메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 123, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 279-323

Preschool television viewing and adolescent test scores: Historical evidence from the coleman study

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 42149119505     PISSN: 00335533     EISSN: 15314650     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/qjec.2008.123.1.279     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (120)

References (80)
  • 1
    • 15844426510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection on Observed and Unobserved Variables: Assessing the Effectiveness of Catholic Schools
    • Altonji, Joseph G., Todd E. Elder, and Christopher R. Taber, "Selection on Observed and Unobserved Variables: Assessing the Effectiveness of Catholic Schools," Journal of Political Economy, 113 (1) (2005), 151-184.
    • (2005) Journal of Political Economy , vol.113 , Issue.1 , pp. 151-184
    • Altonji, J.G.1    Elder, T.E.2    Taber, C.R.3
  • 2
    • 84936526652 scopus 로고
    • Prior Knowledge Activation and the Comprehension of Compatible and Incompatible Text
    • Alvermann, Donna E., Lynn C. Smith, and John E. Readence, "Prior Knowledge Activation and the Comprehension of Compatible and Incompatible Text," Reading Research Quarterly, 20 (4) (1985), 420-436.
    • (1985) Reading Research Quarterly , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. 420-436
    • Alvermann, D.E.1    Smith, L.C.2    Readence, J.E.3
  • 3
    • 0035261197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Academy of Pediatrics: Children, Adolescents, and Television
    • American Academy of Pediatrics
    • American Academy of Pediatrics, "American Academy of Pediatrics: Children, Adolescents, and Television," Pediatrics, 107 (2) (2001), 423-426.
    • (2001) Pediatrics , vol.107 , Issue.2 , pp. 423-426
  • 4
    • 1842629877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment Effect Heterogeneity in Theory and Practice
    • Angrist, Joshua D. "Treatment Effect Heterogeneity in Theory and Practice," Economic Journal, 114 (494) (2004), 83.
    • (2004) Economic Journal , vol.114 , Issue.494 , pp. 83
    • Angrist, J.D.1
  • 5
    • 34447648340 scopus 로고
    • Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Programs on Cognitive and School Outcomes
    • Barnett, W. Steven, "Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Programs on Cognitive and School Outcomes," The Future of Children, 5 (3) (1995), 25-50.
    • (1995) The Future of Children , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 25-50
    • Barnett, W.S.1
  • 7
    • 85066989975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instrumental Variables and GMM: Estimation and Testing
    • Baum, Christopher F., Mark E. Schaffer, and Steven Stillman, "Instrumental Variables and GMM: Estimation and Testing," Stata Journal, 3 (1) (2003), 1-31.
    • (2003) Stata Journal , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-31
    • Baum, C.F.1    Schaffer, M.E.2    Stillman, S.3
  • 8
    • 0000157686 scopus 로고
    • A Theory of the Allocation of Time
    • Becker, Gary S. "A Theory of the Allocation of Time," Economic Journal, 75 (299) (1965), 493-517.
    • (1965) Economic Journal , vol.75 , Issue.299 , pp. 493-517
    • Becker, G.S.1
  • 9
    • 42149162501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beentjes, Johannes W. J., and Tom H. A. Van der Voort, Television's Impact on Children's Reading Skills: A Review of Research, Reading Research Quarterly, 23 (4) (1988), 389-413.
    • Beentjes, Johannes W. J., and Tom H. A. Van der Voort, "Television's Impact on Children's Reading Skills: A Review of Research," Reading Research Quarterly, 23 (4) (1988), 389-413.
  • 10
    • 0344895869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How Much Should We Trust Differences-in-Differences Estimates?
    • Bertrand, Marianne, Esther Duflo, and Sendhil Mullainathan, "How Much Should We Trust Differences-in-Differences Estimates?" Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119 (1) (2004), 249.
    • (2004) Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol.119 , Issue.1 , pp. 249
    • Bertrand, M.1    Duflo, E.2    Mullainathan, S.3
  • 11
    • 0000334519 scopus 로고
    • Is the Test Score Decline Responsible for the Productivity Growth Decline?
    • Bishop, John H. "Is the Test Score Decline Responsible for the Productivity Growth Decline?" American Economic Review, 79 (1) (1989), 178-197.
