메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 178, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 486-502

Insect-damaged fossil leaves record food web response to ancient climate change and extinction

Author keywords

Climate change; Cretaceous; Eocene; Extinction; Food webs; Herbivory; Paleocene; Plant insect associations

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; CRETACEOUS; EOCENE; EXTINCTION; FOLIAGE; FOOD WEB; FOSSIL RECORD; GLOBAL CHANGE; GLOBAL WARMING; HERBIVORY; PALEOCENE; PALEOECOLOGY; PLANT-INSECT INTERACTION;

EID: 42249103988     PISSN: 0028646X     EISSN: 14698137     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02395.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (67)

References (205)
  • 3
    • 34548600841 scopus 로고
    • Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction: Experimental results and theoretical interpretation
    • Alvarez LW, Alvarez W, Asaro F, Michel HV. 1980. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction: experimental results and theoretical interpretation. Science 208 : 1095 1108.
    • (1980) Science , vol.208 , pp. 1095-1108
    • Alvarez, L.W.1    Alvarez, W.2    Asaro, F.3    Michel, H.V.4
  • 4
    • 0030324161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of arthropod-plant interactions in the Upper Triassic of the southwestern United States
    • Ash S. 1996. Evidence of arthropod-plant interactions in the Upper Triassic of the southwestern United States. Lethaia 29 : 237 248.
    • (1996) Lethaia , vol.29 , pp. 237-248
    • Ash, S.1
  • 7
    • 0042049845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insect herbivores feeding on conspecific seedlings and trees
    • In: Basset, Y., Novotny, V., Miller, S.E., Kitching, R.L., eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
    • Barrios H. 2003. Insect herbivores feeding on conspecific seedlings and trees. In : Basset Y, Novotny V, Miller SE, Kitching RL, eds. Arthropods of tropical forests. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press, 282 290.
    • (2003) Arthropods of Tropical Forests. , pp. 282-290
    • Barrios, H.1
  • 8
    • 0026324888 scopus 로고
    • The spatial distribution of herbivory, mines and galls within an Australian rain forest tree
    • Basset Y. 1991. The spatial distribution of herbivory, mines and galls within an Australian rain forest tree. Biotropica 23 : 271 281.
    • (1991) Biotropica , vol.23 , pp. 271-281
    • Basset, Y.1
  • 9
    • 0027040120 scopus 로고
    • Influence of leaf traits on the spatial distribution of arboreal arthropods within an overstorey rainforest tree
    • Basset Y. 1992. Influence of leaf traits on the spatial distribution of arboreal arthropods within an overstorey rainforest tree. Ecological Entomology 17 : 8 16.
    • (1992) Ecological Entomology , vol.17 , pp. 8-16
    • Basset, Y.1
  • 10
    • 0028154342 scopus 로고
    • Palatability of tree foliage to chewing insects: A comparison between a temperate and a tropical site
    • Basset Y. 1994. Palatability of tree foliage to chewing insects: a comparison between a temperate and a tropical site. Acta Oecologica 15 : 181 191.
    • (1994) Acta Oecologica , vol.15 , pp. 181-191
    • Basset, Y.1
  • 11
    • 0032846184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity and abundance of insect herbivores foraging on seedlings in a rainforest in Guyana
    • Basset Y. 1999. Diversity and abundance of insect herbivores foraging on seedlings in a rainforest in Guyana. Ecological Entomology 24 : 245 259.
    • (1999) Ecological Entomology , vol.24 , pp. 245-259
    • Basset, Y.1
  • 12
    • 0027020647 scopus 로고
    • Abundance and stratification of foliage arthropods in a lowland rain forest of Cameroon
    • Basset Y, Aberlenc HP, Delvare G. 1992. Abundance and stratification of foliage arthropods in a lowland rain forest of Cameroon. Ecological Entomology 17 : 310 318.
    • (1992) Ecological Entomology , vol.17 , pp. 310-318
    • Basset, Y.1    Aberlenc, H.P.2    Delvare, G.3
  • 15
    • 0032532826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early Permian insect folivory on a gigantopterid-dominated riparian flora from north-central Texas
    • Beck AL, Labandeira CC. 1998. Early Permian insect folivory on a gigantopterid-dominated riparian flora from north-central Texas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 142 : 139 173.
    • (1998) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.142 , pp. 139-173
    • Beck, A.L.1    Labandeira, C.C.2
  • 20
    • 34548510857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An asteroid breakup 160 Myr ago as the probable source of the K/T impactor
    • Bottke WF, Vokrouhlický D, Nesvorný D. 2007. An asteroid breakup 160 Myr ago as the probable source of the K/T impactor. Nature 449 : 48 53.
    • (2007) Nature , vol.449 , pp. 48-53
    • Bottke, W.F.1    Vokrouhlický, D.2    Nesvorný, D.3
  • 23
    • 0002231846 scopus 로고
    • Paleocene flora of the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains
    • Brown RW. 1962. Paleocene flora of the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 375 : 1 119.
    • (1962) US Geological Survey Professional Paper , vol.375 , pp. 1-119
    • Brown, R.W.1
  • 24
    • 0027840555 scopus 로고
    • Reconstructing richness in the plant fossil record
    • Burnham RJ. 1993. Reconstructing richness in the plant fossil record. Palaios 8 : 376 384.
    • (1993) Palaios , vol.8 , pp. 376-384
    • Burnham, R.J.1
  • 25
    • 0026495925 scopus 로고
    • The reflection of deciduous forest communities in leaf litter: Implications for autochthonous litter assemblages from the fossil record
    • Burnham RJ, Wing SL, Parker GG. 1992. The reflection of deciduous forest communities in leaf litter: implications for autochthonous litter assemblages from the fossil record. Paleobiology 18 : 30 49.
    • (1992) Paleobiology , vol.18 , pp. 30-49
    • Burnham, R.J.1    Wing, S.L.2    Parker, G.G.3
  • 26
    • 0032419040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The implications of predicted climate change for insect pests in the UK, with emphasis on non indigenous species
    • Cannon RJC. 1998. The implications of predicted climate change for insect pests in the UK, with emphasis on non indigenous species. Global Change Biology 4 : 785 796.
    • (1998) Global Change Biology , vol.4 , pp. 785-796
    • Cannon, R.J.C.1
  • 27
    • 38649108909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biology and phylogeny of the Cassidinae Gyllenhal sensu lato (tortoise and leaf-mining beetles) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
    • Chaboo CS. 2007. Biology and phylogeny of the Cassidinae Gyllenhal sensu lato (tortoise and leaf-mining beetles) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 305 : 1 250.
    • (2007) Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , vol.305 , pp. 1-250
    • Chaboo, C.S.1
  • 29
    • 0030423755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dinosaurs, dung beetles, and conifers: Participants in a Cretaceous food web
    • Chin K, Gill BD. 1996. Dinosaurs, dung beetles, and conifers: participants in a Cretaceous food web. Palaios 11 : 280 285.
    • (1996) Palaios , vol.11 , pp. 280-285
    • Chin, K.1    Gill, B.D.2
  • 32
    • 0000562548 scopus 로고
    • Herbivory and defensive characteristics of tree species in a lowland tropical forest
    • Coley PD. 1983. Herbivory and defensive characteristics of tree species in a lowland tropical forest. Ecological Monographs 53 : 209 233.
