Changing expendable bathythermograph fall rates and their impact on estimates of thermosteric sea level rise

Journal of Climate

Volumn 21, Issue 21, 2008, Pages 5657-5672

  Wijffels, Susan E ^a,d   Willis, Josh ^b   Domingues, Catia M ^a   Barker, Paul ^a   White, Neil J ^a,c   Gronell, Ann ^a   Ridgway, Ken ^a   Church, John A ^a,c  

^a Bureau of Meteorology Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research   (Australia)

^b CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^c ANTARCTIC CLIMATE AND ECOSYSTEMS COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTRE   (Australia)

^d CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

OCEANOGRAPHY; WATER LEVELS;

DATA ARCHIVES; DECADAL VARIABILITIES; EXPENDABLE BATHYTHERMOGRAPHS; GLOBAL OCEANS; HEAT CONTENTS; SATELLITE ALTIMETRIES; SEA LEVEL RISES; TIME HISTORIES;

SEA LEVEL;

BATHYMETRY; DECADAL VARIATION; ESTIMATION METHOD; GLOBAL OCEAN; LONG-TERM CHANGE; SATELLITE ALTIMETRY; SATELLITE DATA; SEA LEVEL CHANGE;

EID: 42049086218     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2290.1     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Alory, G., S. Wijffels, and G. M. Meyers, 2007: Observed temperature trends in the Indian Ocean over 1960-1999 and associated mechanisms. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L02606, doi:10.1029/2006GL028044.
2. Antonov, J. I., S. Levitus, and T. P. Boyer, 2005: Thermosteric sea level rise, 1955- 2003. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L12602, doi:10.1029/2005GL023112.
3. Boyer, T. P., and Coauthors, 2006: World Ocean Database 2005. S. Levitus, Ed., NOAA Atlas NESDIS 60, 190 pp.
4. Church, J. A., N. J. White, R. Coleman, K. Lambeck, and J. X. Mitrovica, 2004: Estimates of the regional distribution of sea level rise over the 1950-2000 period. J. Climate, 17, 2609-2625.
5. Church, J. A., N. J. White, and J. M. Arblaster, 2005: Significant decadal-scale impact of volcanic eruptions on sea level and ocean heat content. Nature, 438, 74-77.
6. Domingues, C. M., J. A. Church, N. J. White, P. J. Gleckler, S. E. Wijffels, P. M. Barker, and J. R. Dunn, 2008: Improved estimates of upper-ocean warming and multi-decadal sea-level rise. Nature, 453, 1090-1093.
7. Ducet, N., P.-Y. Le Traon, and G. Reverdin, 2000: Global high-resolution mapping of ocean circulation from TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1 and -2. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 19 477-19 498.
8. Fedorov, K. N., A. I. Ginzburg, and A. G. Zatsepen, 1978: Systematic differences in isotherm depths derived from XBT and CTD data. POLYMODE News, F. Webster and C. Herrity, Eds., Vol. 50, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 6-7.
9. Flierl, G., and A. R. Robinson, 1977: XBT measurements of the thermal gradient in the MODE eddy. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 300-302.
10. Gilson, J., D. Roemmich, B. Cornuelle, and L.-L. Fu, 1998: Relationship of TOPEX/Poseidon altimetric height to steric height and circulation of the North Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 27 947-27 965.
11. Gould, J., and Coauthors, 2004: Argo profiling floats bring new era of in situ ocean observations. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 85, 185.
12. Gouretski, V. V., and K. P. Koltermann, 2004: WOCE global hydrographic climatology. Berichte des Bundesamtes für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie 35, 52 pp. [Available online at http://odv.awi.de/en/data/ ocean/woce_global_hydrographic_climatology/.]
13. Gouretski, V. V., and K. P. Koltermann, 2007: How much is the ocean really warming? Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L01610, doi:10.1029/2006GL027834.
14. Hanawa, K., P. Rual, R. Bailey, A. Sy, and M. Szabados, 1995: A new depth-time equation for Sippican or TSK T-7, T-6 and T-4 expendable bathythermographs (XBT). Deep-Sea Res. I, 42, 1423-1451.
15. Holland, P. W., and R. E. Welsch, 1977: Robust regression using iteratively reweighted least-squares. Commun. Stat. Theory Methods, A6, 813-827.
16. Ingleby, B., and M. Huddleston, 2007: Quality control of ocean temperature and salinity profiles - Historical and real-time data. J. Mar. Syst., 65, 158-175, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.11. 019.
17. Ishii, M., M. Kimoto, K. Sakamoto, and S.-I. Iwasaki, 2006: Steric sea level changes estimated from historical ocean subsurface temperature and salinity analyses. J. Oceanogr., 62, 155-170.
18. Johnson, D. R., and Coauthors, 2006: World Ocean Database 2005 documentation. S. Levitus, Ed., NODC Internal Rep. 18, 163 pp.
19. Levitus, S., J. Antonov, and T. Boyer, 2005: Warming of the world ocean, 1955-2003. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02604, doi:10. 1029/ 2004GL021592.
20. McDowell, S., 1977: A note on XBT accuracy. POLYMODE News, F. Webster and C. Herrity, Eds., Vol. 29, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 4-8.
21. Reseghetti, F., M. Borghini, and G. M. R. Manzella, 2007: Factors affecting the quality of XBT data - Results of analyses on profiles from the western Mediterranean Sea. Ocean Sci., 3, 59-75.
22. Ridgway, K. R., J. R. Dunn, and J. L. Wilkin, 2002: Ocean interpolation by four-dimensional weighted least squares - Application to the waters around Australasia. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19, 1357-1375.
23. Roemmich, D., and B. Cornuelle, 1987: Digitization and calibration of the expendable bathythermograph. Deep-Sea Res., 34, 299-307.
24. Seaver, G. A., and S. Kuleshov, 1982: Experimental and analytical error of expendable bathythermograph. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 592-600.
25. Snowden, D., G. Goni, and M. Baringer, 2007: A comparison of six expendable bathythermograph data acquisition systems. AOML Draft Rep., 36 pp.
26. Thadathil, P., A. K. Ghosh, and P. M. Muraleedharan, 1998: An evaluation of XBT depth equations for the Indian Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I, 45, 819-827.
27. Thadathil, P., A. K. Saran, V. V. Gopalakrishna, P. Vethamony, N. Araligidad, and R. Bailey, 2002: XBT fall rate in waters of extreme temperature: A case study in the Antarctic Ocean. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19, 391-396.
28. Willis, J. K., D. Roemmich, and B. Cornuelle, 2004: Interannual variability in upper ocean heat content, temperature, and thermosteric expansion on global scales. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C12036, doi:10.1029/2003JC002260.
29. Willis, J. K., J. M. Lyman, G. C. Johnson, J. Gilson, 2008: In situ data biases and recent ocean heat content variability. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., in press.
30. Wilson, J. R., 1998: Global Temperature-Salinity Profile Programme (GTSPP) - Overview and future. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Tech. Series 49, UNESCO, 33 pp.