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'dynamic core competencies'. Lei M., Hitt M.A., and Bettis R.A. Dynamic core competencies through meta-learning and strategic context. Journal of Management 22 (1996) 549-569
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See, for example. Stulz R.M. Risk management & derivatives (2003), Thomson South-Western, Mason, Ohio
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These perspectives draw from a rather broad literature including. Sitkin S.B., Sutcliffe K.M., and Schroeder R.G. Distinguishing control from learning in total quality management: a contingency perspective. Academy of Management Review 16 (1994) 537-564
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The arguments for integrating risk management in strategy are also advanced in. Chatterjee S., Wiseman R.M., Fiegenbaum A., and Devers C.E. Integrating behavioural and economic concepts of risk into strategic management: the twain shall meet. Long Range Planning 36 (2003) 61-79
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These aspects of the resource-based view are discussed in. Barney J.B. Strategic factor markets: expectations, luck, and business strategy. Management Science 32 (1986) 1231-1241
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The reinvestment rationale is discussed in various finance textbooks, e.g. Bodie Z., Kane A., and Marcus A.J. Essentials of investment. 4th ed. (2001), McGraw-Hill, New York
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and finance, arguing that bankruptcy risk increases various firm costs, e.g.
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and finance, arguing that bankruptcy risk increases various firm costs, e.g.,. Smith C.W., and Stultz R. The determinants of firms' hedging policies. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 20 (1985) 391-405
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incorporating insights from the literature on the resource-based view and finance, e.g. among others
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incorporating insights from the literature on the resource-based view and finance, e.g. Cornell B., and Shapiro A.C. Corporate stakeholders and corporate finance. Financial Management 16 (1987) 5-14 among others
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This constitutes a frequently used method to control for industry effects on performance in organisational research, e.g. and many other studies.
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This constitutes a frequently used method to control for industry effects on performance in organisational research, e.g. Kotabe M., Srinivasan S.S., and Aulakh P.S. Multinationality and firm performance: the moderating role of R&D and marketing capabilities. Journal of International Business Studies 33 (2002) 79-97 and many other studies.
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Alternative methods used from time to time is to normalise the performance variable within smaller industry segments to capture corporate performance compared with industry peers and include an industry performance variable that excludes the firm itself, to control for peer industry effects, e.g. However, adopting these alternative methods do not materially alter the results reported in this study
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Alternative methods used from time to time is to normalise the performance variable within smaller industry segments to capture corporate performance compared with industry peers and include an industry performance variable that excludes the firm itself, to control for peer industry effects, e.g. Reuer J.J., and Leiblein M.J. Downside risk implications of multinationality and international joint ventures. Academy of Management Journal 43 (2000) 203-214 However, adopting these alternative methods do not materially alter the results reported in this study
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Different measures of firm risk have been advanced in the literature where the standard deviation in return on assets has emerged as a predominant indicator, e.g. Miller R.M., and Bromiley P. Towards a model of risk in declining organizations. Organization Science 7 (1990) 524-543 Alternative risk management measures could be adopted, e.g., using coefficients of variation instead of standard deviation to reduce potential size effects or capturing market risk as variability in errors around the linear sales forecast to eliminate the influence of sales growth and trend lines. Using these alternative measures in the analyses do not lead to material changes in the results reported here
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Sometimes R&D intensity is standardised within the industry to capture the emphasis on innovation compared with peers in the firm's own industry, e.g. O'Brien J.P. The capital structure implications of pursuing a strategy of innovation. Strategic Management Journal 24 (2003) 415-432 This was not done in the current study but adopting such a standardised variable in the analyses does not materially change the reported results
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These knowledge-based services correspond to the business sectors identified in. Contractor F.J., Kundu S.K., and Hsu C.A. Three-stage theory of international expansion: the link between multinationality and performance in the service sector. Journal of International Business Studies 34 (2003) 5-19
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This approach is consistent with previous studies, such as. Simerly R.L., and Li M. Environmental dynamism, capital structure and performance: a theoretical integration and an empirical test. Strategic Management Journal 21 (2000) 31-50
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This work is influenced by the evolving literature on dynamic capabilities, e.g. Helfat C.E., and Raubitscheck R.S. Product sequencing: co-evolution of knowledge, capabilities and products. Strategic Management Journal 21 (2000) 961-980
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See, for example. Minton B., and Schrand C. The impact of cash flow volatility on discretionary investment and the costs of debt and equity financing. Journal of Financial Economics 54 (1999) 423-460
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Minton, B.1
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70
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The use of foreign currency derivatives and firm market value
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Allayninis G., and Weston J. The use of foreign currency derivatives and firm market value. Review of Financial Studies 14 (2001) 243-276
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(2001)
Review of Financial Studies
, vol.14
, pp. 243-276
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Allayninis, G.1
Weston, J.2
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72
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42149187169
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note
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One shortcoming of a more holistic risk management definition is the difficulty of outlining the comprehensive risk management process in minute detail because an integrative approach considers a complex amalgam of practices and techniques that together contribute to limit different downside exposures and increase responsiveness to various opportunities. Conversely, it makes little sense to assess the effect of one specific practice when effective risk management arguably can be ascribed to a multitude of practices combined to deal with a wide diversity of firm-specific exposures. Nonetheless, it does seem important to consider all corporate risk factors, including strategic risks, and incorporate business development and responsiveness practices as essential ways to avoid emerging threats and exploit opportunities with upside potential.
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73
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42149142426
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note
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The company information and supportive quotes used to characterise the representative firms chosen from the sample are extracted from annual reports and other publicly-available information.
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74
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42149188358
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note
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Even with these positive risk management prospects, Dell has been affected by periodic quality breaches among key suppliers, which illustrates the importance of managing the firm-specific relationships in essential stakeholder relationships - Press release: Dell to recall 4m batteries, Aug 14 (2006). As Dell has continued to expand its market reach, the celebrated 'direct model' has also shown some shortcomings in its ability to assimilate customer needs in the mass markets for private individuals and households.
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