    • (1983) Ecological Monographs , vol.53 , pp. 209-233
    • Coley, P.D.1
  • 33
    • 0024186845 scopus 로고
    • Effects of plant growth rate and leaf lifetime on the amount and type of anti-herbivore defense
    • Coley PD. 1988. Effects of plant growth rate and leaf lifetime on the amount and type of anti-herbivore defense. Oecologia 74 : 531 536.
    • (1988) Oecologia , vol.74 , pp. 531-536
    • Coley, P.D.1
  • 34
    • 0031853536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible effects of climate change on plant/herbivore interactions in moist tropical forests
    • Coley PD. 1998. Possible effects of climate change on plant/herbivore interactions in moist tropical forests. Climatic Change 39 : 455 472.
    • (1998) Climatic Change , vol.39 , pp. 455-472
    • Coley, P.D.1
  • 35
    • 0002511589 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of herbivory and plant defenses in temperate and tropical broad-leaved forests
    • In: Price, P.W., Lewinsohn, T.M., Fernandes, G.W., Benson, B.B., eds. New York, NY, USA: Wiley
    • Coley PD, Aide TM. 1991. Comparison of herbivory and plant defenses in temperate and tropical broad-leaved forests. In : Price PW, Lewinsohn TM, Fernandes GW, Benson BB, eds. Plant animal interactions: evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions. New York, NY, USA : Wiley, 25 49.
    • (1991) Plant Animal Interactions: Evolutionary Ecology in Tropical and Temperate Regions. , pp. 25-49
    • Coley, P.D.1    Aide, T.M.2
  • 38
    • 0003128284 scopus 로고
    • On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees
    • In: Den Boer, P.J., Gradwell, G., eds. Wageningen, the Netherlands: Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation
    • Connell JH. 1971. On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees. In : Den Boer PJ, Gradwell G, eds. Dynamics of populations. Wageningen, the Netherlands : Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, 298 312.
    • (1971) Dynamics of Populations. , pp. 298-312
    • Connell, J.H.1
  • 40
    • 0038408192 scopus 로고
    • Insect leaf mines from the Palaeocene of southern England
    • Crane PR, Jarzembowski EA. 1980. Insect leaf mines from the Palaeocene of southern England. Journal of Natural History 14 : 629 636.
    • (1980) Journal of Natural History , vol.14 , pp. 629-636
    • Crane, P.R.1    Jarzembowski, E.A.2
  • 41
    • 0026268664 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive and vegetative structure of Nordenskioldia (Trochodendraceae), a vesselless dicotyledon from the Early Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere
    • Crane PR, Manchester SR, Dilcher DL. 1991. Reproductive and vegetative structure of Nordenskioldia (Trochodendraceae), a vesselless dicotyledon from the Early Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere. American Journal of Botany 78 : 1311 1334.
    • (1991) American Journal of Botany , vol.78 , pp. 1311-1334
    • Crane, P.R.1    Manchester, S.R.2    Dilcher, D.L.3
  • 43
    • 33750886589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telling the time
    • Dalton R. 2006. Telling the time. Nature 444 : 134 135.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.444 , pp. 134-135
    • Dalton, R.1
  • 44
    • 0032500808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organic carbon fluxes and ecological recovery from the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction
    • D'Hondt S, Donaghay P, Zachos JC, Luttenberg D, Lindinger M. 1998. Organic carbon fluxes and ecological recovery from the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction. Science 282 : 276 279.
    • (1998) Science , vol.282 , pp. 276-279
    • D'Hondt, S.1    Donaghay, P.2    Zachos, J.C.3    Luttenberg, D.4    Lindinger, M.5
  • 46
    • 0028982141 scopus 로고
    • Coprolites as evidence for plant-animal interaction in Siluro-Devonian terrestrial ecosystems
    • Edwards D, Selden PA, Richardson JB, Axe L. 1995. Coprolites as evidence for plant-animal interaction in Siluro-Devonian terrestrial ecosystems. Nature 377 : 329 331.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.377 , pp. 329-331
    • Edwards, D.1    Selden, P.A.2    Richardson, J.B.3    Axe, L.4
  • 47
    • 4344695482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for an in situ early Paleocene rainforest from Castle Rock, Colorado
    • Ellis B, Johnson KR, Dunn RE. 2003. Evidence for an in situ early Paleocene rainforest from Castle Rock, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geology 38 : 73 100.
    • (2003) Rocky Mountain Geology , vol.38 , pp. 73-100
    • Ellis, B.1    Johnson, K.R.2    Dunn, R.E.3
  • 49
    • 34248659142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New Miocene oak galls (Cynipini) and their bearing on the history of cynipid wasps in western North America
    • Erwin DM, Schick KN. 2007. New Miocene oak galls (Cynipini) and their bearing on the history of cynipid wasps in western North America. Journal of Paleontology 81 : 568 580.
    • (2007) Journal of Paleontology , vol.81 , pp. 568-580
    • Erwin, D.M.1    Schick, K.N.2
  • 50
    • 0003012443 scopus 로고
    • Tropical forests: Their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod species
    • Erwin TL. 1982. Tropical forests: their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod species. Coleopterists' Bulletin 36 : 74 75.
    • (1982) Coleopterists' Bulletin , vol.36 , pp. 74-75
    • Erwin, T.L.1
  • 51
    • 0024570752 scopus 로고
    • The effects of enriched carbon dioxide atmospheres on plant-insect herbivore interactions
    • Fajer ED, Bowers MD, Bazzaz FA. 1989. The effects of enriched carbon dioxide atmospheres on plant-insect herbivore interactions. Science 243 : 1198 1200.
    • (1989) Science , vol.243 , pp. 1198-1200
    • Fajer, E.D.1    Bowers, M.D.2    Bazzaz, F.A.3
  • 52
    • 0000333347 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal changes in oak leaf tannins and nutrients as a cause of spring feeding by winter moth caterpillars
    • Feeny P. 1970. Seasonal changes in oak leaf tannins and nutrients as a cause of spring feeding by winter moth caterpillars. Ecology 51 : 565 581.
    • (1970) Ecology , vol.51 , pp. 565-581
    • Feeny, P.1
  • 53
    • 0002468002 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of tropical and temperate galling species richness: The roles of environmental harshness and plant nutrient status
    • In: Price, P.W., Lewinsohn, T.M., Fernandes, G.W., Benson, B.B., eds. New York, NY, USA: Wiley
    • Fernandes GW, Price PW. 1991. Comparison of tropical and temperate galling species richness: The roles of environmental harshness and plant nutrient status. In : Price PW, Lewinsohn TM, Fernandes GW, Benson BB, eds. Plant animal interactions: evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions. New York, NY, USA : Wiley, 91 115.
    • (1991) Plant Animal Interactions: Evolutionary Ecology in Tropical and Temperate Regions. , pp. 91-115
    • Fernandes, G.W.1    Price, P.W.2
  • 54
    • 0027084506 scopus 로고
    • The adaptive significance of insect gall distribution: Survivorship of species in xeric and mesic habitats
    • Fernandes GW, Price PW. 1992. The adaptive significance of insect gall distribution: survivorship of species in xeric and mesic habitats. Oecologia 90 : 14 20.
