policing the community: Homicide and violence in Traveller and settled society

Irish Economic and Social History

Volumn 34, Issue , 2007, Pages 47-64

  Bhreatnach, Aoife ^a  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND   (Ireland)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 42149190358     PISSN: 03324893     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7227/iesh.34.3     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. For population and distribution see Aoife Bhreatnach, Becoming Conspicuous: Irish Travellers, Society and the State, 1922-1970 (Dublin, 2006), pp. 8-11, 104
2. 'Tinker' was a common term to describe Travellers until the 1960s, when it was replaced in official and popular parlance by 'itinerant'. For an analysis of newspapers and nomenclature see Jane Helleiner and Bohdan Szuchewcz, 'Discourses of Exclusion: the Irish Press and Travelling People', in Stephen Riggins (ed.), The Language and Politics of Exclusion: Others in Discourse (London, 1997), p. 128
3. Report of the Commission on Itinerancy (Dublin, 1963), p. 86
4. I am grateful to the Head of the School of Irish, Celtic Studies, Irish Folklore and Linguistics for permission to reproduce extracts from the Irish Folklore Collection. See Bryan Fanning, Racism and Social Change in Ireland (Manchester, 2002), pp. 130-3, for a description of contemporary hysteria about dangerous and violent Travellers
5. Commission on Itinerancy, p. 86
6. Jane Helleiner, ' "Women of the Itinerant Class": Gender and anti-Traveller Racism in Ireland', Women's Studies International Forum, XX, 2 (1997), p. 275
7. Eoin MacNeill, Phases of Irish History (Dublin, 1937), p. 82
8. Jim MacLaughlin, Irish Travellers: Whose Country? Whose History? (Cork, 2000)
9. Aoife Bhreatnach, 'Planning and Philanthropy; Class Boundaries and Travellers in Urban Ireland, 1930-1975', in Maria Luddy and Fintan Lane (eds), Politics and the Middle Class in Modern Ireland (forthcoming, 2007)
10. For a discussion of minor property crime and female Travellers see Helleiner, ' "Women of the Itinerant Class" ', pp. 275-87
11. W R. Rodgers, Ireland in Colour (London, 1957), p. 110.1 am grateful to Dr Mike Cronin for this reference
12. Ian O'Donnell, 'A Comment on Sentencing', Irish Criminal Law Journal, X, 4 (2000), pp. 2-3
13. Peter Young, Ian O'Donnell and Emma Clare (eds), Crime in Ireland: Trends and Patterns, 1950 to 1998: a Report by the Institute of Criminology (Dublin, 2001)
14. John D. Brewer, Bill Lockhart and Paula Rodgers, Crime in Ireland, 1945-1995: Here be Dragons (Oxford, 1997), p. 1
15. Tony Varley, 'Agrarian Crime and Social Control: Sinn Fein and the Land Question in the Republic of Ireland', in Mike Tomlinson, Tony Varley and Chris Curtain (eds), Whose Law and Order? Aspects of Crime and Social Control in Ireland (Belfast, 1988), pp. 54-75
16. David S.Jones, 'The Cleavage between Graziers and Peasants in the Land Struggle, 1890-1910', in Samuel Clarke and James S. Donnelly Jr (eds), Irish Peasants: Violence and Political Unrest, 1780-1914 (Manchester, 1983), pp. 374-417
17. Terence Dooley, The Land for the People': the Land Question in Independent Ireland (Dublin, 2003), pp. 26-56
18. Margaret O'Callaghan, British High Politics and Nationalist Ireland: Criminality and the Law tinder Foster and Balfour (Cork, 1994)
19. David Rottman, Crime in the Republic of Ireland: Statistical Trends and their Interpretation (Dublin, 1980)
20. Ciaran McCullagh, Crime in Ireland: a Sociological Introduction (Cork, 1996), p. 15
21. Rottman, Crime in the Republic of Ireland, p. 106
22. Carolyn A. Conley, Melancholy Accidents: the Meaning of Violence in post-Famine Ireland (Oxford, 1999)
23. On the evolution of the death penalty see Liam O'Callaghan, 'The History of the Death Penalty in Ireland since the Civil War' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University College Cork, 2003)
24. For more on these sources see Ian O'Donnell, 'Lethal Violence in Ireland, 1841-2003
25. Famine, Celibacy and Parental Pacification' British Journal of Criminology, XLV (2005), pp. 671-95
26. For more on homicide see Ian O'Donnell, 'Unlawful Killing Past and Present', Irish Jurist, XXXVII (2002), pp. 56-90
27. William Wilbanks, 'Homicide in Ireland', International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, XX, 1 (1996), pp. 59-75
28. Mark Finnane, 'A Decline of Violence in Ireland? Crime, Policing and Social Relations, 1860-1914', Crime, History and Societies, I, 1 (1997), pp. 51-70
29. Enda Dooley, Homicide in Ireland, 1972-1991 (Dublin, 1995), p. 25.
30. Commissioner's Report on Crime 1965, appendix D
31. Law Reform Commission, Homicide: the Mental Element in Murder (Dublin, 2001), pp. 43-4
