo L Rev 2443, 2457-59 (2005);
39. Michael Sullivan and Daniel J. Solove, Can Pragmatism Be Radical? Richard Posner and Legal Pragmatism, 113 Yale L J 687,711-13 (2003).
40. Sullivan and Solove, 113 Yale L J at 712 (cited in note 35).
41. John Mueller, Overblown: How Politicians and the Terrorism Industry Inflate National Security Threats, and Why We Believe Them 13 (Free Press 2006).
42. See Bruce Schneier, Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly about Security in an Uncertain World 239 (Copernicus 2003).
43. See, for example, Arialdi M. Miniño, Melonie P. Heron, and Betty L. Smith, Deaths: Preliminary Data for 2004,54 Natl Vital Stats Rep 19,28 table 7 (2006), online at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr54/nvsr54_19.pdf (visited Jan 12,2008).
44. See id.
45. See Jeordan Legon, Survey: "Shark Summer" Bred Fear, Not Facts CNN.com (Mar 14, 2003), online at http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/ science/03/13/shark.study/ (visited Jan 12, 2008).
46. See Fred Bayles, Air-Traveler Screening, Privacy Concerns Collide, USA Today 6A (Oct 3, 2003).
47. See, for example, Robert O'Harrow, Jr., No Place to Hide 56-63 (Free Press 2005) (discussing the lobbying efforts of Acxiom, a data brokerage company, to convince politicians of data mining's potential value for counterterrorism purposes).
48. Posner and Vermeule, Terror in the Balance at 12 (cited in note 16).
49. Wartime Executive Power and the National Security Agency's Surveillance Authority, Hearing before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 109th Cong, 2d Sess 10,15 (2006) (testimony of Alberto Gonzales, Attorney General).
50. Bob Sullivan, Have You Been Wiretapped? MSNBC.com (Jan 10,2006), online at http-i/red-tape.msnbc.com/2006/01/have_you_been_w.html (visited Jan 12,2008) (quotation marks omitted).
51. National Security Agency, Rasmussen Reports (Dec 28,2005), online at http://www.ras-mussenreports.com/2005/NSA.htm (visited Jan 12,2008).
52. Richard A. Posner, Our Domestic Intelligence Crisis, Wash Post A31 (Dec 21, 2005).
53. Posner, Not a Suicide Pact at 97 (cited in note 13).
54. Stuntz, Secret Service, New Republic at 15 (cited in note 10).
55. See Daniel J. Solove, A Taxonomy of Privacy, 154 U Pa L Rev 477, 484-89 (2006).
56. See Daniel J. Solove, The First Amendment as Criminal Procedure, 82 NYU L Rev 112, 143-51 (2007) (discussing Supreme Court decisions on chilling effects and the First Amendment, and their implications for government information gathering).
57. 425 US 435 (1976).
58. Id at 442.
59. 442 US 735 (1979).
60. Id at 743.
61. See Solove, 82 NYU L Rev at 143-44 (cited in note 52).
62. See Tal Z. Zarsky, "Mine Your Own Business!": Making the Case for the Implications of the Data Mining of Personal Information in the Forum of Public Opinion, 5 Yale J L & Tech 1, 27 (2003).
63. See Frederick Schauer, Profiles, Probabilities, and Stereotypes 173-74 (Belknap 2003) (discussing the tradeoff between profiles constructed in advance and those made on a case-by-case basis).
64. Id at 173.
65. Daniel J. Steinbock, Data Matching, Data Mining, and Due Process, 40 Ga L Rev 1, 82 (2005).
66. Louis D. Brandeis, Other People's Money: And How the Bankers Use It 62 (Natl Home Library 1933).
67. Letter from James Madison to W.T. Barry (Aug 4, 1822), in Gaillard Hunt, ed, 9 The Writings of James Madison 103, 103 (GP. Putnam's Sons 1910).
68. Stuntz, Secret Service, New Republic at 14 (cited in note 10).
69. Posner and Vermeule, Terror in the Balance at 55 (cited in note 16).
70. Bush on the Patriot Act and Eavesdropping, NY Times A43 (Dec 18, 2005).
71. See also Peter Baker, President Says He Ordered NSA Domestic Spying; In Radio Address, He Rebukes Democrats for Opposing Renewal of the Patriot Act, Wash Post Al (Dec 18, 2005).
72. Mary-Rose Papandrea, Under Attack: The Public's Right to Know and the War on Terror, 25 BC Third World L J 35,79 (2005) (arguing that the Freedom of Information Act and the First Amendment have proved to be insufficient tools for the public to monitor government counter-terrorism efforts).