    • (1992) Oecologia , vol.90 , pp. 14-20
    • Fernandes, G.W.1    Price, P.W.2
  • 55
    • 0029501747 scopus 로고
    • Within- and among-year variation in the levels of herbivory on the foliage of trees from a Mexican tropical deciduous forest
    • Filip V, Dirzo R, Maass JM, Sarukhán J. 1995. Within- and among-year variation in the levels of herbivory on the foliage of trees from a Mexican tropical deciduous forest. Biotropica 27 : 78 86.
    • (1995) Biotropica , vol.27 , pp. 78-86
    • Filip, V.1    Dirzo, R.2    Maass, J.M.3    Sarukhán, J.4
  • 56
    • 33845573733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-precision U-Pb zircon age from the Triassic of Italy: Implications for the Triassic time scale and the Carnian origin of calcareous nannoplankton and dinosaurs
    • Furin S, Preto N, Rigo M, Roghi G, Gianolla P, Crowley JL, Bowring SA. 2006. High-precision U-Pb zircon age from the Triassic of Italy: implications for the Triassic time scale and the Carnian origin of calcareous nannoplankton and dinosaurs. Geology 34 : 1009 1012.
    • (2006) Geology , vol.34 , pp. 1009-1012
    • Furin, S.1    Preto, N.2    Rigo, M.3    Roghi, G.4    Gianolla, P.5    Crowley, J.L.6    Bowring, S.A.7
  • 57
    • 27144440873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taphonomic trends of macrofloral assemblages across the Permian-Triassic boundary, Karoo Basin, South Africa
    • Gastaldo RA, Adendorff R, Bamford M, Labandeira CC, Neveling J, Sims H. 2005. Taphonomic trends of macrofloral assemblages across the Permian-Triassic boundary, Karoo Basin, South Africa. Palaios 20 : 479 497.
    • (2005) Palaios , vol.20 , pp. 479-497
    • Gastaldo, R.A.1    Adendorff, R.2    Bamford, M.3    Labandeira, C.C.4    Neveling, J.5    Sims, H.6
  • 58
    • 33646364016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environment and evolution through the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum
    • Gingerich PD. 2006. Environment and evolution through the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21 : 246 253.
    • (2006) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.21 , pp. 246-253
    • Gingerich, P.D.1
  • 59
    • 0023490721 scopus 로고
    • Comparative studies of leaf form: Assessing the relative roles of selective pressures and phylogenetic constraints
    • Givnish TJ. 1987. Comparative studies of leaf form: assessing the relative roles of selective pressures and phylogenetic constraints. New Phytologist 106 : 131 160.
    • (1987) New Phytologist , vol.106 , pp. 131-160
    • Givnish, T.J.1
  • 62
    • 49749083968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recalibrated tree of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) indicates independent diversification of angiosperms and their insect herbivores
    • Gómez-Zurita J, Hunt TKF, Vogler AP. 2007. Recalibrated tree of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) indicates independent diversification of angiosperms and their insect herbivores. PLoS One 4 : e360.
    • (2007) PLoS One , vol.4
    • Gómez-Zurita, J.1    Hunt, T.K.F.2    Vogler, A.P.3
  • 64
    • 37249010694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fossil angiosperm leaves and climate: From Wolfe and Dilcher to Burnham and Wilf
    • Greenwood DR. 2007. Fossil angiosperm leaves and climate: from Wolfe and Dilcher to Burnham and Wilf. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 258 : 95 108.
    • (2007) Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg , vol.258 , pp. 95-108
    • Greenwood, D.R.1
  • 66
    • 0034973850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrasting effects of plant richness and composition on insect communities: A field experiment
    • Haddad NM, Tilman D, Haarstad J, Ritchie M, Knops JMH. 2001. Contrasting effects of plant richness and composition on insect communities: a field experiment. American Naturalist 158 : 17 35.
    • (2001) American Naturalist , vol.158 , pp. 17-35
    • Haddad, N.M.1    Tilman, D.2    Haarstad, J.3    Ritchie, M.4    Knops, J.M.H.5
  • 67
    • 0037252914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does herbivore diversity depend on plant diversity? the case of California butterflies
    • Hawkins BA, Porter EE. 2003. Does herbivore diversity depend on plant diversity? The case of California butterflies. American Naturalist 161 : 40 49.
    • (2003) American Naturalist , vol.161 , pp. 40-49
    • Hawkins, B.A.1    Porter, E.E.2
  • 69
    • 84880216500 scopus 로고
    • Stratigraphy and paleobotany of the Golden Valley Formation (Early Tertiary) of western North Dakota
    • Hickey LJ. 1977. Stratigraphy and paleobotany of the Golden Valley Formation (Early Tertiary) of western North Dakota. Geological Society of America Memoir 150 : 1 183.
    • (1977) Geological Society of America Memoir , vol.150 , pp. 1-183
    • Hickey, L.J.1
  • 70
    • 4444306025 scopus 로고
    • Lepidopteran leaf mine from the early Eocene Wind River Formation of northwestern Wyoming
    • Hickey LJ, Hodges RW. 1975. Lepidopteran leaf mine from the early Eocene Wind River Formation of northwestern Wyoming. Science 189 : 718 720.
    • (1975) Science , vol.189 , pp. 718-720
    • Hickey, L.J.1    Hodges, R.W.2
  • 71
    • 84871279319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetostratigraphy and geochronology of the Hell Creek and basal Fort Union Formations of southwestern North Dakota and a recalibration of the age of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary
    • Hicks JF, Johnson KR, Obradovich JD, Tauxe L, Clark D. 2002. Magnetostratigraphy and geochronology of the Hell Creek and basal Fort Union Formations of southwestern North Dakota and a recalibration of the age of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Geological Society of America Special Paper 361 : 35 55.
    • (2002) Geological Society of America Special Paper , vol.361 , pp. 35-55
    • Hicks, J.F.1    Johnson, K.R.2    Obradovich, J.D.3    Tauxe, L.4    Clark, D.5
  • 73
    • 21344444235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Palynology of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in central Montana: Evidence for extraterrestrial impact as a cause of the terminal Cretaceous extinctions
    • Hotton CL. 2002. Palynology of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in central Montana: evidence for extraterrestrial impact as a cause of the terminal Cretaceous extinctions. Geological Society of America Special Paper 361 : 473 501.
    • (2002) Geological Society of America Special Paper , vol.361 , pp. 473-501
    • Hotton, C.L.1
  • 74
    • 4644275466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eocene dry climate and woodland vegetation in tropical Africa reconstructed from fossil leaves from northern Tanzania
    • Jacobs BF, Herendeen PS. 2004. Eocene dry climate and woodland vegetation in tropical Africa reconstructed from fossil leaves from northern Tanzania. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 213 : 115 123.
    • (2004) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.213 , pp. 115-123
    • Jacobs, B.F.1    Herendeen, P.S.2
  • 75
    • 0000344538 scopus 로고
    • Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests
    • Janzen DH. 1970. Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. American Naturalist 104 : 501 528.
