Chapter 2 U- and Th-Series Nuclides in the Atmosphere: Supply, Exchange, Scavenging, and Applications to Aquatic Processes

Radioactivity in the Environment

Volumn 13, Issue , 2008, Pages 11-47

  Church, T M ^a   Sarin, M M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

^b PHYSICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 42049123893     PISSN: 15694860     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1569-4860(07)00002-2     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Anand S.J.S., and Rangarajan C. Studies on the activity ratios of polonium-210 to lead-210 and their dry-deposition velocities at Bombay in India. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 11 (1990) 235-250
2. Appleby P.G., and Oldfield F. Application of lead-210 to sedimentation studies. In: Ivanovich M., and Harmon R.S. (Eds). Uranium-series Disequilibrium: Applications to Earth, Marine, and Environmental Sciences (1992), Clarendon Press, Oxford 731-778 Chapter 21
3. Aranami K., Miura K., Kojima H., Watanabe S., Tsunogai S., and Ohki A. Chemical assessment of oceanic and terrestrial sulfur in the marine boundary layer over the northern north Pacific during summer. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 41 (2002) 49-66
4. 210Po in the sea-surface microlayer. Nature 284 (1980) 332-334
5. 210Pb. Journal of Geophysical Research 98 (1993) 20570-20586
6. Baltensperger U., Schwikowski M., Gaggeler H.W., Jost D.T., Beer J., Siegenthaler U., Wagenbach D., Hofmann H.J., and Synal H.A. Transfer of atmospheric constituents into an alpine snow field. Atmospheric Environment Part A - General Topics 27 (1993) 1881-1890
7. 210Pb. Journal of Geophysical Research 100 (1995) 2833-2840
8. 210Pb at Galveston and College Station, Texas. Journal of Geophysical Research 98 (1993) 20555-20571
9. Bennett J.T., Krishnaswami S., Turekian K.K., Melson W.G., and Hopson C.A. The uranium and thorium decay series nuclides in Mt. St. Helens effusives. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 60 (1982) 61-69
10. Benninger, L. K., D. M. Lewis, and K. K. Turekian. (1975). The use of natural lead-210 as a heavy metal tracer in the river-estuarine system. In: Marine Chemistry in the Coastal Environment (Ed. T. M. Church). American Chemical Society, Symposium Series, Washington, DC, Vol. 18, pp. 202-210.
11. Boyle E.A., Sclater F.R., and Edmond J.M. The distribution of dissolved copper in the Pacific. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 37 (1977) 38-54
12. Broecker W.S., and Peng T.-H. The vertical distribution of radon in the BOMEX area. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 11 (1971) 99-108
13. Broecker W.S., and Peng T.-H. Gas exchange rates between air and sea. Tellus 26 (1974) 21-35
14. Broecker W.S., and Peng T.-H. Tracers in the Sea (1982), Eldigio Press, Palisades, New York 690pp
15. 7Be atmospheric deposition as revealed by sampling individual rain events in the region of Geneva, Switzerland. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 53 (2001) 241-256
16. 7Be by γ spectrometry on evaporated fresh water samples. Environmental Science and Technology 37 (2003) 4990-4993
17. Chabaux F., Riotte J., Schmitt A., and Carignan J. Variations of U and Sr isotope ratios in Alsace and Luxembourg rain waters: Origin and hydrogeochemical implications. Comptes Rendus Geoscience 337 (2005) 1447-1456
18. Church T.M., Sommerfield C.K., Velinsky D.J., Point D., Benoit C., Amouroux D., Plaa D., and Donard O.F.X. Marsh sediments as records of sedimentation, eutrophication and metal pollution in the urban Delaware Estuary. Marine Chemistry 102 (2006) 72-95
19. Cochran, J. K. (1992). The oceanic chemistry of the uranium- and thorium-series nuclides. In: Uranium-Series Disequilibrium: Applications to Earth, Marine and Environmental Sciences (Eds M. Ivanovich and R. S. Harmon). Clarendon Press, Oxford, Chapter 10, pp. 334-395.
