The business of peace: Raiding and peace work along the Kenya-Uganda border (part II)

African Affairs

Volumn 107, Issue 427, 2008, Pages 243-259

  Eaton, Dave ^a  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AID POLICY; BORDER REGION; CONFLICT MANAGEMENT; CORRUPTION; NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION; PEACE PROCESS; POLITICAL CONFLICT; REGIONAL SECURITY; SECURITY THREAT;

AFRICA; EAST AFRICA; KENYA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; UGANDA;

EID: 42049089165     PISSN: 00019909     EISSN: 14682621     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/afraf/adm086     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. 'We'll stop cattle rustling, Turkana, Pokot promise', East African Standard, 29 November 2005.
2. Interview No. 203, Amorobuth, Turkana District, Kenya, 17 March 2006.
3. Personal communication, name withheld, 30 March 2006; Interview No. 195, Kaakong, Turkana District, Kenya, 17 March 2006.
4. For the purposes of this article, I use the term North Rift to include the West Pokot, Marakwet, and Trans-Nzoia districts in Kenya, as well as the southern parts of Turkana District. Across the border, I include Uganda's Kapchorwa, Nakapiripirit, and Moroto districts. This is not justified by any geographical features nor by prior usage, but merely reflects the need to find a straightforward term to describe the area covered by my research. A number of examples will be taken from the surrounding areas and elsewhere in East Africa, but my interviews were confined to the area encompassed above.
5. 'We'll stop cattle rustling, Turkana, Pokot promise', East African Standard, 29 November 2005.
6. Interview No. 126, Kapchok,West Pokot District, Kenya, 25 January 2006; Interview No. 127, Kangoletiang, West Pokot District, Kenya, 26 January 2006; Interview No. 131, Sokut, West Pokot District, Kenya, 11 February 2006; Interview No. 132, Katumen, West Pokot District, Kenya, 11 February 2006.
7. Interview No. 170, Kitale, Trans-Nzoia District, Kenya, 2 March 2006.
8. 'Loroupe brokers peace deal on the border', Daily Nation, Nairobi, 28 November 2005.
9. Personal communication, name withheld, 5 December 2005.
10. Interview No. 212, Makutano, West Pokot District, Kenya, 19 May 2007.
11. Interview No. 016, Lokitalauyan, West Pokot District, Kenya, 18 October 2005.
12. Interview No. 079, Aoyalira, Nakapiripirit District, Uganda, 19 December 2005.
13. Interview No. 033, Kanyarkwat, West Pokot District, Kenya, 4 November 2005.
14. 'Cross-border consultation on proliferation of small arms' (PROCEEDINGS of a FECCLAHA-Pax Christi conference held at the Sirikwa Hotel, Eldoret, Kenya, 9-12 May 2002) p. 7. The opening quote is given a prominent page to itself just prior to the Table of Contents.
15. Interview No. 029, Kanyarkwat, West Pokot District, Kenya, 3 November 2005. They suggested peace meetings in Suam and Katikomor where 'even the thugs could attend'.
16. Interview No. 030, Kolongolo, Trans-Nzoia District, Kenya, 3 November 2005.
17. Interview No. 074, Loro, Nakapiripirit District, Uganda, 2 December 2005.
18. Interview No. 041, Didinga, Nakapiripirit District, Uganda, 13 November 2005.
19. 'Raid mars talks to tackle insecurity', Daily Nation, 15 April 2003. Kapnandi is in Riwa near the Ugandan border. Interview No. 030, Kolongolo, Trans-Nzoia District, Kenya, 3 November 2005 discusses similar problems in Trans-Nzoia.
20. 'Security meeting disrupted', Daily Nation, 27 January 2003.
21. 'Raburu preaches as people die', Daily Nation, 9 September 2002.
22. Interview No. 016, Lokitalauyan, West Pokot District, Kenya, 18 October 2005.
23. Interview No. 012, Nauyapong, West Pokot District, Kenya, 17 October 2005; Interview No. 072, Lorengipi, Turkana District, Kenya, 1 December 2005.
24. Interview No. 204, Amorobuth, Turkana District, Kenya, 19 March 2006.
25. Interview No. 073, Lokitanyala, West Pokot District, Kenya, 2 December 2005.
26. Interview No. 016, Lokitalauyan,West Pokot District, Kenya, 18 October 2005; personal communication, Andrew Juma, Amakuriat, 18 October 2005.
27. Interview No. 013, Nauyapong, West Pokot District, Kenya, 17 October 2005.
28. The dismal track record of World Vision may have led them recently to change the name of their peace group in the region to MAPOTU, which stands for Marakwet, Pokot and Turkana Districts; Interview No. 212, Makutano, West Pokot District, Kenya, 19 May 2007.
29. Interview No. 040, Makutano, West Pokot District, Kenya, 9 November 2005.
30. See Oxfam-GB, 'Kotido pastoral development programme' (report, Oxfam-GB Uganda, Kampala, 2005) p. 17.
31. CAPE is funded through the African Union by DfID.