    • (1970) American Naturalist , vol.104 , pp. 501-528
    • Janzen, D.H.1
  • 76
    • 33645463599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cenozoic plant diversity in the Neotropics
    • Jaramillo C, Rueda MJ, Mora G. 2006. Cenozoic plant diversity in the Neotropics. Science 311 : 1893 1896.
    • (2006) Science , vol.311 , pp. 1893-1896
    • Jaramillo, C.1    Rueda, M.J.2    Mora, G.3
  • 77
    • 0026471353 scopus 로고
    • Leaf-fossil evidence for extensive floral extinction at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, North Dakota, USA
    • Johnson KR. 1992. Leaf-fossil evidence for extensive floral extinction at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, North Dakota, USA. Cretaceous Research 13 : 91 117.
    • (1992) Cretaceous Research , vol.13 , pp. 91-117
    • Johnson, K.R.1
  • 78
    • 84871324045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union formations in the western Dakotas: Vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression
    • Johnson KR. 2002. The megaflora of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union formations in the western Dakotas: vegetational response to climate change, the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary event, and rapid marine transgression. Geological Society of America Special Paper 361 : 329 391.
    • (2002) Geological Society of America Special Paper , vol.361 , pp. 329-391
    • Johnson, K.R.1
  • 79
    • 0037189361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A tropical rainforest in Colorado 1.4 million years after the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary
    • Johnson KR, Ellis B. 2002. A tropical rainforest in Colorado 1.4 million years after the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Science 296 : 2379 2383.
    • (2002) Science , vol.296 , pp. 2379-2383
    • Johnson, K.R.1    Ellis, B.2
  • 80
    • 84879612955 scopus 로고
    • Megafloral change across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains, USA
    • Johnson KR, Hickey LJ. 1990. Megafloral change across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains, USA. Geological Society of America Special Paper 247 : 433 444.
    • (1990) Geological Society of America Special Paper , vol.247 , pp. 433-444
    • Johnson, K.R.1    Hickey, L.J.2
  • 81
    • 0024915188 scopus 로고
    • High-resolution leaf-fossil record spanning the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary
    • Johnson KR, Nichols DJ, Attrep M Jr., Orth CJ. 1989. High-resolution leaf-fossil record spanning the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Nature 340 : 708 711.
    • (1989) Nature , vol.340 , pp. 708-711
    • Johnson, K.R.1    Nichols, D.J.2    Attrep Jr., M.3    Orth, C.J.4
  • 82
    • 0030885968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The origin and early evolution of plants on land
    • Kenrick P, Crane PR. 1997. The origin and early evolution of plants on land. Nature 389 : 33 39.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.389 , pp. 33-39
    • Kenrick, P.1    Crane, P.R.2
  • 83
    • 0005458751 scopus 로고
    • Phanerozoic land-plant diversity in North America
    • Knoll AH, Niklas KJ, Tiffney BH. 1979. Phanerozoic land-plant diversity in North America. Science 206 : 1400 1402.
    • (1979) Science , vol.206 , pp. 1400-1402
    • Knoll, A.H.1    Niklas, K.J.2    Tiffney, B.H.3
  • 85
    • 0027063495 scopus 로고
    • Correlation between isotope records in marine and continental carbon reservoirs near the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary
    • Koch PL, Zachos JC, Gingerich PD. 1992. Correlation between isotope records in marine and continental carbon reservoirs near the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary. Nature 358 : 319 322.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.358 , pp. 319-322
    • Koch, P.L.1    Zachos, J.C.2    Gingerich, P.D.3
  • 86
    • 0345619365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fossil record of predation: An overview of analytical methods
    • Kowalewski M. 2002. The fossil record of predation: an overview of analytical methods. Paleontological Society Papers 8 : 3 42.
    • (2002) Paleontological Society Papers , vol.8 , pp. 3-42
    • Kowalewski, M.1
  • 87
    • 0031465849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insect mouthparts: Ascertaining the paleobiology of insect feeding strategies
    • Labandeira CC. 1997. Insect mouthparts: ascertaining the paleobiology of insect feeding strategies. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28 : 153 193.
    • (1997) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.28 , pp. 153-193
    • Labandeira, C.C.1
  • 89
    • 4544232286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paleobiology of middle Eocene plant-insect associations from the Pacific Northwest: A preliminary report
    • Labandeira CC. 2002. Paleobiology of middle Eocene plant-insect associations from the Pacific Northwest: a preliminary report. Rocky Mountain Geology 37 : 31 59.
    • (2002) Rocky Mountain Geology , vol.37 , pp. 31-59
    • Labandeira, C.C.1
  • 90
    • 84892785878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fossil record of insect extinction: New approaches and future directions
    • Labandeira CC. 2005. The fossil record of insect extinction: new approaches and future directions. American Entomologist 51 : 10 25.
    • (2005) American Entomologist , vol.51 , pp. 10-25
    • Labandeira, C.C.1
  • 91
    • 33750952411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The four phases of plant-arthropod associations in deep time
    • Labandeira CC. 2006. The four phases of plant-arthropod associations in deep time. Geologica Acta 4 : 409 438.
    • (2006) Geologica Acta , vol.4 , pp. 409-438
    • Labandeira, C.C.1
  • 92
    • 84890304113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the fossil record of plant-insect associations: Ichnodata versus body-fossil data
    • (in press).
    • Labandeira CC. 2007a. Assessing the fossil record of plant-insect associations: ichnodata versus body-fossil data. SEPM Special Publication 88 (in press).
    • (2007) SEPM Special Publication , vol.88
    • Labandeira, C.C.1
  • 93
    • 42249092769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The origin of herbivory on land: Initial patterns of plant tissue consumption by arthropods
    • Labandeira CC. 2007b. The origin of herbivory on land: initial patterns of plant tissue consumption by arthropods. Insect Science 14 : 259 275.
    • (2007) Insect Science , vol.14 , pp. 259-275
    • Labandeira, C.C.1
  • 94
    • 34047177405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minimal insect herbivory for the Lower Permian Coprolite Bone Bed site of north-central Texas, USA, and comparison to other Late Paleozoic floras
    • Labandeira CC, Allen EG. 2007. Minimal insect herbivory for the Lower Permian Coprolite Bone Bed site of north-central Texas, USA, and comparison to other Late Paleozoic floras. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 247 : 197 219.
    • (2007) Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology , vol.247 , pp. 197-219
    • Labandeira, C.C.1    Allen, E.G.2
  • 97
    • 84871334558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary assessment of insect herbivory across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Major extinction and minimum rebound
    • Labandeira CC, Johnson KR, Lang P. 2002a. Preliminary assessment of insect herbivory across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: major extinction and minimum rebound. Geological Society of America Special Paper 361 : 297 327.
    • (2002) Geological Society of America Special Paper , vol.361 , pp. 297-327
    • Labandeira, C.C.1    Johnson, K.R.2    Lang, P.3
  • 100
    • 0000277134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insect fluid-feeding on upper Pennsylvanian tree ferns (Palaeodictyoptera, Marattiales) and the early history of the piercing-and-sucking functional feeding group
    • Labandeira CC, Phillips TL. 1996b. Insect fluid-feeding on upper Pennsylvanian tree ferns (Palaeodictyoptera, Marattiales) and the early history of the piercing-and-sucking functional feeding group. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 89 : 157 183.
