Molluscan shell condition after eight years on the sea floor - Taphonomy in the Gulf of Mexico and Bahamas

Journal of Shellfish Research

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 191-225

  Powell, Eric N ^a   Callender, W Russell ^b   Staff, George M ^c   Parsons Hubbard, Karla M ^d   Brett, Carlton E ^e   Walker, Sally E ^f   Raymond, Anne ^g   Ashton Alcox, Kathryn A ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^c AUSTIN COMMUNITY COLLEGE   (United States)

^d OBERLIN COLLEGE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^g TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Burial; Discoloration; Dissolution; Environment of preservation; Long term experiment; Mollusc; Preservation; Shell carbonate; Taphonomy

Indexed keywords

BIVALVIA; GASTROPODA; MOLLUSCA;

EID: 42149171261     PISSN: 07308000     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2983/0730-8000(2008)27[191:MSCAEY]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. Al-Agha, M. R., S. D. Burley, C. D. Curtis & J. Esson. 1995. Complex cementation textures and authigenic mineral assemblages in Recent concretions from the Lincolnshire Wash (east coast, UK) driven by Fe(0) to Fe(II) oxidation. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 152:157-171.
2. Alexandersson, E. T. 1979. Marine maceration of skeletal carbonates in the Skagerrak, North Sea. Sedimentology 26:845-852.
3. Alexandersson, T. 1972. Micritization of carbonate particles: Processes of precipitation and dissolution in modern shallow-marine sediments. Bull. Geol. Inst. Univ. Upsala n.s. 3 7:201-236.
4. Allison, P. A. 1990. Variation in rates of decay and disarticulation of Echinodermata: Implications for the application of actualistic data. Palaios 5:432-440.
5. 4-consuming microorganisms and the formation of carbonate crusts at cold seeps. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 203:195-203.
6. Balsam, W. L. & J. P. Beeson. 2003. Sea-floor sediment distribution in the Gulf of Mexico. Deep-Sea Res. I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 50:1421-1444.
7. Barbieri, R. 2001. Taphonomic implications of foraminiferal composition and abundance in intertidal mud flats, Colorado River delta (Mexico). Micropaleontology 47:73-86.
8. Behrens, E. W. 1988. Geology of a continental slope oil seep, northern Gulf of Mexico. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 72:105-114.
9. Behrensmeyer, A. K., S. M. Kidwell & R. A. Gastaldo. 2000. Taphonomy and paleobiology. Paleobiology 26(suppl.):103-147.
10. Berg, C. J, Jr. & P. Alatalo. 1984. Potential of chemosynthesis in molluscan mariculture. Aquaculture 39:165-179.
11. Bergquist, D. C., T. Ward, E. E. Cordes, T. McNelis, S. Howlett, R. Kosoff, S. Hourdez, R. Carney & C. R. Fisher. 2003. Community structure of vestimentiferan-generated habitat islands from Gulf of Mexico cold seeps. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 289:197-222.
12. Berner, R. A. 1969. Chemical changes affecting dissolved calcium during the bacterial decomposition of fish and clams in sea water. Mar. Geol. 7:253-274.
13. Bouma, A. H., M. H. Feeley, J. L. Kindinger, C. E. Stelting & T. W. C. Hilde. 1981. Seismic stratigraphic characteristics of upper Louisiana continental slope: an area east of Green Canyon. Offshore Technol. Conf. Pap. OTC 4098:283-291.
14. Bouma, A. H., R. G. Martin & W. R. Bryant. 1980. Shallow structure of upper continental slope, central Gulf of Mexico. Offshore Technol. Conf. Pap. OTC 3913:583-592.
15. Brandt, D. S. 1989. Taphonomic grades as a classification for fossiliferous assemblages and implications for paleoecology. Palaios 4:303-309.
16. Brett, C. E. 1990. Obrution deposits. In: D. E. G. Briggs & P.R. Crowther, editors. Paleobiology: a synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publishers. pp. 239-243.
