Public documents in the Greek states: Archives and inscriptions. Part II

Greece and Rome

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 136-153

  Rhodes, P J ^a  

^a DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 41949137437     PISSN: 00173835     EISSN: 14774550     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/gr/48.2.136     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. 2 583 (restored). What Aesch. 3. Ctes. 187 cites is a stele set up in the Metroum (cf. §190 and A. E. Raubitschek, Hesp. 10 [1941], 205 = his The School of Hellas [New York, 1991], 36
2. 2 140. 31-5, where a law of 353/2 is to be appended to an earlier law on a stele in front of the Metroum (I am engaged in profitable discussion with Dr. M. B. Richardson about this text)
3. 2 43 = Tod 123 ∼ Harding 35.31-5. E. Badian sees a threat that for states which do not join such stelai will not be demolished (in W. Eder [ed.], Die athenische Demokratie im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr. [Stuttgart, 1995], 79-106 at 91), but I doubt if there were many such stelai standing at that date
4. Livy 31.44.2-9: for the evidence see S. Dow, Hesp. Supp. 1 (1937), 48-50
5. updated by C. Habicht, Studien zur Geschichte Athens in hellenistischer Zeit (Hypomnemata 73. Göttingen, 1982), 148 n. 137
6. Cf. Sickinger, Public Records, 68-70 (also 127-9)
7. 2 76 (1972), 23-30, takes the first as a reference to the new central archive and the second to published copies (and contrasts this with And. 2. Return 23, in which he sees a sign that the central archive did not yet exist); but the text seems to imply that those 'in the public realm' will not all be in one place, and what follows suggests that 'copy' includes private copies
8. Lye. Leocr. 66. Wilhelm, Beiträge, 270, thought the reference was to a displayed text rather than an archival text (cf. Part I, n. 32), but I am not sure that that is right
9. 31914), 410-6
10. [Dem.] 59. Neaer. 75-6. I think Prof. J. P. Sickinger for bringing this to my attention, in his contribution to E. Harris & L. Rubinstein (edd.), The Law and the Courts in Ancient Greece (London, forthcoming)
11. See especially Thomas, Literacy and Orality, 84-8
12. T. Lindens, SO 67 (1992), 27-40
13. C. W. Hedrick, Jr./J. K. Davies/D. Harris in Ritual, Finance, Politics ... D. Lewis, 157-74/201-12/213-25
14. 2 101 (1997), 635-61
15. cf. shorter version in N. Fisher & H. van Wees (edd.), Archaic Greece: New Approaches and New Evidence (London, 1998), 311-31
16. After I had written the first version of this paper I saw Stroud, Grain-Tax Law, who announces an attack on this approach at pp. 46-8, esp. 46 n. 95. Hedrick, Hesp. 68 (1999), 387-439, notes that some though not all of the 'formulae of disclosure' refer explicitly to informing the citizens
17. Cf. M. H. Hansen, The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes (Oxford, 1991), 186-8
18. D. M. Lewis in M. Piérart (ed.), Aristote et Athènes/ Aristoteles and Athens (Paris, 1993), 223-9 at 229
19. Cf. the comments of Dem. 19. F.L. 303, 18. Crown 209. See Thomas, Oral Tradition, 69-71
20. 2 35 (1985), 278-305. Lying dedication at Delphi: Her. 1.51.3-4
21. 3 948 = M&L 11 ∼ Fomara 37; Thucydides' transcription is accurate but the lettering is not particularly unclear; for another reference to the unclear lettering of an old inscription see [Dem.] 59. Neaer. 76). G. S. Shrimpton, History and Memory in Ancient Greece (Montreal and London, 1997), 131, remarks that Thucydides and Theopompus show 'an unexpected degree of sophistication in the use and criticism of inscriptions'
22. Cf. Rhodes, Comm. Ath. Pol., 33-5
23. Thp. FGrH 115 F 154. Shrimpton, History and Memory, 151-2, notes that he did not consider the possibility that what he saw was a fourth-century repubUcation of an authentic fifth-century text
24. We must remember the story of Aristides and the illiterate voter in Plut. Arist. 7.7-8, and consider the possibility that prepared votes such as the well-known hoard of votes against Themistocles (O. Broneer, Hesp. 7 [1938], 228-43, cf. Agora XXV, pp. 142-61) might be intended for use by voters who could not write
25. For the survey of media and vocabulary with which this appendix begins see especially G. S. Bucher, AJAH 12 (1987) (publ. 1995), 2-61 at 6-29 with 46-55. Following a suggestion of E. Badian, he argues that Cic. De Or. 2.52 refers to the original recording of the annales maximi on wax tablets as the events occurred (mandabat litteris pontifex maximus, 'the pontifex maximus consigned to writing'), their short-term publication on a whitewashed board (efferebatque in album, 'and set out on a whitewashed board') and at the end of the year their definitive publication, perhaps in the Regia, on a bronze tablet (et proponebat tabulam domi, 'and published a tablet at home')
26. J. Edmondson, in B. Halpern & D. W. Hobson (edd.), Law, Politics and Society in the Ancient Mediterranean World (Sheffield, 1993), 156-92, notes how Rome's non-Roman subjects copied the Roman style of publication
27. Some inscriptions of the Augustan period used bronze lettering on stone (e.g. the original inscription on the Vatican Obelisk, F. Magi, Stud. Rom. 11 (1963), 50-6; AE 1964, 255, gives the text but does not mention that the letters were of bronze)