    • (1996) Annals of the Entomological Society of America , vol.89 , pp. 157-183
    • Labandeira, C.C.1    Phillips, T.L.2
  • 101
    • 1642527685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stem borings and petiole galls from Pennsylvanian tree ferns of Illinois, USA: Implications for the origin of the borer and galler functional-feeding- groups and holometabolous insects
    • Labandeira CC, Phillips TL. 2002. Stem borings and petiole galls from Pennsylvanian tree ferns of Illinois, USA: implications for the origin of the borer and galler functional-feeding-groups and holometabolous insects. Palaeontographica Abteilung A: Paläozoologie-Stratigraphie 264 : 1 84.
    • (2002) Palaeontographica Abteilung A: Paläozoologie-Stratigraphie , vol.264 , pp. 1-84
    • Labandeira, C.C.1    Phillips, T.L.2
  • 102
    • 0027340915 scopus 로고
    • Insect diversity in the fossil record
    • Labandeira CC, Sepkoski JJ. 1993. Insect diversity in the fossil record. Science 261 : 310 315.
    • (1993) Science , vol.261 , pp. 310-315
    • Labandeira, C.C.1    Sepkoski, J.J.2
  • 108
    • 0021534686 scopus 로고
    • An assessment of techniques for measuring herbivory: Is rainforest defoliation more intense than we thought?
    • Lowman MD. 1984. An assessment of techniques for measuring herbivory: is rainforest defoliation more intense than we thought? Biotropica 16 : 264 268.
    • (1984) Biotropica , vol.16 , pp. 264-268
    • Lowman, M.D.1
  • 109
    • 0009978297 scopus 로고
    • Herbivory in Australian forests: A comparison of dry sclerophyll and rain forest canopies
    • Lowman MD. 1995. Herbivory in Australian forests: a comparison of dry sclerophyll and rain forest canopies. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 115 : 77 87.
    • (1995) Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales , vol.115 , pp. 77-87
    • Lowman, M.D.1
  • 111
    • 0030824862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive and vegetative morphology of Polyptera (Juglandaceae) from the Paleocene of Wyoming and Montana
    • Manchester SR, Dilcher DL. 1997. Reproductive and vegetative morphology of Polyptera (Juglandaceae) from the Paleocene of Wyoming and Montana. American Journal of Botany 84 : 649 663.
    • (1997) American Journal of Botany , vol.84 , pp. 649-663
    • Manchester, S.R.1    Dilcher, D.L.2
  • 112
    • 33847195071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive and vegetative organs of Browniea gen. n. (Nyssaceae) from the Paleocene of North America
    • Manchester SR, Hickey LJ. 2007. Reproductive and vegetative organs of Browniea gen. n. (Nyssaceae) from the Paleocene of North America. International Journal of Plant Sciences 168 : 229 249.
    • (2007) International Journal of Plant Sciences , vol.168 , pp. 229-249
    • Manchester, S.R.1    Hickey, L.J.2
  • 113
    • 33748101437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foliage and fruits of early poplars (Salicaceae: Populus) from the Eocene of Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming
    • Manchester SR, Judd WS, Handley B. 2006. Foliage and fruits of early poplars (Salicaceae: Populus) from the Eocene of Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming. International Journal of Plant Sciences 167 : 897 908.
    • (2006) International Journal of Plant Sciences , vol.167 , pp. 897-908
    • Manchester, S.R.1    Judd, W.S.2    Handley, B.3
  • 115
    • 35248833259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macroecological responses of terrestrial vegetation to climatic and atmospheric change across the Triassic/Jurassic boundary in East Greenland
    • McElwain JC, Popa ME, Hesselbo SP, Haworth M, Surlyk F. 2007. Macroecological responses of terrestrial vegetation to climatic and atmospheric change across the Triassic/Jurassic boundary in East Greenland. Paleobiology 33 : 547 573.
    • (2007) Paleobiology , vol.33 , pp. 547-573
    • McElwain, J.C.1    Popa, M.E.2    Hesselbo, S.P.3    Haworth, M.4    Surlyk, F.5
  • 116
    • 33746629445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical forests are both evolutionary cradles and museums of leaf beetle diversity
    • McKenna DD, Farrell BD. 2006. Tropical forests are both evolutionary cradles and museums of leaf beetle diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103 : 10947 10951.
    • (2006) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , vol.103 , pp. 10947-10951
    • McKenna, D.D.1    Farrell, B.D.2
  • 117
    • 0033771690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do small leaves expand faster than large leaves, and do shorter expansion times reduce herbivore damage?
    • Moles AT, Westoby M. 2000. Do small leaves expand faster than large leaves, and do shorter expansion times reduce herbivore damage? Oikos 90 : 517 524.
    • (2000) Oikos , vol.90 , pp. 517-524
    • Moles, A.T.1    Westoby, M.2
  • 119
    • 0000791451 scopus 로고
    • Diversity and pattern in plants and insects
    • Murdoch WW, Evans FC, Peterson CH. 1972. Diversity and pattern in plants and insects. Ecology 53 : 819 829.
    • (1972) Ecology , vol.53 , pp. 819-829
    • Murdoch, W.W.1    Evans, F.C.2    Peterson, C.H.3
  • 120
    • 35148858497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selected plant microfossil records of the terminal Cretaceous event in terrestrial rocks, western North America
    • Nichols DJ. 2007. Selected plant microfossil records of the terminal Cretaceous event in terrestrial rocks, western North America. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 255 : 22 34.
    • (2007) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.255 , pp. 22-34
    • Nichols, D.J.1
  • 121
    • 0022823165 scopus 로고
    • Palynological and iridium anomalies at Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, south-central Saskatchewan
    • Nichols DJ, Jarzen DM, Orth CJ, Oliver PQ. 1986. Palynological and iridium anomalies at Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, south-central Saskatchewan. Science 231 : 714 717.
    • (1986) Science , vol.231 , pp. 714-717
    • Nichols, D.J.1    Jarzen, D.M.2    Orth, C.J.3    Oliver, P.Q.4
  • 122
    • 84871293675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Palynology and microstratigraphy of Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sections in southwestern North Dakota
    • Nichols DJ, Johnson KR. 2002. Palynology and microstratigraphy of Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sections in southwestern North Dakota. Geological Society of America Special Paper 361 : 95 143.
    • (2002) Geological Society of America Special Paper , vol.361 , pp. 95-143
    • Nichols, D.J.1    Johnson, K.R.2
  • 123
    • 42249105651 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of vascular plant diversification in the fossil record: Proof and conjecture
    • Niklas KJ. 1988. Patterns of vascular plant diversification in the fossil record: proof and conjecture. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75 : 35 54.
    • (1988) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , vol.75 , pp. 35-54
    • Niklas, K.J.1
  • 125
    • 0021060218 scopus 로고
    • Patterns in vascular land plant diversification
    • Niklas KJ, Tiffney BH, Knoll AH. 1983. Patterns in vascular land plant diversification. Nature 303 : 614 616.