17. Brett, C. E. & G. C. Baird. 1986. Comparative taphonomy: a key to paleoenvironmental interpretation based on fossil preservation. Palaios 1:207-227.
18. Bright, T. J. & E. N. Powell. 1983. The East Flower Garden brine seep, a unique ecosystem. In: Reefs and banks of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico: Their geological, biological, and physical dynamics. Northern Gulf of Mexico Topographic Features Synthesis, Final Report. Contract No. AA851-CT1-55 U.S. Dept. Interior, Minerals Management Service, Outer Continental Shelf Office. Pp. 277-310.
19. Brooks, J. M., T. J. Bright, B. B. Bernard & C. R. Schwab. 1979. Chemical aspects of a brine pool at the East Flower Garden Bank, northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Limnol. Oceanogr. 24:735-745.
20. Brooks, J. M., H. B. Cox, W. R. Bryant, M. C. Kennicutt, II, R. G. Mann & T. J. McDonald. 1986. Association of gas hydrates and oil seepage in the Gulf of Mexico. Adv. Org. Geochem. 10:221-234.
21. Cadée, G. C. 1999. Shell damage and shell repair in the Antarctic limpet Nucella concinna from King George Island. J. Sea Res. 41:149-161.
22. Cai, W.-J., F. Chen, E. N. Powell, S. E. Walker, K. M. Parsons-Hubbard, G. M. Staff, Y. Wang, K. A. Ashton-Alcox, W. R. Callender & C. E. Brett. 2006. Preferential dissolution of carbonate shells driven by petroleum seep activity in the Gulf of Mexico. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 248:227-243.
23. Callender, W. R. & E. N. Powell. 1992. Taphonomic signature of petroleum seep assemblages on the Louisiana upper continental slope: Recognition of autochthonous shell beds in the fossil record. Palaios 7:388-408.
24. Callender, W. R. & E. N. Powell. 1997. Autochthonous death assemblages from chemoautotrophic communities at petroleum seeps: Paleoproduction, energy flow, and implications for the fossil record. Hist. Biol. 12:165-198.
25. Callender, W. R. & E. N. Powell. 1999. Why did ancient chemosynthetic seep and vent assemblages occur in shallower water than they do today? Int. J. Earth Sci. 88:377-391.
26. Callender, W. R. & E. N. Powell. 2000. Long-term history of chemoautotrophic clam-dominated faunas of petroleum seeps in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Facies 43:177-204.
27. Callender, W. R., E. N. Powell & G. M. Staff. 1994. Taphonomic rates of molluscan shells placed in autochthonous assemblages on the Louisiana continental slope. Palaios 9:60-73.
28. Callender, W. R., E. N. Powell, G. M. Staff & D. J. Davies. 1992. Distinguishing autochthony, parautochthony and allochthony using taphofacies analysis: Can cold seep assemblages be discriminated from assemblages of the nearshore and continental shelf? Palaios 7:409-421.
29. Callender, W. R., G. M. Staff, K. M. Parsons-Hubbard, E. N. Powell, G. T. Rowe, S. E. Walker, C. E. Brett, A. Raymond, D. D. Carlson, S. White & E. A. Heise. 2002. Taphonomic trends along a forereef slope: Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas. I. Location and water depth. Palaios 17:50-65.
30. Canfield, D. E. & R. Raiswell. 1991. Carbonate precipitation and dissolution: its relevance to fossil preservation. In: P. A. Allison & D. E. G. Briggs, editors. Taphonomy: releasing the data locked in the fossil record. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 412-453.
31. Carney, R. S. 1994. Consideration of the oasis analogy for chemosynthetic communities at Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon vents. Geo-Marine Lett. 14:149-159.
32. Christmas, J. F., M. R. McGinty, D. A. Randle, G. F. Smith & S. J. Jordan. 1997. Oyster shell disarticulation in three Chesapeake Bay tributaries. J. Shellfish Res. 16:115-123.