32. Interview No. 206, Makutano, West Pokot District, Kenya, 30 March 2006.
33. Interview No. 206, Makutano, West Pokot District, Kenya, 30 March 2006.
34. Interview No. 053, Chepsikunya, Kapchorwa District, Uganda, 16 November 2005.
35. See Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG), 'Indigenous democracy' (study, ITDG-East Africa, Nairobi, 2003), pp. 38-39.
36. They claim one miss peace between the Pokot and Samburu lasted over a hundred years. Note that this publication claims the Pokot and Sabiny (Sebei) have enjoyed peace since 2001 following a miss peace. This is incorrect increasingly violent raids have plagued the region since this vaunted peace collapsed in 2001. The worst took place on 11 April 2003, when the Pokot killed 28 people and burned over 200 houses and granaries; Interview No. 059, Amanang, Kapchorwa District, Uganda, 18 November 2005; also Amani Forum, 'Fact finding mission on the Sabiny-Pokot conflict' (report, Amani Forum Uganda, Kampala, 2003), p. iii.
37. Interview No. 054, Pinyiny, Kapchorwa District, Uganda, 17 November 2005; Interview No. 057, Bukwa, Kapchorwa District,Uganda, 18November 2005; Interview No. 058, Bukwa, Kapchorwa District, Uganda, 18 November 2005.
38. Interview No. 206, Makutano,West Pokot District, Kenya, 30 March 2006. For a similar example, see Friederike Mieth, 'In between cattle raids and peace meetings: Voices from the Kenya/Uganda border region' (draft chapter presented in Nairobi, 14 May 2007).
39. Interview No. 058, Bukwa, Kapchorwa District, Uganda, 18 November 2005.
40. KISP, 'A report on the progress, achievements and challenges of the traditional councils of elders to promote dialogue and peace in the Karamoja cluster', (KISP, Moroto, January-September 2003), p. 5.
41. KISP, 'A report', pp. 3, 17.
42. See 'Notes from a conference in Kapenguria held 1-3 March 2005'. I am indebted to Kim de Vries for use of this source.
43. Interview No. 129, Kitale, Trans-Nzoia District, Kenya, 1 February 2006.
44. Interview No. 179, Kacheliba, West Pokot District, Kenya, 5 March 2006.
45. Interview No. 002, Makutano, West Pokot District, Kenya, 10 October 2005.
46. The two best independent investigative reports were by the NCCK, SNV and the Semi-Arid Rural Development Programme (SARDEP), 'Pacifying the valley: An analysis on the Kerio Valley conflict' (SNV Kenya, Nairobi, 2001) and the KHRC's 'Raiding democracy', (KHRC, Nairobi, 2001). Both place the blame for the raids squarely on Pokot politicians for inciting and profiting from the violence. The former was dismissed by prominent Pokot MP Samuel Poghisio as 'just a book with lots of colourful pictures and nothing else'. See 'Guns: Minister denies reports on Kerio Valley', East African, 14-20 February 2002.
47. CKRC, 'The Pokot land claims in the Trans-Nzoia District, 1895-2002' (submission presented to the CKRC, 18 April 2002), p. 18.
48. CKRC, 'The Pokot land', p. 29.
49. 'Ready market fans raids for livestock', Daily Nation, 12 September 1998.
50. Interview No. 002, Makutano, West Pokot District, Kenya, 10 October 2005.
51. 'MP calls for end to rustling', Daily Nation, 10 June 1988.
52. Interview No. 164, Amudat, Nakapiripirit District, Uganda, 20 February 2006.
53. Personal communication, Sam Kona, Nairobi, 4 April 2006.
54. Interview No. 069, Katikekile, Moroto District, Uganda, 1 December 2005; Andrew Juma, personal communication, 1 December 2005. The interview had been done in a combination of Pokot, Swahili, and Turkana, but the English term was used.
55. SRIC, 'Terrorized citizens', (STUDY, SRIC, Nairobi, 2003), p. v.
56. Taya Weiss, 'Guns in the borderlands' (Monograph No. 95, ISS, Pretoria, 2004), acknowledgements.
57. Friederike Mieth, Defying the Decline of Pastoralism (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, unpublished MSc thesis, 2006), p. 9.
58. Personal communication, Kennedy Mkutu, e-mail, 10 May 2007, telephone, 13 September 2007; Nathalie Gomes, Nairobi, 22 May 2007.
59. Interview No. 126, Kapchok, West Pokot District, Kenya, 25 January 2006.
60. Kennedy Mkutu and Nathalie Gomes, 'Breaking the cycle of violence: building local capacity for peace and development in Karamoja, Uganda' (SPECIAL REPORT, SNV-Pax Christi, Kampala, 2004), p. 58.
61. 'Uganda says no to cattle from Kenya', Daily Nation, 11 July 2006.
62. Kenya National Archives, PC/RVP.6A/34/3, DC Kapsabet to PC Nzoia, 12 September 1931; DC Kapsabet to PC Nzoia, 19 September 1931; PC Nzoia to DC Nandi, 17 October 1931.
63. Interview No. 117, Akelin, West Pokot District, Kenya, 19 January 2006.
64. Interview No. 040, Makutano, West Pokot District, Kenya, 9 November 2005.
65. Interview No. 092, Nakapiripirit, Nakapiripirit District, Uganda, 22 December 2005.