The evolution of urban society and social changes in sports participation at the grassroots in China

International Review for the Sociology of Sport

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 441-471

  Xiong, Huan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Social change in China; Sports participation; Urbanization

Indexed keywords

EID: 42149195980     PISSN: 10126902     EISSN: 14617218     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1012690208089836     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Association of Chinese Mayors (2003) Zhongguo chengshi fazhan baogao [The Report of Urban Development in China]. Beijing: Xiyuan Chubanshe.
2. Bai, L. i et al. (2005) 'Xiaokang shehui xia Beijing jiating tiyu he quanmin jianshen tiyu de fazhan qushi' [Family Sports under a Well-being Society and the Tendency of 'National Fitness Activities'], Tiyu wenhua daokan [Sports Culture Guide] 11: 5-7.
3. Beijing Statistic Bureau (BSB) (1986) Data of Social Statistics in 1986. Beijing: Beijing Statistic Press.
4. Chang, Kyung-sup (1994) 'Chinese Urbanisation and Development Before and After Economic Reform: A Comparative Reappraisal', World Development 22 (4). 601-13.
5. Chen, N.N. (1995) 'Urban Spaces and Experiences of qigong', in D. Davis et al. (eds) Urban Spaces in Contemporary China: The Potential for Autonomy and Community in Post Mao China, pp. 347-61. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6. China Daily (2000) 'Fitness Fetish', 18 July, available online at: [ http://www.china.org.cn/english/shuzi-en/en-shuzi/index.htm ].
7. China Daily (2005) 'Fitness Sector Sees Healthy Development', 10 March.
8. Chinese Olympic Committee (COC) (2005) 'Quanmin jianshen yundong shinian de fazhan' [Ten-year Development of China's National Fitness Undertaking]. Official Website of Chinese Olympic Committee, 14 July, available online at: [ http://en.olympic.cn/sport_for/nfp_project/2005-07-14/618393.html ].
9. Coakley, J. (2001) Sport in Society: Issues & Controversies. New York: McGraw-Hill.
10. Chinese Statistical Bureau (CSB) (1992) Zhongguo shehui fazhan ziliao 1992 [Chinese Statistics on Social Development, 1992]. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.
11. Davis, D.S. (1995) 'Introduction: Urban China', in D.S. Davis et al. (eds) Urban Spaces in Contemporary China: The Potential for Autonomy and Community in Post Mao China, pp. 1-22. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12. Davis, D.S. (ed.) (2000) The Consumer Revolution in Urban China. London: University of California Press.
13. Fei, Xiaotong (1989) Rural Development in China: Prospect and Retrospect. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
14. Gaubatz, P.R. (1995) 'Urban Transformation in Post-Mao China: Impacts of the Reform Era on China's Urban Form', in D.S. Davis et al. (eds) Urban Spaces in Contemporary China: The Potential for Autonomy and Community in Post Mao China, pp. 28-60. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. Gaubatz, P.R. (2005) 'Globalisation and the Development of New Central Business Districts in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou', in L.J.C. Ma and Fulong Wu (eds) Restructuring the Chinese City: Changing Society, Economy and Space, pp. 98-121. New York: Routledge.
16. Gu, Shiquan (1997) Zhongguo tiyu shi [Chinese Sport History]. Beijing: Beijing Sport University Press.
17. Huang, Yalin (2004) Lun zhongguo tiyu shetuan [Discussion of Chinese Sports Associations]. Beijing: Beijing Sports University Press.
18. Ispo (2005) 'Report of Chinese Sports Business', released in the Second International Tradeshow for Sports, in Shanghai.
19. Law and Policy Department of Chinese Sports Ministry (1997) tiyu jingji zhengce yanjiu [Research on Sports Economy and Policy]. Beijing: Renmin tiyu chubanshe.
20. Le, Runcheng (1999) Zhongguo chengshihua zhilu [The Way of Chinese Urbanization]. Shanghai: Xuelin chubanshe.
21. Li, Lulu and Li, Hanlin (2000) Zhongguo danwei zuzhi: ziyuan, quanli, jiaohuan [Resources, Power and Exchange in the Chinese Work Unit Organization]. Hangzhou: Zhejian renmin chubanshe.
22. Li, Ping (1991) 'Progress in Housing Construction', Beijing Review 13-19: 22.
23. Li, Tieying (1995 a) 'Wei dali zengqiang quanguo renmin de tipo er fendou: Li Teiying tongzhi zai ban bu shishi
24. Li, Tieying (1995 b) 'Zhonggong zhongyang zhengzhiju weiyuan, guowuyuan changwei Li Tieying tongzhi zai 1994 nian quanguo tiwei zhuren huiui shang de jianghua' [The Speech of Comrade Li Tieying, the member of Political Bureau of CPC Central Committee, in Sports Directors' Conference], Qquanmin jianshen jihua: ziliao huibian [The Compilation of Documents on National Fitness Programme]. Beijing: Internal documents of CGAS.