    • (1989) American Economic Review , vol.79 , Issue.1 , pp. 178-197
    • Bishop, J.H.1
  • 12
    • 0037540886 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive and School Outcomes for High-Risk African-American Students at Middle Adolescence: Positive Effects of Early Intervention
    • Campbell, Frances A., and Craig T. Ramey, "Cognitive and School Outcomes for High-Risk African-American Students at Middle Adolescence: Positive Effects of Early Intervention," American Educational Research Journal, 32 (4) (1995), 743-772.
    • (1995) American Educational Research Journal , vol.32 , Issue.4 , pp. 743-772
    • Campbell, F.A.1    Ramey, C.T.2
  • 13
    • 84934562203 scopus 로고
    • Does School Quality Matter? Returns to Education and the Characteristics of Public Schools in the United States
    • Card, David, and Alan B. Krueger, "Does School Quality Matter? Returns to Education and the Characteristics of Public Schools in the United States," Journal of Political Economy, 100 (1) (1992), 1-40.
    • (1992) Journal of Political Economy , vol.100 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-40
    • Card, D.1    Krueger, A.B.2
  • 15
    • 1842429671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early Television Exposure and Subsequent Attentional Problems in Children
    • Christakis, Dimitri A., Frederick J. Zimmerman, David L. DiGiuseppe, and Carolyn A. McCarty, "Early Television Exposure and Subsequent Attentional Problems in Children," Pediatrics, 113 (4) (2004), 708-713.
    • (2004) Pediatrics , vol.113 , Issue.4 , pp. 708-713
    • Christakis, D.A.1    Zimmerman, F.J.2    DiGiuseppe, D.L.3    McCarty, C.A.4
  • 16
    • 33947289764 scopus 로고
    • James Samuel, and Linited States Office of Education and National Center for Educational Statistics
    • Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare Office of Education
    • Coleman, James Samuel, and Linited States Office of Education and National Center for Educational Statistics, Equality of Educational Opportunity (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare Office of Education, 1966).
    • (1966) Equality of Educational Opportunity
    • Coleman1
  • 18
    • 66049159708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cunha, Flavio; James J. Heckman, Lance Lochner, and Dimitriy V. Masterov, Interpreting the Evidence on Life Cycle Skill Formation, E. Hanushek and F. Welch, eds., in Handbook of the Economics of Education, 1st ed., Handbooks in Economics, 1 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 2006).
    • Cunha, Flavio; James J. Heckman, Lance Lochner, and Dimitriy V. Masterov, "Interpreting the Evidence on Life Cycle Skill Formation," E. Hanushek and F. Welch, eds., in Handbook of the Economics of Education, 1st ed., Handbooks in Economics, Vol. 1 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 2006).
  • 19
    • 0000642099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early Childhood Education Programs
    • Currie, Janet, "Early Childhood Education Programs," Journal, of Economic Perspectives, 15 (2) (2001), 213-238.
    • (2001) Journal, of Economic Perspectives , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 213-238
    • Currie, J.1
  • 24
    • 21244492130 scopus 로고
    • Did Teachers' Verbal Ability and Race Matter in the 1960s? Coleman Revisited
    • Ehrenberg, Ronald G., and Dominic J. Brewer, "Did Teachers' Verbal Ability and Race Matter in the 1960s? Coleman Revisited," Economics of Education Review, 14 (1) (1995), 1.
    • (1995) Economics of Education Review , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 1
    • Ehrenberg, R.G.1    Brewer, D.J.2
  • 26
    • 42149111329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fox Meadow School PTA, Radio for Children-Parents Listen In, Child Study Magazine, 11 (7) (1933).
    • Fox Meadow School PTA, "Radio for Children-Parents Listen In," Child Study Magazine, 11 (7) (1933).
  • 27
    • 84963009105 scopus 로고
    • Television's Impact on High School Achievement
    • Gaddy, Gary D., "Television's Impact on High School Achievement," Public Opinion Quarterly, 50 (3) (1986), 340-359.