32. Interpersonal violence fuelled by land disputes inspired plays by John B. Keane and Brendan Behan. For a lively account of these famous cases see Kevin O'Connor, Ingrid Craigie, Fiona Daly, Cathal O'Shannon and Tom Reddy (eds), Thou shah not Kill: True-life Stories of Irish Murders (Dublin, 1994), pp. 41-60 and pp. 149-70
33. Brewer et al., Crime in Ireland, p. 35
34. From 1972 to 1991 33 per cent of both victims and perpetrators of homicide were intoxicated: Dooley, Homicide in Ireland, p. 19
35. Donegal Democrat, 29 June 1956
36. Pat Gibbons, Niamh Mulryan, Anglea McAleer and Art O'Connor, 'Criminal Responsibility and Mental Illness in Ireland, 1850-1995: Fitness to Plead', Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, XVI, 2 (1999), pp. 51-6
37. Pat Gibbons, Niamh Mulryan and Art O'Connor, 'Guilty but Insane: the Insanity Defence in Ireland, 1850-1995', British Journal of Psychiatry, CLXX (1997), pp. 467-72
38. Pauline Prior, 'Mad, not Bad: Crime, Mental Disorder and Gender in Nineteenth-Century Ireland', in Ian O'Donnell and Finbarr McAuley (eds), Criminal Justice History: Themes and Controversies from pre-Independence Ireland (Dublin, 2003), pp. 66-82
39. Commissioner's Report on Crime, 1947, p. 5
40. For how civil procedures worked see Gibbons et al., 'Criminal Responsibility', p. 54
41. Mark Finnane, Insanity and the Insane in post-Famine Ireland (London, 1981) pp. 87-128
42. Mental Health Treatment Act, 1945 (No. 19 of 1945), section 165 (1)
43. Commissioner's Report on Crime, 1957, p. 5
44. Commissioner's Report on Crime, 1953, p. 9
45. Commissioner's Report on Crime, 1959, p. 8
46. Peter Hart, The IRA and its Enemies: Violence and Community in Cork, 1916-1923 (Oxford, 1998), p. 150
47. Navan Travellers' Heritage Teamwork, Now and Then (Navan, 1996), p. 9
48. Stowers Johnson, Before and after Puck: Cork, Killarney and County Kerry (London, 1953), p. 100. Johnson also describes violent incidents that arose after a confrontation between a local Garda and visiting Travellers (pp. 102-3)
49. John D. Brewer, The RIC: an Oral History (Belfast, 1990), pp. 23-32
50. Michael Verdon, Shaivlies, Echo Boys, the Marsh and the Lanes: Old Cork Remembered (Dublin, 1993), p. 85
51. New Ross Standard, 25 August 1961
52. For more on fairs see Denis A. Cronin, Jim Gilligan and Karina Holton (eds), Irish Fairs and Markets: Studies in Local History (Dublin, 2001)
53. Patrick J. O'Connor, Fairs and Markets of Ireland: a Cultural Geography (Newcastlewest, 2003)
54. Séamús Ó Maitiú, The Humours of Donnybrook: Dublin's famous Fair and its Suppression (Dublin, 1995)
55. John Healy, The Death of an Irish Town (Cork, 1968), p. 19
56. Patrick O'Donnell, The Irish Faction Fighters of the Nineteenth Century (Dublin, 1975)
57. Patrick Logan, Fair Day: the Story of Irish Fairs and Markets (Belfast, 1986), pp. 101-12
58. Logan, Fair Day, p. 112
59. Michael Houlihan, Puck Fair: History and Traditions (Limerick, 1999), p. 52
60. E. Estyn Evans, Irish Folk Ways (London, 1989), p. 256
61. For insights into conflict in contemporary Traveller society see Sinéad Ni Shúinéar, Conflict and Conflict Resolution (Navan, 2005)
62. Maher, The Road to God knows Where, p. 20
63. Cork Examiner, 17 September, 10 November 1924
64. Irish Times, 17 July 1935
65. Offaly Chronicle, 25 November 1953
66. Offaly Chronicle, 4 November 1953. This homicide does not appear in the Commissioner's report for that year
67. The family relationship between these individuals is not noted in the annual report, Commissioner's Report on Crime, 1952, p. 8
68. See Connacht Tribune, 16, 23 February, 6 March 1952
69. Connacht Tribune, 6 June 1964
70. Irish Times, 11 November 1964
71. Ian O'Donnell, 'A Comment on Sentencing', pp. 2-3
72. Kilcommins and O'Donnell, Alcohol, Society and Law, p. xxv
73. Violent conflict between Travellers and settled people over land or tenancies in later periods has been discussed in Fanning, Racism and Social Change, pp. 133-5
74. Helleiner and Szuchewcz, 'Discourses of Exclusion', pp. 109-30
75. Dáil Debates, CLXXIV, cols 783-4, 21 April 1959
76. Offaly Chronicle, 2 December 1953
77. Accounts of the incident can be found in Cork Examiner, 17 July 1956
78. Connacht Tribune, 21 July, 18 August 1956
79. Commissioner's Report on Crime, 1965, appendix D
80. Cork Examiner, 30 August, 3, 17, 24 September 1965
81. Report of the Commission on Itinerancy, p. 95
82. Commissioner's Report on Crime, 1956, p. 7
83. Commissioner's Report on Crime, 1948, p. 5
84. Commissioner's Report on Crime, 1961, appendix D
85. Cork Examiner, 25 July 1961
86. Aoife Bhreatnach, 'Travellers and the Print Media: Words and Irish Identity', Irish Studies Review, VI, 3 (1998), pp. 288-9
87. David Rottman, The Criminal Justice System: Policy and Performance (Dublin, 1984), p. 120