20. Cochran J.K., Hirschberg D.J., Wang J., and Dere C. Atmospheric deposition of metals to coastal waters (Long Island Sound, New York USA): Evidence from salt marsh deposits. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 46 (1998) 503-522
21. Cochran J.K., Frignani M., Salamanca M., Bellucci L.G., and Guerzoni S. Lead-210 as a tracer of atmospheric input of heavy metals in the northern Venice Lagoon. Marine Chemistry 62 (1998) 15-29
22. Cochran J.K., and Masqué P. Natural radionuclides applied to coastal zone processes. In: Livingston H.D. (Ed). Marine Radioactivity (2004), Elsevier 1-21 Chapter 1
23. Conen F., and Robertson L.B. Latitudinal distribution of radon-222 flux from continents. Tellus B 54 (2002) 127-133
24. Considine D.B., Bergmann D.J., and Liu H. Sensitivity of Global Modeling Initiative chemistry and transport model simulations of radon-222 and lead-210 to input meteorological data. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5 (2005) 3389-3406
25. Corbett D.R., Mckee B., and Allison M. Nature of decadal-scale sediment accumulation on the western shelf of the Mississippi river delta. Continental Shelf Research 26 (2006) 2125-2140
26. 210Pb in sediment samples: Self absorption corrections. Nuclear Instruments and Methods 206 (1983) 309-312
27. Das B.K., Singh M., and Borkar M.D. Sediment accumulation rate in the lakes of Kumaun Himalaya, India using Pb-210 and Ra-226. Environmental Geology 23 (1994) 114-118
28. Davidson C.I., Jaffrezo J.-L., Mosher B.W., Dibb J.E., Borys R.D., Bodhaine B.A., Rasmussen R.A., Boutron C.F., Gorlach U., Cachier H., Ducret J., Colin J.-L., Heidam N.A., Kemp K., and Hillamo R. Chemical-constituents in the air and snow at Dye-3, Greenland. 1. Seasonal-variations. Atmospheric Environment, Part A - General Topics 27 (1993) 2709-2722
29. 2 in deep soils of the Eastern Amazon. Tellus B 47 (1995) 550-565
30. Dordevic D., Unkasevic M., Vukmirovic Z., and Tosic I. Contribution of dust transport and resuspension to particulate matter levels in the Mediterranean atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment. 38 (2004) 3637-3645
31. Dulaiova, H., and W.C. Burnett. (2006). Radon loss across the water-air interface (Gulf of Thailand) estimated experimentally from Rn-222-Ra-224. Geophysical Research Letters, doi: 10.1029/2005GL025023.
32. 226Ra: Indicators of sea-ice effects on air-sea gas exchange. Polar Research 10 (1991) 51-58
33. Feichter J., Brost R.A., and Heimann M. 3-Dimensional modeling of the concentration and deposition of Pb-210 aerosols. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmosphere 96 (1991) 22447-22460
34. Flynn W.W. The determination of low levels of Polonium-210 in environmental materials. Analytica Chimica Acta 43 (1968) 221-227
35. Fukuda K., and Tsunogai S. Pb-210 in precipitation in Japan and its implications for the transfer of continental aerosols over the ocean. Tellus 27 (1975) 514-521
36. Gaffney J.S., Marley N.A., and Cunningham M.M. Natural radionuclides in fine aerosols in the Pittsburgh area. Atmospheric Environment 38 (2004) 3191-3200
37. 210Pb in lake sediments and in air sample by direct gamma ray measurement. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 33 (1976) 119-121
38. Glover D.M., and Reeburgh W.S. Radon-222 and radium-226 in southeastern Bering Sea shelf waters and sediment. Continental Shelf Research 7 (1987) 433-456
39. Goldberg E.D. Geochronology with Pb-210, Radioactive Dating (1963), IAEA, Vienna pp.121-131
40. 137Cs in air and soils measure the rate and vertical profile of aerosol scavenging. Journal of Geophysical Research 91 (1986) 14355-14366
41. 210Pb indicate an upper troposphere source for elevated ozone in the summer time subtropical free troposphere of the eastern North Atlantic. Geophysical Research Letters 23 (1996) 539-542
42. 5 hydrocarbon observations in the marine boundary layer between 45°S and 77°S. Tellus B 50 (1998) 430-448
43. Guelle W.Y., Balkanski Y.J., Schulz M., Dulac F., and Monfray P. Wet deposition in a global size-dependent aerosol transport model - 1. Comparison of a 1 year Pb-210 simulation with ground measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmosphere 103 (1998) 11429-11445