    • (1986) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.50 , Issue.3 , pp. 340-359
    • Gaddy, G.D.1
  • 28
    • 16644364641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Well-Child Visits in the Video Age: Pediatricians and the American Academy of Pediatrics' Guidelines for Children's Media Use
    • Gentile, D. A., C. Oberg, N. E. Sherwood, M. Story, D. A. Walsh, and M. Hogan, "Well-Child Visits in the Video Age: Pediatricians and the American Academy of Pediatrics' Guidelines for Children's Media Use," Pediatrics, 114 (5) (2004), 1235-1241.
    • (2004) Pediatrics , vol.114 , Issue.5 , pp. 1235-1241
    • Gentile, D.A.1    Oberg, C.2    Sherwood, N.E.3    Story, M.4    Walsh, D.A.5    Hogan, M.6
  • 29
    • 33746614333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Television and Voter Turnout
    • Gentzkow, Matthew, "Television and Voter Turnout," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121 (3) (2006), 931-972.
    • (2006) Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol.121 , Issue.3 , pp. 931-972
    • Gentzkow, M.1
  • 31
    • 8744257467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Media, Education, and Anti-Americanism in the Muslim World
    • _ "Media, Education, and Anti-Americanism in the Muslim World," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18 (3) (2004), 117-133.
    • (2004) Journal of Economic Perspectives , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 117-133
    • Gentzkow, M.1    Shapiro, J.M.2
  • 32
    • 84937307386 scopus 로고
    • Television Watching, Newspaper Reading, and Cohort Differences in Verbal Ability
    • Glenn, Norval D., Television Watching, Newspaper Reading, and Cohort Differences in Verbal Ability," Sociology of Education, 67 (3) (1994), 216-230.
    • (1994) Sociology of Education , vol.67 , Issue.3 , pp. 216-230
    • Glenn, N.D.1
  • 33
    • 0000153011 scopus 로고
    • Hybrid Corn: An Exploration in the Economics of Technological Change
    • Griliches, Zvi, "Hybrid Corn: An Exploration in the Economics of Technological Change," Econometrica, Journal of the Econometric Society, 25 (4) (1957), 501-522.
    • (1957) Econometrica, Journal of the Econometric Society , vol.25 , Issue.4 , pp. 501-522
    • Griliches, Z.1
  • 35
    • 22344432865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of Television Viewing during Childhood with Poor Educational Achievement
    • Hancox, Robert J., Barry J. Milne, and Richie Poulton, "Association of Television Viewing during Childhood with Poor Educational Achievement," Archive of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 159 (7) (2005), 614-618.
    • (2005) Archive of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine , vol.159 , Issue.7 , pp. 614-618
    • Hancox, R.J.1    Milne, B.J.2    Poulton, R.3
  • 36
    • 0000414660 scopus 로고
    • Large Sample Properties of Generalized Method of Moments Estimators
    • Hansen, Lars Peter, "Large Sample Properties of Generalized Method of Moments Estimators," Econometrica, 50 (4) (1982), 1029-1054.
    • (1982) Econometrica , vol.50 , Issue.4 , pp. 1029-1054
    • Hansen, L.P.1
  • 37
    • 0010931498 scopus 로고
    • On the Value of Equality of Educational Opportunity as a Guide to Public Policy
    • Frederick Mosteller and Daniel P. Moynihan, eds, New York: Random House
    • Hanushek, Eric A., and John F Kain, "On the Value of Equality of Educational Opportunity as a Guide to Public Policy," in On Equality of Educational Opportunity, Frederick Mosteller and Daniel P. Moynihan, eds. (New York: Random House, 1972).
    • (1972) On Equality of Educational Opportunity
    • Hanushek, E.A.1    Kain, J.F.2
  • 41
    • 0346343861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomization as an Instrumental Variable
    • Heckman, James J., "Randomization as an Instrumental Variable," Review of Economics and Statistics, 78 (2) (1996), 336-341.
    • (1996) Review of Economics and Statistics , vol.78 , Issue.2 , pp. 336-341
    • Heckman, J.J.1
  • 42
    • 0012727539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Importance of Noncognitive Skills: Lessons from the GED Testing Program
    • Heckman, James J., and Yona, Rubinstein, "The Importance of Noncognitive Skills: Lessons from the GED Testing Program," American Economic Review, 91 (2) (2001), 145-149.