33. Clark, R. R., II. & R. A. Lutz. 1980. Pyritization in the shells of living bivalves. Geology (Boulder) 8:268-271.
34. Crenshaw, M. A. & J. M. Neff. 1969. Decalcification at the mantle-shell interface in mollusks. Am. Zool. 9:881-885.
35. Curray, J. R. 1960. Sediments and history of Holocene transgression, continental shelf, northwest Gulf of Mexico. In: F. P. Shepard, F. B. Phleger & T. H. van Andel, editors. Recent sediments, northwest Gulf of Mexico. Tulsa, Oklahoma: American Association of Petroleum Geologists. pp. 221-266.
36. Cochrane, J. D. & F. J. Kelly. 1986. Low-frequency circulation on the Texas-Louisiana continental shelf. J. Geophys. Res. C Oceans Atmosph. 91:10645-10659.
37. Cummins, H., E. N. Powell, R. J. Stanton, Jr. & G. Staff. 1986. The size-frequency distribution in palaeoecology: The effects of taphonomic processes during formation of death assemblages in Texas bays. Palaeont. (Lond.) 29:495-518.
38. Cutler, A. H. 1995. Taphonomic implications of shell surface textures in Bahia la Choya, northern Gulf of California. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 114:219-240.
39. Davies, D. J., E. N. Powell & R. J. Stanton, Jr. 1989. Relative rates of shell dissolution and net sediment accumulation - a commentary: Can shell beds form by the gradual accumulation of biogenic debris on the sea floor? Lethaia 22:207-212.
40. Davies, D. J., G. M. Staff, W. R. Callender & E. N. Powell. 1990. Description of a quantitative approach to taphonomy and taphofacies analysis: All dead things are not created equal. In: W. Miller III, editor, Paleocommunity temporal dynamics: the long-term development of multispecies assemblages. Spec. Publ. (Paleontol. Soc.) 5:328-350.
41. El-Sayed, S. Z. 1972. Primary productivity and standing crop of production. In: V. C. Bushnell, editor. Chemistry, primary productivity, and benthic algae of the Gulf of Mexico. New York: American Geographic Society. pp. 8-13.
42. Farrow, G. E. & J. A. Fyfe. 1988. Bioerosion and carbonate mud production on high-latitude shelves. Sediment. Geol. 6:281-297.
43. Fitzgerald, M. G., C. M. Parmenter & J. D. Milliman. 1979. Particulate calcium carbonate in New England shelf waters: Result of shell degradation and resuspension. Sedimentology 26:853-857.
44. Flessa, K. W., A. H. Cutler & K. H. Meldahl. 1993. Time and taphonomy: Quantitative estimates of time-averaging and stratigraphic disorder in a shallow marine habitat. Paleobiology 19:266-286.
45. Frérotte, B., A. Raguideau & J.-P. Cuif. 1983. Dégradation in vitro d'un test carbonaté d'inverté bré, Crassostrea gigas. (Thunberg), par action de cultures bactériennes. Intérêt pour l'analyse ultrastructurale. C. R. Acad. Sci. Sér, II Méch.-Phys.-Chim. Sci. 297:383-388.
46. Gallaway, B. J. 1988. Northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope study, final report, year 4, Vol. 1 Executive summary: Final Report, Minerals Management Service, New Orleans, Contract #14-12-0001-31212, Outer Continental Shelf Study, MMS-88-0052. 69 pp.
47. Gardner, J. V., L. A. Mayer, J. E. H. Clarke & A. Kleiner. 1998. High-resolution multibeam bathymetry of East and West Flower Gardens and Stetson Banks, Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Mex. Sci. 16:131-143.
48. Gittings, S. R., T. J. Bright & E. N. Powell. 1984. Hard-bottom macrofauna of the East Flower Garden brine seep: Impact of a long-term, sulfurous brine discharge. Contrib. Mar. Sci. 27:105-125.