    • (1983) Nature , vol.303 , pp. 614-616
    • Niklas, K.J.1    Tiffney, B.H.2    Knoll, A.H.3
  • 126
    • 0030490540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cretaceous coleopteran larva fed on a female fructification of extinct gymnosperm
    • Nishida H, Hayashi N. 1996. Cretaceous coleopteran larva fed on a female fructification of extinct gymnosperm. Journal of Plant Research 109 : 327 330.
    • (1996) Journal of Plant Research , vol.109 , pp. 327-330
    • Nishida, H.1    Hayashi, N.2
  • 130
    • 0344731082 scopus 로고
    • Fossil lepidopterous leaf mines demonstrate the age of some insect-plant relationships
    • Opler PA. 1973. Fossil lepidopterous leaf mines demonstrate the age of some insect-plant relationships. Science 179 : 1321 1323.
    • (1973) Science , vol.179 , pp. 1321-1323
    • Opler, P.A.1
  • 132
    • 21444432121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Austroperilestidae, a new family of damselflies from early Eocene of Argentina (Insecta: Odonata). Phylogenetic relationships within Odonata
    • Petrulevičius JF, Nel A. 2005. Austroperilestidae, a new family of damselflies from early Eocene of Argentina (Insecta: Odonata). Phylogenetic relationships within Odonata. Journal of Paleontology 79 : 658 662.
    • (2005) Journal of Paleontology , vol.79 , pp. 658-662
    • Petrulevičius, J.F.1    Nel, A.2
  • 133
    • 34247599682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New diversity among the Trochodendraceae from the early/middle Eocene Okanogan Highlands of British Columbia, Canada, and northeastern Washington State, United States
    • Pigg KB, Dillhoff RM, DeVore ML, Wehr WC. 2007. New diversity among the Trochodendraceae from the early/middle Eocene Okanogan Highlands of British Columbia, Canada, and northeastern Washington State, United States. International Journal of Plant Sciences 168 : 521 532.
    • (2007) International Journal of Plant Sciences , vol.168 , pp. 521-532
    • Pigg, K.B.1    Dillhoff, R.M.2    Devore, M.L.3    Wehr, W.C.4
  • 134
    • 10344227758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leaf traits and herbivory rates of tropical tree species differing in successional status
    • Poorter L, van de Plassche M, Willems S, Boot RGA. 2004. Leaf traits and herbivory rates of tropical tree species differing in successional status. Plant Biology 6 : 746 754.
    • (2004) Plant Biology , vol.6 , pp. 746-754
    • Poorter, L.1    Van De Plassche, M.2    Willems, S.3    Boot, R.G.A.4
  • 135
    • 27944489518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dinosaur coprolites and the early evolution of grasses and grazers
    • Prasad V, Stromberg CAE, Alimohammadian H, Sahni A. 2005. Dinosaur coprolites and the early evolution of grasses and grazers. Science 310 : 1177 1180.
    • (2005) Science , vol.310 , pp. 1177-1180
    • Prasad, V.1    Stromberg, C.A.E.2    Alimohammadian, H.3    Sahni, A.4
  • 138
    • 0036765027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land-plant diversity and the end-Permian mass extinction
    • Rees PM. 2002. Land-plant diversity and the end-Permian mass extinction. Geology 30 : 827 830.
    • (2002) Geology , vol.30 , pp. 827-830
    • Rees, P.M.1
  • 140
    • 0035447354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First proof of planktivory/insectivory in a fossil fish: Thaumaturus intermedius from the Eocene Lake Messel (FRG)
    • Richter G, Baszio S. 2001a. First proof of planktivory/insectivory in a fossil fish: Thaumaturus intermedius from the Eocene Lake Messel (FRG). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 173 : 75 85.
    • (2001) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.173 , pp. 75-85
    • Richter, G.1    Baszio, S.2
  • 141
    • 0035865663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Traces of a limnic food web in the Eocene Lake Messel: A preliminary report based on fish coprolite analyses
    • Richter G, Baszio S. 2001b. Traces of a limnic food web in the Eocene Lake Messel: a preliminary report based on fish coprolite analyses. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 166 : 345 368.
    • (2001) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.166 , pp. 345-368
    • Richter, G.1    Baszio, S.2
  • 142
    • 0027802964 scopus 로고
    • Eocene climates, depositional environments, and geography, Greater Green River Basin, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado
    • Roehler HW. 1993a. Eocene climates, depositional environments, and geography, Greater Green River Basin, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1506-F : 1 74.
    • (1993) US Geological Survey Professional Paper , vol.1506 , pp. 1-74
    • Roehler, H.W.1
  • 143
    • 0027802964 scopus 로고
    • Eocene climates, depositional environments, and geography, Greater Green River Basin, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado
    • Roehler HW. 1993b. Eocene climates, depositional environments, and geography, Greater Green River Basin, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1506-F : 1 74.
    • (1993) US Geological Survey Professional Paper , vol.1506 , pp. 1-74
    • Roehler, H.W.1
  • 144
    • 31944447345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extinction cascades and catastrophe in ancient food webs
    • Roopnarine PD. 2006. Extinction cascades and catastrophe in ancient food webs. Paleobiology 32 : 1 19.
    • (2006) Paleobiology , vol.32 , pp. 1-19
    • Roopnarine, P.D.1
  • 145
    • 34047179974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 concentrations over the past 420 million years
    • 2 concentrations over the past 420 million years. Nature 446 : 530 532.
    • (2007) Nature , vol.446 , pp. 530-532
    • Royer, D.L.1    Berner, R.A.2    Park, J.3
  • 147
    • 21344432559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlations of climate and plant ecology to leaf size and shape: Potential proxies for the fossil record
    • Royer DL, Wilf P, Janesko DA, Kowalski EA, Dilcher DL. 2005. Correlations of climate and plant ecology to leaf size and shape: potential proxies for the fossil record. American Journal of Botany 92 : 1141 1151.
    • (2005) American Journal of Botany , vol.92 , pp. 1141-1151
    • Royer, D.L.1    Wilf, P.2    Janesko, D.A.3    Kowalski, E.A.4    Dilcher, D.L.5
  • 150
    • 36148978238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stable isotopic evidence for fossil food webs in Eocene Lake Messel
    • Schweizer MK, Steele A, Toporski JKW, Fogel ML. 2007. Stable isotopic evidence for fossil food webs in Eocene Lake Messel. Paleobiology 33 : 590 609.
    • (2007) Paleobiology , vol.33 , pp. 590-609
    • Schweizer, M.K.1    Steele, A.2    Toporski, J.K.W.3    Fogel, M.L.4
  • 151
    • 2142770317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of plant-insect interactions in the Upper Triassic Molteno formation of South Africa
    • Scott AC, Anderson JM, Anderson HM. 2004. Evidence of plant-insect interactions in the Upper Triassic Molteno formation of South Africa. Journal of the Geological Society 161 : 401 410.
    • (2004) Journal of the Geological Society , vol.161 , pp. 401-410
    • Scott, A.C.1    Anderson, J.M.2    Anderson, H.M.3
  • 153
    • 0000773550 scopus 로고
    • The fossil record of leaves with galls
    • In: Williams, M.A.J., ed. Systematics Association Special Volume 49. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press
    • Scott AC, Stephenson J, Collinson ME. 1995. The fossil record of leaves with galls. In : Williams MAJ, ed. Plant galls: organisms, interactions, populations. Systematics Association Special Volume 49. Oxford, UK : Clarendon Press, 447 470.
