Narrative constructions of health care issues and policies: The case of president clinton's apology-by-proxy for the tuskegee syphilis experiment

Journal of Medical Humanities

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 89-109

  Carmack, Heather J ^a   Bates, Benjamin R ^b   Harter, Lynn M ^b  

^a MISSOURI STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b OHIO UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Apologia; Healthcare policy; Narrative; TuskegeeSyphilis Experiment

Indexed keywords

AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARTICLE; ETHICS; ETHNOLOGY; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HISTORY; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SYPHILIS; TRUST; UNITED STATES;

AFRICAN AMERICANS; ALABAMA; HEALTH CARE REFORM; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION; HUMANS; MALE; PREJUDICE; SYPHILIS; TRUST; UNITED STATES; UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE;

EID: 42249097898     PISSN: 10413545     EISSN: 15733645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10912-008-9053-5     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Achter P.J."Narrative, Intertextuality, and Apologia in Contemporary Political Scandals" Southern Communication Journal 65 (2000): 318-333.
2. Ackerman, T. "UH Professor Excited Tuskegee Apology Finally Coming." Houston Chronicle. 14 April 1997: 13.
3. Arhihenbuwa C.O. Health and Culture: Beyond the Western Paradigm. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage, 1995.
4. Bakhtin M.M. The Dialogic Imagination. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981.
5. Bakhtin M.M. Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984.
6. Bakhtin M.M. Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986.
7. Barge J.K. "Antenarrative and Managerial Practice." Communication Studies 55 (2004): 106-127.
8. Bates B.R. and T.M. Harris, "The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis and Public Perceptions of Biomedical Research: A Focus Group Study." Journal of the National Medical Association 96 (2004): 1051-1164.
9. Beck, J. "Apology Can't Erase Tuskegee Horror: Experiment on Black Men Remains a Blot on American History." St. Louis Post'Dispatch. 20 May 1997: 7B.
10. Bochner A.P. "Perspectives on Inquiry III: The Moral of Stories." Handbook of Interpersonal Communication (3rd ed.), eds. M.L.Knapp and J.A. Daly. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002.
11. Boje D.M. Narrative Methods for Organizational and Communication Research Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001.
12. Brandt A.M. "Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment." In Tuskegee's Truths: Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, ed. S.M Reverby. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
13. Britt, D. "An Apology: So Much More Than Words." Washington Post. 20 June 1997: B1.
14. Bruner, J. Making Stories: Law, Literature, Life New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, 2002.
15. Burke, K. A Grammar of Motives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.
16. Burke, K. The Rhetoric of Religion: Studies in Logology. Boston: Beacon, 1961.
17. Carbaugh, D." 'The People Will Come To You': Blackfeet Narratives as a Resource for Contemporary Living. In" Narrative and Identity: Studies in Autobiography, Self and Culture, eds. J. Brockmeier and D. Carbaugh. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2001.
18. Charon, R. "Narrative Medicine: A Model for Empathy, Reflection, Profession, and Trust." Journal of the American Medical Association 286(1002): 1897-1902.
19. Clair, R.P."Spirituality and Aesthetics: Embracing Narrative Theory." Essays on Communication and Spirituality, ed. A. Rodriguez. New York: University Press of America, 2001.
20. Clinton, W.J. Building One American for the 21st Century. National Archives and Records Administration: Clinton Presidential Materials Project Website. http://clinton4.nara.gov/Initiatives/OneAmerica/ america.html.
21. Clinton W.J. "Remarks in Apology to African-Americans on the Tuskegee Experiment." Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 33 (1997): 718-720.
22. Clinton W.J. "Remarks at the Morgan Statue University Commencement Ceremony in Baltimore, Maryland." Weekly Compilations of Presidential Documents 33 (1997): 727.
23. Condit, C.M. B.R. Bates. "Rhetorical Methods in Applied Communication Research." In Handbook of Applied Communication Research, eds. L. R. Frey and K.N. Cisna. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2007.
24. Dejevesky, M. "Clinton Begs Forgiveness for Shameful Tests on Blacks: Poor Syphilis Victims Were Used for Research." The Independent (London). 17 May 1997: 13.
25. Fisher, W.R. "Narration as a Human Communication Paradigm: The Case of Public Moral Argument." Communication Monographs 51 (1984): 1-22.
26. Fisher W.R. "The Narrative Paradigm: An Elaboration." Communication Monographs 52 (1985): 347-367.
27. Fiske, J. Television Culture. London: Metheun and Co., 1987.
28. Ford, L.A. and G. Yep. "Working Along the Margins: Developing Community-Based Strategies for Communication About Health with Marginalized Groups." Handbook of Health Communication, eds. T.L.Thompson, A. Dorsey, K. Miller and R. Parrott. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2003.
29. Foucault, M. The Birth of the Clinic. New York: Vintage, 1995.
30. Frank, A.W. "Enacting Illness Stories: When, What, and Why." Stories and Their Limits: Narrative Approaches to Bioethics, ed. H.L. Nelson. New York: Routledge, 1997.
31. Frank, A.W. The Renewal of Generosity: Illness, Medicine, and How to Live. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
32. Frank, A.W. The Wounded Storyteller: Body, Illness, and Ethics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
33. Franklin, R. "Tuskegee Apology Has Some Heft, Ethicist Says: Some Say the Official Apology Comes 25 Years Late." Minneapolis Star Tribune. 16 May 1997: 8A.
34. Gamble, V.N. "Under the Shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and Health Care." Tuskegee's Trughs: Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, ed. S.M. Reverby. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