25. Li, Yiling (1996) Jingji, wenhua yu fazhan [Economics, Culture and Development]. Beijing: Sanlian shudian.
26. Ma, Hongtao (1999) 'Woguo dachengshi funv tiyu xingwei de yanjiu' [Research on Chinese Women's Sports Behaviour in Big Cities], doctorate thesis, Beijing Sports University.
27. Ma, L.J.C. and Wu, Fulong (2005) 'Restructuring the Chinese City: Diverse Processes and Reconstituted Spaces', in L.J.C. Ma and Fulong Wu (eds) Restructuring the Chinese City: Changing Society, Economy and Space, pp. 1-20. New York: Routledge.
28. McGregor, R. (2007) 'China Growth Fastest in 11 Years', Financial Times, 25 January, available online at: [ http://www.ft.com/cms/s/3ef9f482-ac2b-11db- b011-0000779e2340.html ].
29. National Statistic Bureau (NSB) (1992) Zhongguo tongji nian jian 1992 [China Statistical Yearbook 1992]. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.
30. National Statistic Bureau (NSB) (1994) Zhongguo tongji nian jian 1994 [China Statistical Yearbook 1994]. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.
31. National Statistic Bureau (NSB) (1995) Zhongguo tongji nian jian 1995 [China Statistical Yearbook 1995]. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.
32. National Statistic Bureau (NSB) (1996) Zhongguo tongji nian jian 1996 [China Statistical Yearbook 1996]. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.
33. National Statistic Bureau (NSB) (1997) Zhongguo tongji nian jian 1997 [China StatisticalYearbook 1997]. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.
34. National Statistic Bureau (NSB) (1998) Zhongguo tongji nian jian 1998 [China Statistical Yearbook 1998]. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.
35. National Statistic Bureau (NSB) (2000) Zhongguo tongji nian jian 2000 [China Statistical Yearbook 2000]. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.
36. National Statistic Bureau (NSB) (2001) Zhongguo tongji nian jian 2001 [China Statistical Yearbook 2001]. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.
37. National Statistic Bureau (NSB) (2003) 2002 Zhongguo chengshi fazhan baogao [City Development Report 2002]. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.
38. New York Times (2006) 'Chinese Economy Grows to 4th in the World', 25 January, available online at: [ http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/25/business/ worldbusiness/25cnd-yuan.html?ex=1295845200&en=e9ea82eb078fc30d&ei= 5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss ].
39. NSC (1958) Guanyu tiyu yundong shinian guihua baogao [Report of Ten-year Plan for Sport], internal document of Sports Ministry.
40. NSC (1997) Zhonghua renmin gongheguo tiyu fagui huibian 1993-1996 [The Collection of Sports Law and Regulation 1993-1996]. Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe.
41. Pejovich, S. (1995) Economic Analysis of Institutions and Systems. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 1995.
42. People's Daily (2001) '200m Chinese Will Join Middle Class in Five Years', 20 July, available online at: [ http://english.people.com.cn/english/ 200107/20/eng20010720_75468.html ].
43. Population Research Institute (PRI) (1987) 1987 Zhongguo renkou nian jian [China Population Yearbook 1987]. Beijing: Jinhji guanli chubanshe.
44. Pri (1993) 1993 Zhongguo renkou nian jian [China Population Yearbook 1993]. Beijing: Jinhji guanli chubanshe.
45. Pri (1996) 1996 Zhongguo renkou nian jian [China Population Yearbook 1996]. Beijing: Jinhji guanli chubanshe.
46. Qing, Nianbing (1990) 'Da chengshi zhigong shenghuo shijian fenpei he liyong weiti de chubu yanjiu'[A Preliminary Research Report on Time-budget of Chinese Residents of Big Cities], Shehuixue yanjiu [Research in Sociology] 1, pp. 92-102.
47. Research Teams of IRCMS (2001) zhongguotiyu xianzhuang diaocha yu yanjiu [Investigation and Research of Chinese Mass Sport]. Beijing: Beijing Sports University Press.
48. Riess, S.A. (1989) City Games: The Evolution of American Urban Society and the Rise of Sports. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.
49. Shenzhen Daily (2004) 'China Has 236,000 "Rich People"', 24 September, available online at: [ http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004- 09/14/content_374426.htm ].
50. Slattery, M. (1985) Urban Sociology. Ormskirk: Causeway Press.
51. Sports Daily (2004) 'Huashuo ticai gongji jin (1). 284 yi yuan ban le duo shao shishi' [Sports Lottery: How to Spend 28.4 Billion RMB on Public Goods], 3 November, available online at: [ http://www.lottery.gov.cn/10years/gongxian/ 2004-11-03/374082.html ].
52. State Council and COC (1995) 'Quanmin jianshen jihua' [National Fitness Programme (NFP)], Quanmin jianshen jihua ziliao huibian [Collection of Documents of NFP], pp. 1-6. Beijing: Internal Documents of CGAS.