44. Guelle W., Balkanski Y.J., Dibb. J.E., Schulz M., and Dulac F. Wet deposition in a global size-dependent aerosol transport model - 2. Influence of the scavenging scheme on Pb-210 vertical profiles, surface concentrations, and deposition. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmosphere 103 (1998) 28875-28891
45. Hartman B., and Hammond D.E. Gas exchange rates across the sediment-water and air-water interfaces in south San Francisco Bay. Journal of Geophysical Research 89 (1984) 3593-3603
46. Hirose K. Dry and wet deposition behaviors of thorium isotopes. Journal of Aerosol Research 15 (2000) 256-263
47. 7Be and thorium isotopes observed in Tsukuba and Nagasaki, Japan. Atmospheric Environment (2004) 6601-6608
48. 228Th in the airborne dust an indicator of continental dust from the east Asian deserts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 70 (1984) 110-114
49. Huang S., Turekian K.K., Rahn K.A., Arimoto R., and Graustein W.C. Semiannual cycles of pollution at Bermuda. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmosphere 104 (1999) 30309-30317
50. Huh C.A. Fluxes and budgets of anthropogenic metals in the Santa Monica and San Pedro Basins off Los Angeles. The Science of the Total Environment 179 (1996) 47-60
51. Hussain N., and Krishnaswami S. U-238 series radioactive disequilibrium in groundwaters - implications to the origin of excess U-234 and fate of reactive pollutants. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 44 (1980) 1287-1291
52. Hussain N., Ferdelman T.G., Church T.M., and Luther III G. Bio-volatilization of polonium: Results from laboratory analyses. Aquatic Geochemistry 1 (1995) 175-188
53. Hussain N., Church T.M., Veron A.J., and Larson R.E. Radon daughter disequilibria and lead systematics in the western North Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmosphere 103 (1998) 16059-16071
54. 226Ra to trace groundwater discharge into the Chesapeake Bay. Marine Chemistry 65 (1999) 127-134
55. Jacob D.J., Prather M.J., Rasch P.J., Shia R.L., Balkanski Y.J., Beagley S.R., Bergmann D.J., Blackshear W.T., Brown M., Chiba M., Chipperfield M.P., deGrandpre J., Dignon J.E., Feichter J., Genthon C., Grose W.L., Kasibhatia P.S., Kohler I., Kritz M.A., Law K., Penner J.E., Ramonet M., Reeves C.E., Rotman D.A., Stockwell D.Z., VanVelthoven P.F.J., Verver G., Wild O., Yang H., and Zimmermann O. Evaluation and intercomparison of global atmospheric transport models using Rn-222 and other short-lived tracers. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmosphere 102 (1997) 5953-5970
56. Joshi S.R., Mccrea R.C., Shukla B.S., and Roy J.C. Partitioning and transport of Pb-210 in the Ottawa river watershed. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 59 (1991) 311-320
57. Kawabata H., Kusakabe M., Narita H., Harada K., and Tsunogai S. Air-sea gas transfer velocity in stormy winter estimated from radon deficiency. Journal of Oceanography 59 (2003) 651-661
58. Kim, G., T.M. Church. (2002). Wet deposition of trace elements and radon daughter systematics in the south and equatorial Atlantic atmosphere. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, doi: 10.1029/2001GB001407.
59. 210Pb to the Sargasso Sea. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13 (1999) 1183-1192
60. Kim G., Alleman L.Y., and Church T.M. Accumulation records of radionuclides and trace metals in two contrasting Delaware salt marshes. Marine Chemistry 87 (2004) 87-96
61. 210Po in the coastal atmosphere. Tellus B 52 (2000) 74-80
62. 7Be into Chesapeake Bay. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 36 (2000) 65-79
63. 210Pb in a chemical tracer model. Journal of Geophysical Research 101 (1996) 18651-18666
64. Koide M., Bruland K.W., and Goldberg E.D. Th-228/Th-232 and Pb-210 geochronologies in marine and lake sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 37 (1973) 1171-1187
65. Krishnaswami S., and Lal D. Radionuclide limnochronology. In: Lerman A. (Ed). Lakes: Chemistry, Geology, Physics (1978), Springer, New York 153-177
66. Krishnaswami S., Lal D., Marin J.M., and Meybeck M. Geochronology of lake sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 11 (1971) 407-414
67. Krishnaswami S., Williams G.A., Graustein W.C., and Turekian K.K. Effect of weathering regime on uranium decay series and osmium on two soil profiles. Geochemical Journal 38 (2004) 651-660