    • (1995) Plant Galls: Organisms, Interactions, Populations. , pp. 447-470
    • Scott, A.C.1    Stephenson, J.2    Collinson, M.E.3
  • 154
    • 42249095913 scopus 로고
    • Fossil insects from the Rocky Mountains
    • Scudder SH. 1872. Fossil insects from the Rocky Mountains. American Naturalist 6 : 665 668.
    • (1872) American Naturalist , vol.6 , pp. 665-668
    • Scudder, S.H.1
  • 156
    • 33746877062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geochronology and mammalian biostratigraphy of middle and upper Paleocene continental strata, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming
    • Secord R, Gingerich PD, Smith ME, Clyde WC, Wilf P, Singer BS. 2006. Geochronology and mammalian biostratigraphy of middle and upper Paleocene continental strata, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. American Journal of Science 306 : 211 245.
    • (2006) American Journal of Science , vol.306 , pp. 211-245
    • Secord, R.1    Gingerich, P.D.2    Smith, M.E.3    Clyde, W.C.4    Wilf, P.5    Singer, B.S.6
  • 157
    • 0031734443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental tests of the dependence of arthropod diversity on plant diversity
    • Siemann E, Tilman D, Haarstad J, Ritchie M. 1998. Experimental tests of the dependence of arthropod diversity on plant diversity. American Naturalist 152 : 738 750.
    • (1998) American Naturalist , vol.152 , pp. 738-750
    • Siemann, E.1    Tilman, D.2    Haarstad, J.3    Ritchie, M.4
  • 159
    • 0000501608 scopus 로고
    • Photosynthetic rates in relation to nitrogen recycling as an adaptation to nutrient deficiency in peat bog plants
    • Small E. 1972. Photosynthetic rates in relation to nitrogen recycling as an adaptation to nutrient deficiency in peat bog plants. Canadian Journal of Botany 50 : 2227 2233.
    • (1972) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.50 , pp. 2227-2233
    • Small, E.1
  • 161
    • 4444271811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levels of herbivory in two Costa Rican rain forests: Implications for studies of fossil herbivory
    • Smith DM, Nufio CR. 2004. Levels of herbivory in two Costa Rican rain forests: implications for studies of fossil herbivory. Biotropica 36 : 318 326.
    • (2004) Biotropica , vol.36 , pp. 318-326
    • Smith, D.M.1    Nufio, C.R.2
  • 162
    • 38749152099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synoptic reconstruction of a major ancient lake system: Eocene Green River Formation, western United States
    • Smith ME, Carroll AR, Singer BS. 2008. Synoptic reconstruction of a major ancient lake system: Eocene Green River Formation, western United States. Geological Society of America Bulletin 120 : 54 84.
    • (2008) Geological Society of America Bulletin , vol.120 , pp. 54-84
    • Smith, M.E.1    Carroll, A.R.2    Singer, B.S.3
  • 163
    • 14344283658 scopus 로고
    • Insects and mites injurious to sycamore trees (Platanus spp.) in western North America
    • Smith RH. 1944. Insects and mites injurious to sycamore trees (Platanus spp.) in western North America. Arborist's News 9 : 9 16.
    • (1944) Arborist's News , vol.9 , pp. 9-16
    • Smith, R.H.1
  • 165
    • 14344275799 scopus 로고
    • Herbivore pressure on two types of tropical forests
    • Stanton N. 1975. Herbivore pressure on two types of tropical forests. Biotropica 7 : 8 11.
    • (1975) Biotropica , vol.7 , pp. 8-11
    • Stanton, N.1
  • 166
    • 0027036978 scopus 로고
    • The geological history of insect-related plant damage
    • Stephenson J, Scott AC. 1992. The geological history of insect-related plant damage. Terra Nova 4 : 542 552.
    • (1992) Terra Nova , vol.4 , pp. 542-552
    • Stephenson, J.1    Scott, A.C.2
  • 167
    • 0026475776 scopus 로고
    • The K-T boundary and contiguous strata in Western Canada: Interactions between paleoenvironments and palynological assemblages
    • Sweet AR, Braman DR. 1992. The K-T boundary and contiguous strata in Western Canada: interactions between paleoenvironments and palynological assemblages. Cretaceous Research 13 : 31 79.
    • (1992) Cretaceous Research , vol.13 , pp. 31-79
    • Sweet, A.R.1    Braman, D.R.2
  • 168
    • 84972065903 scopus 로고
    • Rarefaction and rarefiction - The use and abuse of a method in paleontology
    • Tipper JC. 1979. Rarefaction and rarefiction - the use and abuse of a method in paleontology. Paleobiology 5 : 423 434.
    • (1979) Paleobiology , vol.5 , pp. 423-434
    • Tipper, J.C.1
  • 170
    • 0021575380 scopus 로고
    • Disruption of the terrestrial plant ecosystem at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, Western Interior
    • Tschudy RH, Pillmore CL, Orth CJ, Gilmore JS, Knight JD. 1984. Disruption of the terrestrial plant ecosystem at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, Western Interior. Science 225 : 1030 1032.
    • (1984) Science , vol.225 , pp. 1030-1032
    • Tschudy, R.H.1    Pillmore, C.L.2    Orth, C.J.3    Gilmore, J.S.4    Knight, J.D.5
  • 171
  • 172
    • 13844310406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early Cambrian food chain: New evidence from fossil aggregates in the Maotianshan Shale Biota, SW China
    • Vannier J, Chen J. 2005. Early Cambrian food chain: new evidence from fossil aggregates in the Maotianshan Shale Biota, SW China. Palaios 20 : 3 26.
    • (2005) Palaios , vol.20 , pp. 3-26
    • Vannier, J.1    Chen, J.2
  • 173
    • 0000251568 scopus 로고
    • A physiognomic classification of Australian rain forests
    • Webb LJ. 1959. A physiognomic classification of Australian rain forests. Journal of Ecology 47 : 551 570.
    • (1959) Journal of Ecology , vol.47 , pp. 551-570
    • Webb, L.J.1
  • 174
    • 34548016895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the duration of magnetochrons C24r and C25n and the timing of early Eocene global warming events: Implications from the Ocean Drilling Program Leg 208 Walvis Ridge depth transect
    • PA2201. doi:.
    • Westerhold T, Röhl U, Laskar J, Raffi I, Bowles J, Lourens LJ, Zachos JC. 2007. On the duration of magnetochrons C24r and C25n and the timing of early Eocene global warming events: implications from the Ocean Drilling Program Leg 208 Walvis Ridge depth transect. Paleoceanography 22 : PA2201. doi:.
    • (2007) Paleoceanography , vol.22
    • Westerhold, T.1    Röhl, U.2    Laskar, J.3    Raffi, I.4    Bowles, J.5    Lourens, L.J.6    Zachos, J.C.7
  • 175
    • 0031396508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When are leaves good thermometers? a new case for Leaf Margin Analysis
    • Wilf P. 1997. When are leaves good thermometers? A new case for Leaf Margin Analysis. Paleobiology 23 : 373 390.