49. Glover, C. P. & S. M. Kidwell. 1993. Influence of organic matrix on the post-mortem destruction of molluscan shells. J. Geol. 101:729-747.
50. Halper, F. B., D. W. McGrail & W. J. Merrill. 1988. Seasonal variability in the currents on the outer Texas-Louisiana shelf. Estuar. Coast. Mar. Sci. 26:33-50.
51. Heijs, S. K., G. Aloisi, L. Bouloubassi, R. D. Pancost, C. Pierre, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, J. C. Gottschal, J. D. van Elsas & L. J. Forney. 2006. Microbial community structure in three deep-sea carbonate crusts. Microb. Ecol. 52:451-462.
52. Herrera-Duvault, Y. & M. Roux. 1986. Modalités et vitesse de dissolution de la coquille des modioles du site hydrothermal de 13°N sur la dorsale du Pacifique oriental. C. R. Acad. Sci. Sér. III Sci. Vie 302:251-256.
53. Hill, G. W., K. A. Roberts, J. L. Kindinger & G. D. Wiley. 1982. Geobiologic study of the south Texas outer continental shelf. US Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1238:1-36.
54. Hook, J. E., S. Golubic & J. D. Milliman. 1984. Micritic cement in microborings is not necessarily a shallow-water indicator. J. Sediment. Petrol. 54:425-431.
55. Hurlbert, S. H. 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecol. Monogr. 54:187-211.
56. Isaji, S. 1995. Defensive strategies against shell dissolution in bivalves inhabiting acidic environments: The case of Geloina (Corbiculidae) in mangrove swamps. Veliger 38:235-246.
57. Kaehler, S. 1999. Incidence and distribution of phototrophic shell-degrading endoliths of the brown mussel Perna perna. Mar. Biol. (Berl.) 135:505-514.
58. Kennicutt, M. C., II, J. M. Brooks, R. R. Bidigare & G. J. Denoux. 1988a. Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon seep communities - I. Regional distribution of hydrocarbon seepage and associated fauna. Deep-Sea Res. I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 35:1639-1651.
59. Kennicutt, M. C., II, J. M. Brooks & G. J. Denoux. 1988b. Leakage of deep, reservoired petroleum to the nearsurface on the Gulf of Mexico continental slope. Mar. Chem. 24:39-59.
60. Kidwell, S. M. 1986a. Models for fossil concentrations: Paleobiologic implications. Paleobiology 12:6-24.
61. Kidwell, S. M. 1986b. Taphonomic feedback in Miocene assemblages: Testing the role of dead hardparts in benthic communities. Palaios 1:239-255.
62. Kidwell, S. M. 2001. Preservation of species abundance in marine death assemblages. Science (Wash. D.C.) 294:1091-1094.
63. Kidwell, S. M. & K. W. Flessa. 1995. The quality of the fossil record: Populations, species and communities. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 26:269-299.
64. Kidwell, S. M., F. T. Fürsich & T. Aigner. 1986. Conceptual framework for the analysis and classification of fossil concentrations. Palaios 1:228-238.
65. Kidwell, S. M., T. A. Rothfus & M. M. R. Best. 2001. Sensitivity of taphonomic signatures to sample size, sieve size, damage scoring system, and target taxa. Palaios 16:26-52.
66. Kiene, W., G. Radtke, M. Gertidis, S. Golubic & K. Vogel. 1995. Factors controlling the distribution of microborers in Bahamian reef environments. Facies 32:176-188.
67. 16O variations in deep-sea carbonate shells from the Rise hydrothermal field. Nature 287:218-221.
68. Kleeman, K. 1996. Biocorrosion by bivalves. P.S.Z.N.I: Mar. Ecol. 17:145-158.
69. Kowalewski, M. & W. Miśniakiewicz. 1993. Reliability of quantitative data on fossil assemblages: A model, a simulation, and an example. N. Jahr. Geol. Paläontol. Abh. 187:243-260.