    • (2001) American Economic Review , vol.91 , Issue.2 , pp. 145-149
    • Heckman, J.J.1    Yona, R.2
  • 43
    • 84936003204 scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity, Aggregation, and Market Wage Functions: An Empirical Model of Self-Selection into the Labor Market
    • Heckman, James J., and Guilherme Sedlacek, "Heterogeneity, Aggregation, and Market Wage Functions: An Empirical Model of Self-Selection into the Labor Market," Journal of Political Economy, 93 (6) (1985), 1077-1125.
    • (1985) Journal of Political Economy , vol.93 , Issue.6 , pp. 1077-1125
    • Heckman, J.J.1    Sedlacek, G.2
  • 44
    • 85047684218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hennigan, Karen M., Linda Heath, J. D. Wharton, M. L. Delrosario, T. D. Cook, and B. J. Calder, Impact of the Introduction of Television on Crime in the United States: Empirical-Findings and Theoretical Implications, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42 (3) (1982), 461-477.
    • Hennigan, Karen M., Linda Heath, J. D. Wharton, M. L. Delrosario, T. D. Cook, and B. J. Calder, "Impact of the Introduction of Television on Crime in the United States: Empirical-Findings and Theoretical Implications," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42 (3) (1982), 461-477.
  • 46
    • 42149160335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jencks, Christopher S., The Quality of the Data Collected by the Equality of Educational Opportunity Survey, in On Equality of Educational Opportunity: Papers Deriving from the Harvard University Faculty Seminar on the Coleman Report, Frederick Mosteller and Daniel P. Moynihan, eds. (New York: Vintage Books, 1972).
    • Jencks, Christopher S., "The Quality of the Data Collected by the Equality of Educational Opportunity Survey," in On Equality of Educational Opportunity: Papers Deriving from the Harvard University Faculty Seminar on the Coleman Report, Frederick Mosteller and Daniel P. Moynihan, eds. (New York: Vintage Books, 1972).
  • 49
    • 84927456727 scopus 로고
    • Examining Background Knowledge and Text Comprehension
    • Langer, Judith A., "Examining Background Knowledge and Text Comprehension," Reading Research Quarterly, 19 (4) (1984), 468-481.
    • (1984) Reading Research Quarterly , vol.19 , Issue.4 , pp. 468-481
    • Langer, J.A.1
  • 50
    • 77958424798 scopus 로고
    • Television: Its Impact on School Children
    • Maccoby, Eleanor E., "Television: Its Impact on School Children," Public Opinion Quarterly, 15 (3) (1951), 421-444.
    • (1951) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 421-444
    • Maccoby, E.E.1
  • 51
    • 0000265332 scopus 로고
    • An Illustration of a Pitfall in Estimating the Effects of Aggregate Variables on Micro Unit
    • Moulton, Brent R., "An Illustration of a Pitfall in Estimating the Effects of Aggregate Variables on Micro Unit," Review of Economics and Statistics, 72 (2) (1990), 334.
    • (1990) Review of Economics and Statistics , vol.72 , Issue.2 , pp. 334
    • Moulton, B.R.1
  • 53
    • 3042522813 scopus 로고
    • The Effects of Television on Public Library Circulation
    • Parker, Edwin B., "The Effects of Television on Public Library Circulation," Public Opinion Quarterly, 27 (4) (1963), 578-589.
    • (1963) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.27 , Issue.4 , pp. 578-589
    • Parker, E.B.1
  • 54
    • 0024709808 scopus 로고
    • Family Ecology and Child Characteristics that Predict Young Children's Educational Television Viewing
    • Pinon, Marites F., Aletha C. Huston, and John C. Wright, "Family Ecology and Child Characteristics that Predict Young Children's Educational Television Viewing," Child Development, 60 (4) (1989), 846-856.
    • (1989) Child Development , vol.60 , Issue.4 , pp. 846-856
    • Pinon, M.F.1    Huston, A.C.2    Wright, J.C.3
  • 55
    • 7744243335 scopus 로고
    • The Role of Television in Language Acquisition
    • Rice, Mabel L., "The Role of Television in Language Acquisition," Developmental Review, 3(1983), 221-224.