35. Gaouette, N. "American Struggles with Issues of Race." Christian Science Monitor. 20 June 1997: 1.
36. Goodall H.L., Jr. and G.M. Phillips. "Assumption of the Burden: Science or Criticism?" Communication Quarterly 29 (1981): 282-296.
37. Gray, F.D. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: The Real Story and Beyond. Montgomery, AL: River City, 1998.
38. Harter, L.M., R.J. Stephens and P.M. Japp. "President Clinton's Apology for the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment: A Narrative of Remembrance, Redefinition and Reconciliation." The Howard Journal of Communications 11 (2000): 19-34.
39. Harter, L.M., P.M. Japp and C.S. Beck. "Vital Problematics of Narrative Theorizing About Health and Healing." Narratives, Health, and Healing: Communication Theory, Research, and Practice, eds. L.M. Harter, P.M. Japp and C.S. Beck. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2005.
40. Jacoby, J. "All the President's Apologies." New Orleans Times'Picayune. 27 May 1997: B7.
41. Jones, J.H. Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. New York: Free Press, 1993.
42. Kane, E. "Can Apology Make Up for the Tuskegee Experiment?" Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. 13 April 1997: 3.
43. King, P.A. "The Dangers of Difference." In Tuskegee's Truths: Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, ed. S.M. Reverby. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
44. Kleinman, A. The Illness Narratives: Suffering, Healing, and the Human Condition. New York: Basic Books, 1988.
45. Langellier, K.M. and E.E. Peterson. Storytelling in Daily Life: Performing Narrative: Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004.
46. The Legacy Committee. "The Legacy Committee Request." In Tuskegee's Truths: Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, ed. S.M.Reverby. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
47. Leo, J. "Group Apologies are not in Order." Tampa Tribune. 24 June 1997: 7.
48. Malone, J."Clinton Opens Dialogue with Tuskegee Apology." Atlanta Journal - Constitution 15 May 1997: 9A.
49. Mattingly, C. "Emergent Narratives."In Narrative and the Cultural Construction of Illness and Healing, eds. C. Mattingly and L. Garro. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.
50. Mattingly, C. " Healing Dramas and Clinical Plots: The Narrative Structure of Experience. In "Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
51. McCurry, M. Press Briefings. Delivered at the White House. Washington, DC, 1997. http://library.whitehouse.gov.
52. Miller, G.R. " 'I Think My Schizophrenia is Better Today,' Said the Communication Researcher Unanimously: Some Thoughts on the Dysfunctional Dichotomy Between Pure and Applied Communication Research." Applied Communication in the 21st Century, ed. KN Cissna. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995.
53. Morris, D.B. Illness and Culture in the Postmodern Age. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
54. Morris, P." 'Sorry' isn't Enough to Make Blacks Trust Medicine." Cleveland Plain Dealer. 22 April 1997: 9B.
55. "A National Apology." Washington Post. 18 May 1997: C6.
56. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. Washington, DC: Department of Health, Education and Welfare 1979.
57. Nelson, H.L. Damaged Identities, Narrative Repair. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 2001.
58. Nomination of Henry W. Foster, Jr., of Tennessee, to be medical director in the Regular Corps of the Public Health Service and to be Surgeon General of the Public Health Service: Hearings Before the Committee on Labor and Human Resources. United States Senate, 104th Congress, 1st Session, 1995.
59. Pascal, J. "An Apology from the President." The Independent (London). 16 September 1998: 11.
60. Phelan, S. Sexual Strangers: Gays, Lesbians, and Dilemmas of Citizenship. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001.
61. Polkinghorne, D.E. Narrative Knowing and the Human Sciences. Albany: State University of New York, 1988.
62. The Presidential Papers. Lindon, UT: CDex Information Group, 1995.
63. Riessman, C.K. " 'Even if We Don't Have Children [We] Can Live': Stigma and Infertility in South India." Narrative and the Cultural Construction of Illness and Healing, eds. C. Mattingly and L. Garro. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.
64. Reverby, S.M. "Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Nurse Rivers, Silence, and the Meaning of Treatment." In Tuskegee's Truths: Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, ed. S.M.Reverby. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
65. Ross, S. "Clinton Tells Tuskegee Survivors US Is Sorry." Chicago Sun Times. 16 May 1997: 3.
66. Samuel, T. "Clinton Tries to Span Nation's Racial Divide: Tuskegee Apology is First Step in His Effort." St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 18 May 1997: 1A.
67. Shaw H. "Herman's Shaw's Remarks." In Tuskegee's Truths: Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, ed. S.M. Reverby. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
68. Smedley, B.D., A.Y. Stith and A.R. Nelson. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2003.
69. "The Tuskegee Apology." St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 21 May 1997: 6C.
70. Thomas, S.B. and S.C. Quinn. "The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 1932-1972: Implications for HIV Education and AIDS Risk Education Program in the Black Community." Tuskegee's Truths: Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, ed. S.M. Reverby. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
71. Turner V. "Social Dramas and Stories About Them." Critical Inquiry 7 (1980): 141-168.
72. " 'We Were Treated...Like Guineau Pigs': Syphilis Test Survivors Hope US Apology Helps Heal Nation." Toronto Star. 16 May 1997: A18.
73. White, H. "The Value of Narrativity in the Representation of Reality." Critical Inquiry 7 (1980): 5-27.
74. Wittgenstein, L. Philosophical Investigations. New York: Macmillan, 1953.