68. Kritz M.A., Rosner S.W., Kelly K.K., Loewenstein M., and Chan K.R. Radon measurements in the lower tropical stratosphere - evidence for rapid vertical transport and dehydration of tropospheric air. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmosphere 98 (1993) 8725-8736
69. 7Be in rains in India. Proceedings of Indian Academy of Sciences 88a (1979) 29-40
70. Lambert G., Buiesson A., Sanak J., and Ardouin B. Modification of atmospheric polonium-210 to lead-210 ratio by volcanic emissions. Journal of Geophysical Research 84 (1979) 6980-6986
71. Lambert G., Ardouin B., and Polian G. Volcanic output of long-lived radon daughters. Journal of Geophysical Research 87 (1982) 11103-11108
72. 7Be. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 36 (2000) 325-338
73. Larson R.E., and Bressan D.J. Automatic radon counter for continual unattended operation. The Review of Scientific Instruments 49 (1978) 965-969
74. 210Po in savanna burning plumes. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 22 (1995) 111-122
75. Lee H.N., and Feichter J. An intercomparison of wet precipitation scavenging schemes and the emission rates of Rn-222 for the simulation of global transport and deposition of Pb-210. Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres 100 (1995) 23253-23270
76. 222Rn. Journal of Applied Meteorology 36 (1997) 1262-1270
77. Le Roux G., Aubert D., Stille P., Krachler M., Kober B., Cheburkin A., Bonani G., and Shotyk W. Recent atmospheric Pb deposition at a rural site in southern Germany assessed using a peat core and snowpack, and comparison with other archives. Atmospheric Environment 39 (2005) 6790-6801
78. Martell E.A., and Moore H.E. Tropospheric aerosol residence times: A critical review. Journal de Recherches Atmosphérique 8 (1974) 903-910
79. 2 and trace gas exchange rates between forest canopies and the troposphere in Brazilian Amazonia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66 Suppl. (2002) A487
80. 2 net ecosystem exchange derived from radon and eddy covariance methods. Global Change Biology 10 (2004) 618-629
81. Mayer B., Alpay S., Gould W.D., Lortie L., and Rosa F. The onset of anthropogenic activity recorded in lake sediments in the vicinity of the Horne smelter in Quebec, Canada: Sulfur isotope evidence. Applied Geochemistry 22 (2007) 379-414
82. McCaffrey R.J., and Thomson J. A record of the accumulation of sediment and trace metals in a Connecticut salt marsh. Advances in Geophysics 22 (1980) 165-236
83. 210Pb in southeastern Michigan. Journal of Geophysical Research, doi: 10.1029/2002JD003021.
84. Mélières M.-A., Pourchet M., and Richard S. Surface air concentration and deposition of lead-210 in French Guiana: Two years of continuous monitoring. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 66 (2003) 261-269
85. 10Be. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 76 (1986) 279-287
86. 210Po profiles and aerosol residence times versus altitude. Journal of Geophysical Research 78 (1973) 7065-7075
87. Moore H.E., Poet S.E., Martell E.A., and Wilkening M.H. Origin of radon-222 and its long-lived daughters in air over Hawaii. Journal of Geophysical Research 79 (1974) 5019-5024
88. Muhs D.R., Bush C.A., Stewart K.C., Rowland T.R., and Crittenden R.C. Geochemical evidence of Saharan dust parent material for soils developed on Quaternary limestones of Caribbean and western Atlantic island. Quaternary Research 33 (1990) 157-177
89. Murray J.W., Paul B., Dunne J.P., and Chapin T. Th-234, Pb-210, Po-210 and stable Pb in the central equatorial Pacific: Tracers for particle cycling. Deep-Sea Research I 52 (2005) 2109-2139
90. 210Po in the atmosphere at Lamto, Ivory Coast: Biomass burning and Saharan dusts. Atmospheric Environment 30 (1996) 3705-3714
91. 210Po, an atmospheric tracer of long-range transport of volcanic plumes. Tellus B 49 (1997) 429-438
92. Nijampurkar V.N., Bhandari N., Vohra C.P., and Krishnan V. Radiometric chronology of Neh-Nar Glacier, Kasmir. Journal of Glaciology 28 (1982) 91-105
93. Nijampurkar V.N., Bhandari N., Borole D.V., and Bhattacharya U. Radiometric chronology of Changme-Khangpu glacier. Journal of Glaciology 31 (1985) 28-33
94. Nijampurkar V.N., Rao D.K., Sarin M.M., and Gergan J. Isotopic study on Dokriani Bamak glacier, central Himalaya: Implications for climatic changes and ice dynamics. Journal of Glaciology 48 (2002) 81-86