70. LaBarbera, M. 1981. The ecology of Mesozoic Gryphaea, Exogyra, and Ilymatogyra (Bivalvia: Mollusca) in a modern ocean. Paleobiology 7:510-526.
71. Lazo, D. G. 2004. Bivalve taphonomy: testing the effect of life habits on the shell condition of the littleneck clam Protothaca (Protothaca) staminea (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Palaios 19:451-459.
72. Lescinsky, H. L. 1993. Taphonomy and paleoecology of epibionts on the scallops Chlamys hastata (Sowerby 1843) and Chlamys rubida (Hinds 1845). Palaios 8:267-277.
73. Lin, S. & J. W. Morse. 1991. Sulfate reduction and iron sulfide mineral formation in Gulf of Mexico anoxic sediments. Am. J. Sci. 291:55-81.
74. Lugo-Fernández, A. 1998. Ecological implications of hydrography and circulation to the Flower Garden Banks, northwest Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Mex. Sci. 16:144-160.
75. Lutz, R. A., L. W. Fritz & R. N. Cerrato. 1988. A comparison of bivalve (Calyptogena magnifica) growth at two deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the eastern Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. 35:1793-1810.
76. Lutz, R. A., L. W. Fritz & D. C. R. Rhoads. 1985. Molluscan growth at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash. 6:199-210.
77. Lutz, R. A., M. J. Kennish, A. S. Pooley & L. W. Fritz. 1994. Calcium carbonate dissolution rates in hydrothermal vent fields of the Guaymas Basin. J. Mar. Res. 52:969-982.
78. MacAvoy, S. E., R. S. Carney, C. R. Fisher & S. A. Macko. 2002. Use of chemosynthetic biomass by large, mobile, benthic predators in the Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 225:65-78.
79. MacDonald, I. R., D. B. Buthman, W. W. Sager, M. B. Peccini & N. L. Guinasso, Jr. 2000. Pulsed oil discharge from a mud volcano. Geology (Boulder) 28:907-910.
80. Mao Che, L., T. le Campion-Alsumard, N. Boury-Esnault, C. Payri, S. Golubic & C. Bézac. 1996. Biodegradation of shells of the black pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera var. cumingii, by microborers and sponges of French Polynesia. Mar. Biol. (Berl.) 126:509-519.
81. Martin, R. E., J. F. Wehmiller, M. S. Harris & W. D. Liddell. 1996. Comparative taphonomy of bivalves and foraminifera from Holocene tidal flat sediments, Bahia la Choya, Sonora, Mexico (Northern Gulf of California): Taphonomic grades and temporal resolution. Paleobiology 22:80-90.
82. McNichol, A. P., C. Lee & E. R. M. Druffel. 1988. Carbon cycling in coastal sediments: 1. A quantitative estimate of the remineralization of organic carbon in the sediments of Buzzards Bay, MA. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52:1531-1543.
83. Meldahl, K. H. & K. W. Flessa. 1990. Taphonomic pathways and comparative biofacies and taphofacies in a Recent intertidal shallow shelf environment. Lethaia 23:43-60.
84. Moir, B. G. 1990. Comparative studies of "fresh" and "aged" Tridacna gigas shell: Preliminary investigations of a reported technique for pretreatment of tool material. J. Archaeol. Sci. 17:329-345.
85. Morse, J. W., J. C. Cornwell, T. Arakaki, S. Lin & M. Huerta-Diaz. 1992. Iron sulfide and carbonate mineral diagenesis in Baffin Bay. Texas. J. Sediment. Petrol. 62:671-680.
86. Nocker, A., J. E. Lepo & R. A. Snyder. 2004. Influence of an oyster reef on development of the microbial heterotrophic community of an estuarine biofilm. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 7:6834-6845.
87. Olszewski, T. D. 2004. Modeling the influence of taphonomic destruction, reworking, and burial on time-averaging in fossil assemblages. Palaios 19:39-50.