53. Sun, Liping (2003) Duanlie: 20 shiji 90 niandai yilai de zhongguo shehui [Cleavage: Chinese Society since 1990s]. Beijing: Shehui wenxian chubanshe.
54. Tang, Wenfang and Parish, L. (2000) Chinese Urban Life under Reform: the Changing Social Contract. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
55. Wang, Gan (2000) 'Cultivating Friendship through Bowling in Shenzhen', in D.S. Davis (ed.) The Consumer Revolution in Urban China, pp. 256-68. London: University of California Press.
56. Wang, Yalin (ed.) (2003) Chengshi xiuxian [Leisure in Cities]. Beijing: Shehui kexue Chubanshe.
57. Wang, Yalin and Li, Jinrong (1982) 'Chengshi zhigong jiawu laodong yanjiu' [A Study of Urban Residents' Housework], Zhongguo shehui kexue [Social Science in China] 1, 60.
58. Wei, Dichun and Wang, Junwei (1997) Zhongguo gaige dajilu [Great Records of the China's Reform]. Beijing: Hongqi chubanshe.
59. Wei, Jinsheng (1985) 'Wushi niandai lilai woguo renkou chengshihua de yiban qushi [the General Trends of China's Population Urbanisation since the 1950s], Renkou yu Jingji [Population and Economics] 6: 28-35.
60. Wirth, L. (1938) 'Urbanism as a Way of Life', American Journal of Sociology 44: 1-24.
61. Wu, Shaozu (1995) 'Gujia tiwei zhu ren Wu shaozu tongzhi zai quanguo tiwei zhuren huiyi shang de jianghua (jiexuan). [The Speech of Director General of Sports Ministry Wu Shaozu in Sports Director's Conference], in Quanmin jianshen jihua: ziliao huibian [The Compilation of Documents in National Fitness Programme], pp. 50-5. Internal Documents, Beijing, June.
62. Wu, Shaozu (1999) Zhonghua renmin gongheguo tiyu shi [Sport History of People's Republic of China 1949-1998]. Beijing: zhongguo shuji chubanshe.
63. Xia, Xueyi (1996) 'Zhongguo shequ fuwu fazhan baogao' [Report on Development of Community Service in China]. Beijing: Internal Document of CASS.
64. Xinhua News (2004) 'Urban Population Set to Boom: Forecast', 16 September, available online at: [ http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/107283. htm ].
65. Xinhua News (2004) 'China's Middle-Income Class in the Making', 26 March, available online at: [ http://chineseculture.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm? site=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2004%2D03/26/content%5F1385893.htm ].
66. Xiong, Xiaozheng (1995) Zhongguo tiyu [Chinese Sport]. Beijing: Beijing Chubanshe.
67. Xiong, Huan (2000) '21 shiji renmen hui yi pang wei mei ma?' [Will Chinese People Regard Fatness as a Beauty in the 21st Century?], in Weida Fan (ed.) Xinshiji tujing: 21 shiji guoren shenghuo quanwei diaocha [Prospects of Next Century: the Survey of Chinese People's Lifestyle in 21st Century], pp. 65-74. Shanghai: Shehui chubanshe.
68. Yang, Hua (2005) Gaige kaifang yilai woguo qunzhongtiyu fazhan de shenshi [Review of the Development of Chinese Mass Sport since the Economic Reform], Beijing tiyuDaxue xuebao [Journal of Beijing Sports University] 5: 1-4.
69. Yang, Tuan (2002) Shequ gonggong fuwu lunxi [Analysis of Community Public Service]. Beijing: Huaxia chubanshe.
70. Ye, Nanke (2002) Dushi shehui de weiguan zaizao [The Reconstruction of Urban Society in Micro-scale Perspective]. Nanjing: Dongnan University Press.
71. Yin, Jizuo (2002) 2002 nian Shanghai shehui fazahan lanpishu: chengshi guanli yu shimin sushi [A Social Development Bluebook of Shanghai in 2002: Urban Governance and Quality of Citizen]. Shanghai: Shanghai shehuikexue chubanshe.
72. Zhang, Jinan and Ma, Huidi (2004) Zhongguo gongzhong xiuxian zhuangkuang dianocha [Survey on Chinese Mass Leisure]. Beijing: Zhongguo jingji Chubanshe.
73. Zhao, Xinping and Zhou, Yixing (2002) 'Gaige yilai zhongguo chengshihua daolu ji chengshihua lilun yanjiu pingshu' [The Theoretical Commentary of Chinese Urbanisation since the Reform], zhongguo shehui kexue [Chinese Social Science] 2: 132-8.
74. Zhao, Yu (1988) Qiang guo meng [Superpower Dream], Bin bai hancheng [Defeated in Seoul]. Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe.
75. Zhang, Weiwei (1996) Ideological and Economic Reform under Deng Xiaoping 1978-1993. London: Kegan Paul International.
76. Zhengyanshi (1982) tiyu yundong wenjian xuanbian 1949-1981 [Selection of Sports Documents from 1949 to 1981], Internal Documents of Chinese Sports Ministry.
77. Zhou, Xueguang (2004) The State and Life Chances in Urban China: Redistribution and Stratification, 1949-1994. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
78. Zhu, De (1950) 'Zhude zhuxi zai zhonghua quanguo tiyu zonghui choubei shang de jianghua' [Zhu De's Presentation in the Meeting of Preparing to Establish All Federation of Sport in the PRC], Xintiyu [New Sport], Special Volume, pp. 5-10.