95. Nozaki Y., and Tsunogai S. Lead-210 in the north Pacific and transport of terrestrial material through the atmosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 20 (1973) 88-92
96. 210Po in the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 32 (1976) 304-312
97. 210Pb fluxes determined from soil profiles. Journal of Geophysical Research 83 (1978) 4047-4051
98. 210Pb in GEOSECS water profiles from the north Pacific. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 49 (1980) 393-400
99. Olivier S., Schwikowski. M., Brutsh S., Eyrikh S., Gaggeler H.W., Luthi M., Papina T., Sauter M., Schotterer U., Tobler L., and Vogel E. Glaciochemical investigation of an ice core from Belukha glacier, Siberian Altai. Geophysical Research Letters doi: 10.1029/2003GL018290 (2003)
100. Orians K.J., and Bruland K.W. The biogeochemistry of aluminum in the Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 78 (1986) 397-410
101. Paatero J., Viisanen Y., Hatakka J., Holmén K., and Eneroth K. Lead-210 concentration in the air at Mt. Zeppelin, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 28 (2003) 1175-1180
102. Peng T.-H., Broecker W.S., Mathieu G.G., and Li Y.-H. Radon evasion rates in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans as determined during the GEOSECS program. Journal of Geophysical Research 84 (1979) 2471-2486
103. Poet S.E., Moore H.E., and Martell E.A. Lead 210, bismuth 210 and polonium 210 in the atmosphere: Accurate ratio measurement and application to aerosol residence time determination. Journal of Geophysical Research 77 (1972) 6515-6527
104. Pourchet M., Richon P., and Sabroux J.C. Lead-210 and radon-222 anomalies in Mont Blanc snow, French Alps source. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 48 (2000) 349-357
105. Pozo K., Urrutia R., Barra R., Mariottini M., Treutler H.C., Araneda A., and Focardi S. Records of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments of fours remote Chilean Andean lakes. Chemosphere 66 (2007) 1911-1921
106. Putaud J.-P., Belviso S., Nguyen B.C., and Mihalopoulos N. Dimethylsulfide, aerosols, and condensation nuclei over the tropical northeastern Atlantic Ocean source. Journal of Geophysical Research 98 (1993) 14863-14871
107. Rama, Koide M., and Goldberg E.D. Lead-210 in natural waters. Science 134 (1961) 98-99
108. Ramonet M., LeRoulley J.C., Bousquet P., and Monfray P. Radon-222 measurements during the TROPOZ II campaign and comparison with a global atmospheric transport model. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 23 (1996) 107-136
109. 7Be in ambient aerosols over low and high altitude sites in semi-arid region: Temporal variability and transport processes. Journal of Geophysical Research, doi: 10.1029/2007JD009298 (in press).
110. 226Ra disequilibria for andesitic lavas erupted from Arenal volcano. Journal of Volcanology And Geothermal Research 157 (2006) 135-146
111. 210Pb and chemical species to the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 33 (2004) 56-64
112. 238U activity ratios in freshwaters as tracers of hydrological processes: The strength watershed (Vosges, France). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63 (1999) 1263-1275
113. Robbins J.A. Geochemical and geophysical application of radioactive lead isotopes. In: Nriagu J.D. (Ed). Biogeochemistry of Lead in the Environment (1978), Elsevier 285-393
114. Robbins J.A., Holmes C., Halley R., Bothner M., Shinn E., Graney J., Keeler G., tenBrink M., Orlandini K.A., and Rudnick D. Time-averaged fluxes of lead and fallout radionuclides to sediments in Florida Bay. Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (2000) 28805-28821
115. Ruiz-Fernandez A.C., Hillaire-Marcel C., Paez-Osuna F., Ghaleb B., and Caballero M. Pb-210 chronology and trace metal geochemistry at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico, as evidenced by a sedimentary record from the Lago Verde crater lake. Quaternary Research 67 (2007) 181-192
116. Savoie, D. C., J. M. Prospero, R. J. Larsen, and E. S. Saltzman. (1992). Nitrogen and sulfur species in aerosols at Mawson, Antarctica, and their relationship to natural radionuclides. Journal Atmospheric Chemistry, 14, 181-204, doi: 10.1007/BF00115233.