88. Parker, R. H. 1960 Ecology and distribution patterns of marine macroinvertebrates, northern Gulf of Mexico. In: F. P. Shepard, F. B. Phleger & T. H. van Andel, editors. Recent sediments, northwest Gulf of Mexico. Tulsa, Oklahoma: American Association of Petroleum Geologists. pp. 302-337.
89. Parsons, K. M. & C. E. Brett. 1991. Taphonomic process and biases in modern marine environments: An actualistic perspective on fossil assemblage preservation. In: S. K. Donovan, editor. The processes of fossilization. London: Belhaven Press. pp. 22-65.
90. Parsons, K. M., E. N. Powell, C. E. Brett, S. E. Walker & W. R. Callender. 1997. Shelf and Slope Experimental Taphonomy Initiative (SSETI): Bahamas and Gulf of Mexico. Proc 8th Int. Coral Reef Symp. 2:1807-1812.
91. Parsons-Hubbard, K. 2005. Molluscan taphofacies in recent carbonate reef/lagoon systems and their application to sub-fossil samples from reef cores. Palaios 20:175-191.
92. Parsons-Hubbard, K. M., W. R. Callender, E. N. Powell, C. E. Brett, S. E. Walker, A. L. Raymond & G. M. Staff. 1999. Rates of burial and disturbance of experimentally-deployed molluscs: Implications for preservation potential. Palaios 14:337-351.
93. Parsons-Hubbard, K. M., E. N. Powell, G. M. Staff, W. R. Callender, C. E. Brett & S. E. Walker. 2001. The effect of burial on shell preservation and epibiont cover in Gulf of Mexico and Bahamas shelf and slope environments after two years: An experimental approach. In: J. Y. Aller, S. A. Woodin & R. C. Aller, editors, Organism-sediment interactions. Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science #21, Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 297-314.
94. Peterson, C. H. 1976. Relative abundances of living and dead molluscs in two California lagoons. Lethaia 9:137-148.
95. Peterson, C. H. 1983. A concept of quantitative reproductive senility: Application to the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria (L.)? Oecologia 58:164-168.
96. Pilkey, O. H., B. W. Blackwelder, L. J. Doyle & E. L. Estes. 1969a. Environmental significance of the physical attributes of calcareous sedimentary particles. Trans. Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Soc. 19:113-114.
97. Pilkey, O. H., B. W. Blackwelder, L. J. Doyle, E. Estes & P. W. Terlecky. 1969b. Aspects of carbonate sedimentation on the Atlantic continental shelf off the southern United States. J. Sediment. Petrol. 39:744-768.
98. Plotnick, R. E. 1986. Taphonomy of a modern shrimp: Implications for the arthropod fossil record. Palaios 1:286-293.
99. Poulicek, M., M. F. Jaspar-Versali & G. Goffinet. 1981. Étude expérimentale de la dégradation des coquilles de mollusques au niveau des sédiments marins. Bull Soc. R. Sci. Liège 50:513-518.
100. Poulicek, M. & C. L. Jeuniaux. 1982. Biomass and biodegradation of mollusk shell chitin in some marine sediments. In: S. Hirano & S. Tokura, editors, Chitin and chitosan. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Chitin and Chitosan, Sapporo, Japan, pp. 196-199.
101. Powell, E. N. 1992. A model for death assemblage formation. Can sediment shelliness be explained? J. Mar. Res. 50:229-265.
102. Powell, E. N., T. J. Bright & J. M. Brooks. 1986. The effect of sulfide and an increased food supply on the meiofauna and macrofauna at the East Flower Garden brine seep. Helgol. Meeresunters. 40:57-82.
103. Powell, E. N., T. J. Bright, A. Woods & S. Gittings. 1983. Meiofauna and the thiobios in the East Flower Garden brine seep. Mar. Biol. (Berl.) 73:269-283.