28. and G. Alföldi, Gymnasium 98 (1991), 289-324 at 297-9, suggests that these letters, shining like gold, were intended to symbolize Augustus' new golden age
29. Cf. A. J. Woodman & R. H. Martin, The Annals of Tacitus, iii (Cambridge, 1996), 114-16
30. W. Henzen, Acta Fratrum Arvalium Quae Supersunt (Berlin, 1874)
31. 240 1985, 114-62, who regards the publication as symbolic rather than utilitarian
32. 2 7 ∼ A.R.S. 38-46 = Crawford 1. 12-15; Suet. Claud. 16.2
33. Suet. Jul. 20.1; Aug. 36; Caelius, [Cic] Ep. Fam. 8.1.1-2 = 77.1-2 Shackleton Balley. See P. White, Chiron 27 (1997), 73-84
34. also on the acta senatus M. Coudry in La Mémoire perdue: à la recherche des archives oubliées, publiques et privées, de la Rome antique (Paris, 1994), 65-102
35. 241 1986, 213-28, suggests that the so-called acta urbana for 168 B.C., widely dismissed as a forgery, may after all have been derived from an authentic document
36. See J. L. Franklin, Jr., Pompeii: The Electoral Programmata, Campaigns and Politics, A.D. 71-79 (Rome, 1980), 24-6. The programmata are collected in CIL iv and supplements
37. Cera, e.g. Plaut. Pers. 528; cera pugillaris, Prudent. Peristeph. 9.15. Caudex, e.g. Cic. 2 Verr. 3.26; used particularly of account-books, e.g. Cic. Q. Rosc. 1. Codicilli, e.g. Cic. Phil. 8.28. A hoard of 175 wooden tablets, containing both texts incised in wax and texts written in ink, was found in 1875 in the house of the argentarius L. Caecilius Iucundus at Pompeii (V.1.26): see J. Andreau, Les Affaires de Monsieur Jucundus (Coll. Éc. Fr. Rome 19. Rome, 1974)
38. See especially A. K. Bowman & J. D. Thomas, Vindolanda: The Latin Writing-Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses (Britannia Mon. 4 [1983])
39. The Vindolanda Writing-Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses), ii (London, 1994)
40. also Bowman, The Roman Writing-Tablets from Vindolanda (London, 1983)
41. Similar tablets from Carlisle include some documents: R. S. O. Tomlin, Britannia 29 (1998), 31-84
42. J. Mallon, Archive Español de Arqueologia 17 (1944), 213-37 at 234-6
43. 2 94a ∼ Sherk, The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian, 36 = Crawford 37, tabula Hebana, 20
44. T. Mommsen, Hermes 2 (1867), 102-27 at 116 = Gesammelte Schriften, v (Berlin, 1908), 325-51 at 339
45. G. E. Bean, Anz. Wien 1962, 4-9 no. 2 = M. Wörrle in J. Borchhardt (ed.), Myra: eine lykische Metropole in antiker und byzantinischer Zeit (Berlin, 1975) 254-86 ∼ Sherk, The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian, 48 (not in SEG, but see J. & L. Robert, REG 76 [1963], 172 no. 252
46. 2 9 = JRS lxiv 1974, 195-220 ∼ Sherk, Rome and the Greek East to the Death of Augustus, 55 = Crawford 12, B. 24-6). I mention here the recently discovered S. C. de Cn. Pisone Patre, which survives in fragments of at least six copies inscribed on bronze tablets in Spain. It ends with instructions that it should be inscribed on bronze (in aere) 'in the most frequented city of each province and in the most frequented place in that city', and also 'in the winter quarters of each legion where the standards are kept', and is followed by a subscriptio of Tiberius directing hoc S. C., ... scriptum ... in tabellis XIIII, referri in tabulas pub(l)icas ('that this S. C., which was ... copied ... on fourteen tablets, should be placed in the public records'); and the major Copy A has an apparently unparalleled heading which states that the S. C. was 'published' (propositum) in the proconsulship of N. Vibius Serenus (clearly this proconsul wished to stress that he had done his duty): W. Eck et al., Das Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone Patre (Vestigia 48. Munich, 1996) ∼ M. Griffin, JRS 87 (1997), 249-63
47. Cf. the S. C. of late A.D. 19 for Germanicus, which was to be inscribed on bronze (in aere incideretur) with an earlier decree and placed on the Palatine, and published in the municipia and coloniae of Italy and in the provinces - and again our knowledge of this comes from a fragment found in Spain: J. González, ZPE 55 (1984), 55-100 ∼ Sherk, The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian, 36 = Crawford 37, tabula Siarensis, b. ii. 20-7. This diffusion of Roman enactments outside Rome is attested largely between C. Gracchus and Vespasian, and largely in Italy (Crawford, i, pp. 27-8)
48. 2 2924 = Crawford 8. 14. In Acta Colloquii Epigraphici Latini, 1991 (Helsinki, 1995), 239-51, she focuses on prescripts and the naming of witnesses, arguing that the archives were grounded in aristocratic control of information
49. The Oxford History of the Classical World (Oxford, 1986), 560-91 at 582-8
50. 3, ii. 54-5
51. A volume (xvi) of CIL has been devoted to these. For an example see CIL xvi 1 = ILS 1986 = Smallwood, Doc. Gai. Claud. Ner 295 ∼ Jones ii. 23. Discussion W. Eck & H. Wolff (edd.), Heer und Integrationspolitik (Cologne, 1986)
52. There is a wall-painting showing men reading notices in the praedium of Julia Felix at Pompeii: S. C. Nappo, RSP 3 (1989), 79-96, 88 no. 14 with 87 fig. 10. For the reading aloud of inscriptions cf. CIL xiv 356 with S. Walker, Memorials to the Roman Dead (London, 1985), 62; AE 1989.247