    • (1983) Developmental Review , vol.3 , pp. 221-224
    • Rice, M.L.1
  • 56
    • 0023990073 scopus 로고
    • Lessons from Television: Children's Word Learning When Viewing
    • Rice, Mabel L., and Linda Woodsmall, "Lessons from Television: Children's Word Learning When Viewing," Child Development, 59 (2) (1988), 420-429.
    • (1988) Child Development , vol.59 , Issue.2 , pp. 420-429
    • Rice, M.L.1    Woodsmall, L.2
  • 58
    • 42149196533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, Gallup Polls, Vols. USAIPO1949-0441, USAIPO1950-0460, USAIPO1951-0470, USAIPO1953-0513, USAIP01953-0514, USAIPO1953-0522, USAIPO1954-0529, USAIPO1954-0537, USAIPO1955-0546, USAIPO1955-0549 (Mansfield, CT: Gallup Organization, 1949-1955).
    • Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, Gallup Polls, Vols. USAIPO1949-0441, USAIPO1950-0460, USAIPO1951-0470, USAIPO1953-0513, USAIP01953-0514, USAIPO1953-0522, USAIPO1954-0529, USAIPO1954-0537, USAIPO1955-0546, USAIPO1955-0549 (Mansfield, CT: Gallup Organization, 1949-1955).
  • 59
    • 42149092862 scopus 로고
    • Programming Trends
    • Roslow, Sydney, "Programming Trends," Television, 9 (4) (1952), 22-23.
    • (1952) Television , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 22-23
    • Roslow, S.1
  • 60
    • 84925889843 scopus 로고
    • Children's Television Viewing: An Examination of Parent-Child Consensus
    • Rossiter, John R., and Thomas S. Robertson, "Children's Television Viewing: An Examination of Parent-Child Consensus," Sociometry, 38 (3) (1975), 308-326.
    • (1975) Sociometry , vol.38 , Issue.3 , pp. 308-326
    • Rossiter, J.R.1    Robertson, T.S.2
  • 61
    • 77957185442 scopus 로고
    • Some Thoughts on the Distribution of Earnings
    • Roy, A. D. "Some Thoughts on the Distribution of Earnings," Oxford Economic Papers, 3 (2) (1951), 135-146.
    • (1951) Oxford Economic Papers , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 135-146
    • Roy, A.D.1
  • 62
    • 84868397588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ruggles, Steven, Matthew Sobek, Trent Alexander, Catherine A. Fitch, Ronald Goeken, Patricia Kelly Hall, Miriam King, and Chad Ronnander, Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 3.0, 2004
    • Ruggles, Steven, Matthew Sobek, Trent Alexander, Catherine A. Fitch, Ronald Goeken, Patricia Kelly Hall, Miriam King, and Chad Ronnander, Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 3.0 (www.ipums.org, 2004).
  • 64
    • 42149114292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schweinhart, Lawrence J., Jeanne Montie, Zongping Xiang, W. Steven Barnett, Clive R. Belfield, and Milagros Nores, Lifetime Effects: The High / Scope Perry Preschool Study Through Age 40, Monographs of the High/Scope Educational Research Foundation (Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press, 2005).
    • Schweinhart, Lawrence J., Jeanne Montie, Zongping Xiang, W. Steven Barnett, Clive R. Belfield, and Milagros Nores, Lifetime Effects: The High / Scope Perry Preschool Study Through Age 40, Monographs of the High/Scope Educational Research Foundation (Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press, 2005).
  • 66
    • 4043057190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stay Tuned: A History of American Broadcasting
    • 3rd ed, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Sterling, Christopher H., and John M. Kittross, Stay Tuned: A History of American Broadcasting, 3rd ed., LEA's Communication Series (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2001).
    • (2001) LEA's Communication Series
    • Sterling, C.H.1    Kittross, J.M.2
  • 68
    • 0022897169 scopus 로고
    • Does Television Affect Learning and School Performance?
    • Strasburger, V. C., "Does Television Affect Learning and School Performance?" Pediatrician, 13 (2-3) (1986), 141-7.