104. Powell, E. N., H. Cummins, R. J. Stanton, Jr. & G. Staff. 1984. Estimation of the size of molluscan larval settlement using the death assemblage. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 18:367-384.
105. Powell, E. N. & J. M. Klinck. 2007. Is oyster shell a sustainable estuarine resource? J. Shellfish Res. 26:181-194.
106. Powell, E. N., J. N. Kraeuter & K. A. Ashton-Alcox. 2006. How long does oyster shell last on an oyster reef? Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 69:531-542.
107. Powell, E. N. & R. Mann. 2005. Evidence of recent recruitment in the ocean quahog Arctica islandica in the Mid-Atlantic Bight. J. Shellfish Res. 24:517-530.
108. Powell, E. N., K. M. Parsons-Hubbard, W. R. Callender, G. M. Staff, G. T. Rowe, C. E. Brett, S. E. Walker, A. Raymond, D. D. Carlson, S. White & E. A. Heise. 2002. Taphonomy on the continental shelf and slope: Two-year trends - Gulf of Mexico and Bahamas. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 184:1-35.
109. Powell, E. N., G. M. Staff, D. J. Davies & W. R. Callender. 1989. Macrobenthic death assemblages in modern marine environments: Formation, interpretation and application. Crit. Rev. Acquat. Sci. 1:555-589.
110. Rezak, R. & T. J. Bright. 1981. Seafloor instability at East Flower Garden Bank, northwest Gulf of Mexico. Geo-Marine Lett. 1:97-103.
111. Rezak, R., S. R. Gittings & T. J. Bright. 1990. Biotic assemblages and ecological controls on reefs and banks of the northwest Gulf of Mexico. Am. Zool. 30:23-35.
112. Roberts, H. H. & R. S. Carney. 1997. Evidence of episodic fluid, gas, and sediment venting on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope. Econ. Geol. 92:863-879.
113. Roberts, H. H., R. Sasson & P. Aharon. 1987. Carbonates of the Louisiana continental slope. Offshore Technol. Conf. Pap. OTC 5463:373-382.
114. Rothfus, T. A. 2004. How many taphonomists spoil the data? Multiple operators in taphofacies studies. Palaios 19:514-519.
115. Rowe, G. T. 1983. Biomass and production of the deep-sea macrobenthos. In: G. T. Rowe, editor, Deep Sea Biology. The sea, vol. 8. New York: Wiley-Interscience. pp. 97-121.
116. Rowe, G. T., M. Sibuet, J. Deming, J. Tietjen & A. Khripounoff. 1990. Organic carbon turnover time in deepsea benthos. Prog. Oceanogr. 24:141-160.
117. Sahl, L. E., D. A. Wiesenburg & W. J. Merrell. 1997. Interactions of mesoscale features with Texas shelf and slope waters. Cont. Shelf Res. 17:117-136.
118. Sartoretto, S. 1998. Bioérosion des concrétions coralligénes de Méditerranée par les organismes perforants: Essai de quantification des processus. C. R. Acad. Sci. Sér. II Sci. Terre Planét. 327:839-844.
119. Scott, K. M. & C. R. Fisher. 1995. Physiological ecology of sulfide metabolism in hydrothermal vent and cold seep vesicomyid clams and vestimentiferan tube worms. Am. Zool. 35:102-111.
120. Shideler, G. L. 1981. Development of the benthic nepheloid layer on the south Texas continental shelf, western Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Geol. 41:37-61.
121. Simon, A., M. Poulicek, B. Velimirov & F. T. MacKenzie. 1994. Comparison of anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation of mineralized skeletal structures in marine and estuarine conditions. Biogeochemistry 5:167-195.
122. Siringan, F. P. & J. B. Anderson. 1994. Modern shoreface and innershelf storm deposits off the east Texas coast, Gulf of Mexico. J. Sediment. Res. B Stratigr. Global Stud. 64:99-110.
123. Smith, O. R. 1953. Observations on the rate of decay of soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria). Ecology 34:640-641.