117. Sanak J., Gaudry A., and Lambert G. Size distribution of Pb-210 aerosols over oceans. Geophysical Research Letters 8 (1981) 1067-1069
118. 238U series nuclides in waters of Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Indian Journal of Marine Science 21 (1992) 121-127
119. 3 and Pb-210 distribution over the central-eastern Arabian Sea and their air-sea deposition fluxes. Tellus B 51 (1999) 749-758
120. Sato J., Doi T., Segawa T., and Sugwara S. Seasonal-variation of atmospheric concentrations of Pb-210 originating from the 1991 eruption of Pinatubo volcano, Philippines. Geochemical Journal 28 (1994) 123-129
121. 210Pb measurements (Enewetak, Pigeon Key, Florida, Samoa). Journal of Geophysical Research 87 (1982) 1239-1245
122. Smethie Jr. W.M., Nittrouer C.A., and Self R.F.L. The use of radon-222 as a tracer of sediment irrigation and mixing on the Washington continental shelf. Marine Geology 42 (1981) 173-200
123. Smith L.M., Alexander C., and Jennings A.E. Accumulation in east Greenland fjords and on the continental shelves adjacent to the Denmark Strait over the last century based on Pb-210 geochronology. Arctic 55 (2002) 109-122
124. 222Rn as a short-lived tracer. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 124 (1998) 2477-2491
125. 210Pb activity ratio in size fractionated aerosols from the coast of the Japan Sea. Atmospheric Environment 33 (1999) 2285-2288
126. Suzuki T., Kamiyama K., Furukawa T., and Fujii Y. Lead-210 profile in firn layer over Antarctic ice sheet and its relation to the snow accumulation environment. Tellus B 56 (2004) 85-92
127. Todd J.F., Wong G.T.F., Olsen C.F., and Larsen I.F. Atmospheric depositional characteristics of beryllium 7 and lead 210 along the southeastern Virginia coast. Journal of Geophysical Research 94 (1989) 11,106-11,116
128. Tokieda T., Yamanaka K., Harada K., and Tsunogai S. Seasonal variations of residence time and upper atmospheric contribution of aerosols studied with Pb-210, Bi-210, Po-210 and Be-7. Tellus 48B (1996) 690-702
129. 222Rn. Journal of Geophysical Research 95 (1990) 16,865-16,873
130. Tsunogai S., Shinagawa T., and Kurata T. Deposition of anthropogenic sulfate and Pb-210 in the western north Pacific area. Geochemical Journal 19 (1985) 77-90
131. 210Pb in surface air at Enewetak and the Asian dust to the Pacific. Nature 292 (1981) 522-524
132. Turekian, K. K., and W. C. Graustein. (2003). Natural radionuclides in the atmosphere. In: Treatise on Geochemistry (Ed. R. K. Keeling). Elsevier Press, Vol. 4, pp. 261-279.
133. 210Po in the ocean surface. Journal of Recherche Atmosphere 8 (1974) 639-646
134. Turekian K.K., Nozaki Y., and Benninger L.K. Geochemistry of atmospheric Radon and Radon products. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 5 (1977) 227-255
135. 210Pb total depositional fluxes at New Haven, Connecticut, and Bermuda. Journal of Geophysical Research 88 (1983) 5411-5415
136. Turekian K.K., Graustein W.C., and Cochran J.K. Lead-210 in the SEAREX program: An aerosol tracer across the Pacific. In: Riley J.P., and Chester R. (Eds). Chemical Oceanography (1989), Academic Press, London 51-81
137. 214Pb ratio in lower boundary layer aerosols and aerosol residence times at New Haven, Connecticut. Journal of Geophysical Research 104 (1999) 11,593-11,598
138. Ussler W., Chanton J.P., Kelley C.A., and Martens C.S. Radon-222 tracing of soil and forest canopy trace gas-exchange in an open canopy boreal forest. Journal of Geophysical Research 99 (1994) 1953-1963
139. Wallner G., Berner A., and Irlweck K. Aerosols: Unexpected disequilibrium phenomena between airborne radioactivities of lead-210 and its progenies bismuth-210 and polonium-210. Naturwissenschaften 89 (2002) 569-574
140. Wilkening M.H., and Clements W.E. Radon-222 from the ocean surface. Journal of Geophysical Research 80 (1975) 3828-3830
141. Wolfe B.B., Hall R.I., Last W.M., Edwards T.W.D., English M.C., Karst-Riddoch T.L., Paterson A., and Palmini R. Reconstruction of multi-century flood histories from Oxbow lake sediments, Peace-Athabasca Delta, Canada. Hydrology Process 20 (2006) 4131-4153
142. Zahorowski W., Uno I., Poon S., Oh S.-N., Werczynski S., Kim J., Henderson-Sellers A., Chambers S., Wang T., and Kang C.-H. Radon-222 in boundary layer and free tropospheric continental outflow events at three ACE-Asia sites. Tellus 57 (2005) 124-140