    • (1986) Pediatrician , vol.13 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 141-147
    • Strasburger, V.C.1
  • 69
    • 12144291140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radio's Impact on Public Spending
    • Stromberg, David, "Radio's Impact on Public Spending," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119 (1) (2004), 189-221.
    • (2004) Quarterly Journal of Economics , vol.119 , Issue.1 , pp. 189-221
    • Stromberg, D.1
  • 70
    • 84868394791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TV Basics 2003
    • Television Bureau of Advertising, October 19
    • Television Bureau of Advertising, TV Basics 2003: A Report on the Growth and Scope of Television (http://www.tvb.org/rcentral/ mediattrendstracks/tvbasics, October 19, 2003).
    • (2003) A Report on the Growth and Scope of Television
  • 71
    • 42149109340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Television Digest, Television Factbook (Washington, DC: Television Factbook, Inc., various years).
    • Television Digest, Television Factbook (Washington, DC: Television Factbook, Inc., various years).
  • 72
    • 42149140319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Television Magazine, Programming, Television, 5 (1) (1948), 41-43.
    • Television Magazine, "Programming," Television, 5 (1) (1948), 41-43.
  • 73
    • 42149146410 scopus 로고
    • Four Hundred Thousand Dollars a Week for the Children's Market
    • _ "Four Hundred Thousand Dollars a Week for the Children's Market," Television, 8 (8) (1951), 21-22.
    • (1951) Television , vol.8 , Issue.8 , pp. 21-22
  • 74
    • 42149122272 scopus 로고
    • The Child Audience
    • _ "The Child Audience," Television, 12 (4) (1955), 83-84.
    • (1955) Television , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 83-84
  • 75
    • 42149127326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Frederick Kugel Company, various years
    • _ Market Book (New York: Frederick Kugel Company, various years).
    • Market Book
  • 78
    • 42149172848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wirtz, Willard, Harold Howe II, Bernard C. Watson, Ralph W. Tyler, Ledyard R. Tucker, Vivian H. T. Tom, Robert L. Thorndike, Barbara Thompson, Thomas W F. Strand, Rosedith Sitgreaves, Wilbur Schramm, Katherine P. Layton, Owen B. Kiernan, H. Thomas James, Matiria S. Horner, Edythe J. Gaines, Frank W. Erwin, Bruce K. Eckland, Luis C. Cortez, Sandra A. Clark, and Benjamin S. Bloom, On Further Examination: Report of the Advisory Panel on the Scholastic Aptitude Test Score Decline (New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1977).
    • Wirtz, Willard, Harold Howe II, Bernard C. Watson, Ralph W. Tyler, Ledyard R. Tucker, Vivian H. T. Tom, Robert L. Thorndike, Barbara Thompson, Thomas W F. Strand, Rosedith Sitgreaves, Wilbur Schramm, Katherine P. Layton, Owen B. Kiernan, H. Thomas James, Matiria S. Horner, Edythe J. Gaines, Frank W. Erwin, Bruce K. Eckland, Luis C. Cortez, Sandra A. Clark, and Benjamin S. Bloom, On Further Examination: Report of the Advisory Panel on the Scholastic Aptitude Test Score Decline (New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1977).
  • 79
    • 33751112989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does Watching Television Rot Your Mind? Evidence of the Effect on Test Scores
    • Zavodny, Madeline, "Does Watching Television Rot Your Mind? Evidence of the Effect on Test Scores," Economics of Education Review, 25 (5) (2006), 565-573.
    • (2006) Economics of Education Review , vol.25 , Issue.5 , pp. 565-573
    • Zavodny, M.1
  • 80
    • 22344446311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children's Television Viewing and Cognitive Outcomes: A Longitudinal Analysis of National Data
    • Zimmerman, Frederick J., and Dimitri A. Christakis, "Children's Television Viewing and Cognitive Outcomes: A Longitudinal Analysis of National Data," Archive of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 159 (7) (2005), 619-625.
    • (2005) Archive of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine , vol.159 , Issue.7 , pp. 619-625
    • Zimmerman, F.J.1    Christakis, D.A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.