Thomas Pogge's Global Resources Dividend: A critique and an alternative

Journal of Moral Philosophy

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 317-332

  Hayward, Tim ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 42149109981     PISSN: 17404681     EISSN: 17455243     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1740468105058157     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. An early formulation of the proposal appeared in Thomas Pogge, 'An Egalitarian Law of Peoples', Philosophy and Public Affairs 23.3 (1994), pp. 195-224
2. While I shall sometimes refer to this for the background it gives to Pogge's thinking, I shall for the most part refer to the more recent formulation to be found in chapter 8 of Thomas Pogge, World Poverty and Human Rights (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002)
3. Pogge, World Poverty and Human Rights, p. 196
4. On the question of whether each of the three sets of conditions is in fact a distinct cause of radical inequality, see section 4 below
5. Joseph Heath, 'Rawls on Global Distributive Justice: A Defence', www.chass.utoronto.ca/jheath/rawls.pdf, p. 20
6. The article is forthcoming in Daniel Weinstock (ed.), Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 29 (Lethbridge: University of Calgary Press)
7. Pogge, 'An Egalitarian Law of Peoples', p. 200
8. Dirk Haubrich, 'Global Distributive Justice and the Taxation of Natural Resources: Who Should Pick Up the Tab?', Contemporary Political Theory 3 (2004), pp. 48-69
9. Heath, 'Rawls on Global Distributive Justice', p. 20
10. A fuller criticism on this point is provided by Roger Crisp and Dale Jamieson, 'Egalitarianism and a Global Resources Tax', in V. Davion and C. Wolf (eds.), The Idea of a Political Liberalism (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), pp. 99-101
11. This perspective is grounded in the seminal work of ecological economist Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, Energy and Economic Myths (New York: Pergamon Press, 1976). It is probably worth stressing that this perspective keeps biophysical accounts of resource throughputs quite distinct from monetary accounts and it thereby differs from those schools of environmental economics which seek to establish market or shadow market prices for environmental goods and services
12. Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees, Our Ecological Footprint (Philadelphia: New Society, 1996)
13. See e.g. Jason Venetoulis, Dahlia Chazan and Christopher Gaudet, Ecological Footprint of Nations (Redefining Progress, 2004), www.redefiningprogress.org
14. This is a mistake also found in Charles Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979)
15. see Tim Hayward, 'Global Justice and the Distribution of Natural Resources', forthcoming in Political Studies
16. Haubrich, 'Global Distributive Justice and the Taxation of Natural Resources'
17. and Mathias Risse, 'What We Owe to the Global Poor', The Journal of Ethics 9.1-2 (2005), pp. 81-117
18. On this score, there is a similarity between my approach and that of Hillel Steiner, 'Just Taxation and International Redistribution', Nomos 39 (1999), pp. 171-91. But for differences between them see note 43 below
19. Alf Hornborg, The Power of the Machine: Global Inequalities of Economy, Technology, and Environment (Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, 2001), p. 33
20. Alf Hornborg, 'The Unequal Exchange of Time and Space: Toward a Non-Normative Ecological Theory of Exploitation', Journal of Ecological Anthropology 7 (2003), pp. 4-10 (6)
21. This idea is explicitly drawn on by Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations
22. but for critical reservations about it see Hayward, 'Global Justice and the Distribution of Natural Resources'
23. I am granting arguendo that the un/deserved distinction carries some moral weight in an intuitive and general way, not endorsing any more specific idea of desert as a primary substantive criterion of justice - for criticisms of which see e.g. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972)
24. It would take me too far from the present topic to enter debate about the presupposition I am simply allowing here, but some challenging questions about it are raised by Elizabeth Anderson, 'What is the Point of Equality?', Ethics 109.2 (1999), pp. 287-337
25. Hayward, 'Global Justice and the Distribution of Natural Resources'
26. For more on this concept and its applicability, see the report by Erik Paredis et al., 'Elaboration of the Concept of Ecological Debt' (Centre for Sustainable Development, Ghent University, 2004), http://cdonet.ugent.be/ english/north-south/research/ecological-debt/index.html
27. This very general principle may be contrasted with that proposed by Steiner, 'Just Taxation and International Redistribution'