124. Smyth, M. J. 1989. Bioerosion of gastropods shells: with emphasis on effects of coralline algal cover and shell microstructure. Coral Reefs 8:119-125.
125. Speyer, S. E. & C. E. Brett. 1991. Taphofacies controls background and episodic processes in fossil assemblage preservation. In: P. A. Allison & D. E. G. Briggs, editors. Taphonomy: releasing the data locked in the fossil record. Topics Geobiol. 9:501-545.
126. Staff, G. M., W. R. Callender, E. N. Powell, K. M. Parsons-Hubbard, C. E. Brett, S. E. Walker, D. D. Carlson, S. White, A. Raymond & E.A. Heise. 2002. Taphonomic trends along a forereef slope: Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas. II. Time. Palaios 17:66-83.
127. Staff, G. M. & E. N. Powell. 1990. Taphonomic signature and the imprint of taphonomic history: Discriminating between taphofacies of the inner continental shelf and a microtidal inlet. In: W. Miller III, editor, Paleocommunity temporal dynamics: the long-term development of multispecies assemblages. Spec. Publ. (Paleontol. Soc.) 5:370-390.
128. Stentoft, N. 1994. Early submarine cementation in fore-reef carbonate sediments, Barbados, West Indies. Sedimentology 41:585-604.
129. Tribble, G. W. 1993. Organic matter oxidation and aragonite diagenesis in a coral reef. J. Sediment. Petrol. 63:523-527.
130. Walker, S. E. 1988. Taphonomic significance of hermit crabs (Anomura; Paguridea): Epifaunal hermit crab-infaunal gastropod example. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 63:45-71.
131. Walker, S. E. 2001. Below the sediment-water interface: a new frontier in taphonomic research. Palaios 16:113-114.
132. Walker, S. E. & J. T. Carlton. 1995. Taphonomic losses become taphonomic gains: An experimental approach using the rocky shore gastropod, Tegula funebralis. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 114:197-217.
133. Walker, S. E. & S. T. Goldstein. 1999. Taphonomic tiering: Experimental field taphonomy of molluscs and foraminifera above and below the sediment-water interface. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 149:227-244.
134. Walker, S. E., K. Parsons-Hubbard, E. N. Powell & C. E. Brett. 1998. Bioerosion or bioaccumulation? Shelf-slope trends for epi- and endobionts on experimentally deployed gastropod shells. Hist. Biol. 13:61-72.
135. Walker, S. E., K. Parsons-Hubbard, E. Powell & C. E. Brett. 2002. Predation on experimentally deployed molluscan shells from shelf to slope depths in a tropical carbonate environment. Palaios 17:147-170.
136. Warburton, F. E. 1958. Control of the boring sponge on oyster beds. Fish. Res. Board Can. Prog. Reps. Atl. Coast Stat. 69:7-11.
137. White, S. 2002. Encrusting foraminifera from Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas: taphonomy, shelf-to-slope distribution, and behavior. M.S. Thesis, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 150 pp.
138. Wilkes, D. A. & M. A. Crenshaw. 1979. Formation of a dissolution layer in molluscan shells. Scan. Electron Microsc. 2:469-474.
139. Wilkinson, M. & E. M. Burrows. 1972. The distribution of marine shell-boring green algae. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 52:59-65.
140. Zuschin, M. & P. Pervesler. 1996. Secondary hardground-communities in the northern Gulf of Trieste, Adriatic Sea. Senck. Marit. 28:53-63.
141. Zuschin, M., M. Stachowitsch, P. Pervesler & H. Kollman. 1999. Structural features and taphonomic pathways of a high-biomass epifauna in the northern Gulf of Trieste, Adriatic Sea. Lethaia 32:299-317.
142. Zuschin, M., M. Stachowitsch & R. J. Stanton, Jr. 2003. Patterns and processes of shell fragmentation in modern and ancient marine environments. Earth-Sci. Rev. 63:33-82.