    • (1997) Paleobiology , vol.23 , pp. 373-390
    • Wilf, P.1
  • 176
    • 84879885064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Paleocene-early Eocene climate changes in southwestern Wyoming: Paleobotanical analysis
    • Wilf P. 2000. Late Paleocene-early Eocene climate changes in southwestern Wyoming: paleobotanical analysis. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112 : 292 307.
    • (2000) Geological Society of America Bulletin , vol.112 , pp. 292-307
    • Wilf, P.1
  • 178
    • 4344698565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land plant extinction at the end of the Cretaceous: A quantitative analysis of the North Dakota megafloral record
    • Wilf P, Johnson KR. 2004. Land plant extinction at the end of the Cretaceous: a quantitative analysis of the North Dakota megafloral record. Paleobiology 30 : 347 368.
    • (2004) Paleobiology , vol.30 , pp. 347-368
    • Wilf, P.1    Johnson, K.R.2
  • 180
    • 84884676248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlated terrestrial and marine evidence for global climate changes before mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary
    • Wilf P, Johnson KR, Huber BT. 2003b. Correlated terrestrial and marine evidence for global climate changes before mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 100 : 599 604.
    • (2003) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , vol.100 , pp. 599-604
    • Wilf, P.1    Johnson, K.R.2    Huber, B.T.3
  • 181
    • 0033603533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of plant-insect associations to Paleocene-Eocene warming
    • Wilf P, Labandeira CC. 1999. Response of plant-insect associations to Paleocene-Eocene warming. Science 284 : 2153 2156.
    • (1999) Science , vol.284 , pp. 2153-2156
    • Wilf, P.1    Labandeira, C.C.2
  • 184
    • 33748029512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decoupled plant and insect diversity after the end-Cretaceous extinction
    • Wilf P, Labandeira CC, Johnson KR, Ellis B. 2006. Decoupled plant and insect diversity after the end-Cretaceous extinction. Science 313 : 1112 1115.
    • (2006) Science , vol.313 , pp. 1112-1115
    • Wilf, P.1    Labandeira, C.C.2    Johnson, K.R.3    Ellis, B.4
  • 186
    • 0031869721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using fossil leaves as paleoprecipitation indicators: An Eocene example
    • Wilf P, Wing SL, Greenwood DR, Greenwood CL. 1998. Using fossil leaves as paleoprecipitation indicators: an Eocene example. Geology 26 : 203 206.
    • (1998) Geology , vol.26 , pp. 203-206
    • Wilf, P.1    Wing, S.L.2    Greenwood, D.R.3    Greenwood, C.L.4
  • 188
    • 0002440197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Paleocene-early Eocene floral and climatic change in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming
    • In: Aubry, M-P, Lucas, S., Berggren, W.A., eds. New York, NY, USA: Columbia University Press
    • Wing SL. 1998. Late Paleocene-early Eocene floral and climatic change in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. In : Aubry M-P, Lucas S, Berggren WA, eds. Late paleocene-early Eocene climatic and biotic events in the marine and terrestrial records. New York, NY, USA : Columbia University Press, 380 400.
    • (1998) Late Paleocene-early Eocene Climatic and Biotic Events in the Marine and Terrestrial Records. , pp. 380-400
    • Wing, S.L.1
  • 189
    • 0001314009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An early Eocene cool period? evidence for continental cooling during the warmest part of the Cenozoic
    • In: Huber, B.T., MacLeod, K., Wing, S.L., eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
    • Wing SL, Bao H, Koch PL. 2000. An early Eocene cool period? evidence for continental cooling during the warmest part of the Cenozoic. In : Huber BT, MacLeod K, Wing SL, eds. Warm climates in earth history. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press, 197 237.
    • (2000) Warm Climates in Earth History. , pp. 197-237
    • Wing, S.L.1    Bao, H.2    Koch, P.L.3
  • 190
    • 0029528866 scopus 로고
    • Conflict between local and global changes in plant diversity through geological time
    • Wing SL, DiMichele WA. 1995. Conflict between local and global changes in plant diversity through geological time. Palaios 10 : 551 564.
    • (1995) Palaios , vol.10 , pp. 551-564
    • Wing, S.L.1    Dimichele, W.A.2
  • 193
    • 0002284288 scopus 로고
    • Tertiary climatic fluctuations and methods of analysis of Tertiary floras
    • Wolfe JA. 1971. Tertiary climatic fluctuations and methods of analysis of Tertiary floras. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 9 : 27 57.
    • (1971) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.9 , pp. 27-57
    • Wolfe, J.A.1
  • 194
    • 0027705190 scopus 로고
    • A method of obtaining climatic parameters from leaf assemblages
    • Wolfe JA. 1993. A method of obtaining climatic parameters from leaf assemblages. US Geological Survey Bulletin 2040 : 1 71.
    • (1993) US Geological Survey Bulletin , vol.2040 , pp. 1-71
    • Wolfe, J.A.1
  • 195
    • 0022926799 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation, climatic and floral changes at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary
    • Wolfe JA, Upchurch GR. 1986. Vegetation, climatic and floral changes at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Nature 324 : 148 152.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.324 , pp. 148-152
    • Wolfe, J.A.1    Upchurch, G.R.2
  • 196
    • 0000062883 scopus 로고
    • Leaf assemblages across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Raton Basin, New Mexico and Colorado
    • Wolfe JA, Upchurch GR. 1987. Leaf assemblages across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Raton Basin, New Mexico and Colorado. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 84 : 5096 5100.
    • (1987) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , vol.84 , pp. 5096-5100
    • Wolfe, J.A.1    Upchurch, G.R.2
  • 197
    • 0023510603 scopus 로고
    • Middle Eocene dicotyledonous plants from Republic, northeastern Washington
    • Wolfe JA, Wehr WC. 1987. Middle Eocene dicotyledonous plants from Republic, northeastern Washington. US Geological Survey Bulletin 1597 : 1 25.
    • (1987) US Geological Survey Bulletin , vol.1597 , pp. 1-25
    • Wolfe, J.A.1    Wehr, W.C.2
  • 202
    • 0031842179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insect species richness tracking plant species richness in a diverse flora: Gall-insects in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa
    • Wright MG, Samways MJ. 1998. Insect species richness tracking plant species richness in a diverse flora: gall-insects in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Oecologia 115 : 427 433.
    • (1998) Oecologia , vol.115 , pp. 427-433
    • Wright, M.G.1    Samways, M.J.2
  • 203
    • 0035957736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present
    • Zachos JC, Pagani M, Sloan LC, Thomas E, Billups K. 2001. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science 292 : 686 693.
    • (2001) Science , vol.292 , pp. 686-693
    • Zachos, J.C.1    Pagani, M.2    Sloan, L.C.3    Thomas, E.4    Billups, K.5
  • 205
    • 33645885913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consequences of simultaneous elevation of carbon dioxide and temperature for plant-herbivore interactions: A metaanalysis
    • Zvereva EL, Kozlov MV. 2006. Consequences of simultaneous elevation of carbon dioxide and temperature for plant-herbivore interactions: a metaanalysis. Global Change Biology 12 : 27 41.
    • (2006) Global Change Biology , vol.12 , pp. 27-41
    • Zvereva, E.L.1    Kozlov, M.V.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.